Yuan Dynasty

SynonymYuanDynastygenerallyreferstotheYuanDynasty(Chinesehistoricaldynasty)

CountryTitle

ThepredecessoroftheYuanDynastywastheGreatMongolianStateestablishedbyGenghisKhan.TheSouthernSongDynastyLiXin's"MiscellaneousRecordsoftheKingdomandtheWildernessSincetheFoundingoftheYanDynasty"Volume19contains:"TheMongolsbothinvadedtheKingdomoftheKingdom,andcalledthemselvesGreatMongolia."Namessuchas"chaoguo"(orsimply"dachaoguo")areallChinesetranslationsofthesameMongoliancountrytitle.

InviewofthefactthatKublaiKhan,theancestoroftheYuanDynasty,"thevastnessofthemap,whichhasnotbeenseeninthepast,"thenameofthefirstplaceorthefirsttownliketheHanandTangDynastiesisnotenoughtoshowitsgrandness.Soin1271,the"JianguoHaoZhao"wasissued,takingthemeaningof"DaZaiQianYuan"in"BookofChanges",and"DaYuan"wasthenameofthecountry.The"JingShiDaDian"compiledbytheofficialYuanDynastyexplained:"TheYuanYeisthebigone.Thebigisnotenough,buttheYuanisthebigone."

AftertheYuanDynastywasestablished,thebigThenameofMongoliaisnolongerusedinChinesedocuments,butithasnotbeenabolished.Mongoliandocumentsstillusethisnumber,usuallytogetherwiththeChinesenameandcountryname.TheRomanizationistransliteratedasDai'onyekeMonggholulus(大元大Mongolia),orDai'onKemekuYekeMonggholUlus(knownasGreatMongolia).In1368,YuanTingretiredtoMobei,sotheremnantpowerofYuanTingwascalledBeiYuan.

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MongolianUnity

ThedirectancestorsoftheMongolsaretheShiweitribesthatbelongtothesamelanguagefamilyastheXianbeiandKhitans.IntheSuiandTangDynasties,theyweredistributedinthevastareaof​​thenorthofKhitan,thewestofTatar,andtheeastofTurkic(northofTaoerRiver,fromtheNenjiangRiverintheeasttoHulunbuirinthewest).OnceundertheruleoftheTurks,theTurksmostlycalleditDada(Tatar).DuringtheZhenguanperiodoftheTangDynasty,theTurksdeclined,andtheWeipeopleinthebackroomsurrenderedtotheTang.FollowingthecollapseoftheUighurregimethatemergedfromtheTurks,theShiwei-Dadaopeoplemovedintothenorthandsouthofthedesertinlargenumbers.

Aboutthe9thto11thcenturies,oneoftheMongwuShiweigraduallymovedwestwardfromtheeastofthelowerWangjianRivertotheuppersourceoftheOranRiver,KlulunRiverandTulaRiver.Theareaisdividedintotwomajorbranches,NiluwenMongoliaandDierliejinMongolia,collectivelycalledHemuBlackMongolia,whichincludesmanylargeandsmallclansandtribes.InadditiontoHemuHeiMongolia,therewerealsoMinerqi,Tataer,Keli,Naiman,andWuyilaiwhowereactiveontheMongolianplateauatthattime.AlltheseclansandtribesweresuccessivelyruledbyLiaoandJin.

TheeconomicdevelopmentofMongoliantribesisveryuneven.Bythe12thcentury,mostofthemwerehuntingandnomadicanimals,andonlyafewtribeswereengagedinagriculture.However,atthistime,theyobtainedalargeamountofironwarethroughtradewiththeCentralPlains,whichpromotedthedevelopmentofproduction,andtheclassdivisionbecamemoreobvious.Inordertoplundermorewealth,theslaveownersofvarioustribesstartedwarswitheachother.

ManyMongoliantribesintheMongolianplateauwereoriginallyvassalsoftheJinDynasty.WiththedeclineofJin,theMongoliantribesalsobegantogrowandgraduallyseparatedfromtheruleoftheJinregime.InthefourthyearofJintaihe(1204),Temujin,theleaderoftheMongoliantribes,unifiedtheMongoliantribesontheMongolianplateauthroughwar.InthesixthyearofJintaihe(1206),Temujinwaselectedas"GenghisKhan"byvarioustribes,andestablishedaregimeinMobei,theMongolEmpirewasestablished,andthecountrywasnamedGreatMongolia.Sincethen,theMongoliangrasslandshaveendedthelong-termmeleesituation.

Expansionanddivision

_{Mainentry:BaduXizheng、XuLiewuWestExpedition、Mongolian-GoldenWar、DiaoyuchengBattle}

AftertheestablishmentoftheGreatMongolianState,ithascontinuouslylaunchedforeignwarstoexpanditsterritory.In1218,MongoliaeliminatedtheLiaoDynasty.In1219,GenghisKhanmarchedwestwardtoKhwaraziminCentralAsiaandattackedtheVolgaRiverBasininEasternEurope.Hereturnedeastwardin1225.In1227,whenXixiawasdestroyed,GenghisKhanalsodiedduringtheexpeditiontoXixia.AfterthedeathofGenghisKhan,thethirdsonWoKuotaisucceededtothethrone.In1234,MongoliaandtheSouthernSongDynastycompletelyeliminatedgold.In1241,theMongolarmymarchingwestapproachedthehinterlandofEasternEurope.In1246,hesurrenderedtoTubo.In1253,KublaiKhanmadeanexpeditiontothesouthwesttodestroyDali.

Intheforeignwar,theMongolianarmymassacredandenslavedalargenumberofpeopleinareasthatdaredtoresistafterbreakingthecity.Numerousnationalitieshavebeensubjectedtocruelandunjustnationaloppression,andcountlesspeopleandpropertyhavebeenlostinwarsandsubsequentplagues,famines,andnaturaldisasters.Thisisalsoararedarkperiodinwar-tornareas.

MengGe,agreatKhanoftheMongolianKhanate,diedviolentlywhenheattackedHezhouinSichuanin1259.Hewas52yearsold.Subsequently,AliBuGesoughttoholda"Kuliltai"conferenceinHaraandLintobecomeaprofuse.Atthesametime,KublaiandtheSouthernSongDynastynegotiatedpeaceandreturnedtoKaipingMansion.

InMarchofthelunarcalendarin1260,KublaiKhancametothethroneandproclaimedhimselfemperorwiththesupportoftheHanlandlordclassandsomeMongoliankings.InApril,KublaiestablishedtheChineseBookMinistrytotakechargeofnationalgovernmentaffairs.InMay,KublaiKhanpromulgatedthe"Enthronement"decreeandestablishedYuanZhongtong.AliBuGeisalsoknownasKhan,andimmediatelystartedafour-yearKhanthrone(imperialthrone)warwithKublaiKhan.

In1264,BrotherAliwasdefeatedandKublaiKhanwonthesupremepoweroftheMongolianKhanate.

TheimplementationofKublaiKhan"Thepropositionof“practicingtheHanlaw”obviouslyviolatedMongoliantraditions,causingdissatisfactionamongmanyMongoliannoblesandrefusingtosubmittotheKublaiKhandom.Asaresult,severalotherMongoliankhanatesbecamehostile.Thiscivilwarcausedthefourkhanatestoseparatefromindependence,anditwasnotuntiltheYuanChengzongperiodthattheYuanDynastywasrecognizedasthesuzerainstate.

EstablishingDayuan

In1271,KublaiKhanannouncedthe"EdictoftheFoundingoftheCountry",takingthemeaningof"DaZaiQianyuan"inthe"BookofChanges",andofficiallythefoundingnameofDayuan.Ayearlater,underLiuBingzhong'splan,theYuanEmpirewasestablishedasthecapitalofthecentralplainsoftheGoldenState.Afterthepoliticalsituationinthenorthwasstabilized,KublaiKhandecidedtoadoptthesuggestionofLiuZheng,thedescendantoftheSouthernSongDynasty,topulloutXiangyangfirst,andtheFuhanRivertoentertheYangtzeRiver,andentertheSouthernSongDynasty.In1268,heorderedAshuandLiuZhengtobesiegetheimportanttownsofXiangfanandFanacrosstheHanRiver.ThesoldiersandciviliansofXiangfanrefusedtoguardtheisolatedcityforsixyears.Atthebeginningof1272,theYuanarmycapturedthecityofFan,XiangyangdefenderLuWenhuancameoutandsurrendered(seetheBattleofXiangfan).

InJuneofthefollowingyear,KublaiKhanorderedBoyantosupervisethearmyandmarchedsouthwardintwoways.ZuoJunwasledbyHedaJidu,withLiuZhengastheforwardandHuaixiastheforward.BoyanhimselfandAshuledthemainforceoftherightarmy.InSeptember,theysetofffromXiangyangandenteredtheYangtzeRiveralongtheHanRiver.Atthesametime,theyorderedDongWenbingtopushAnqingfromZhengyangtothesouthofHuaixi,thinkingofechoing.InDecember,YuanshuiDivisionenteredtheYangtzeRiveranddefeatedYangluobao,theSongjiangRiverDefenseFortress.SongHanEzhouDivisioncommandedXiaGuidun,andHanyangandEzhouSongtroopsdescended.BoyandividedhistroopsandstayedintheHagueinAliandpassedthroughJinghu.MostoftheleadersofSongYanjiangbelongedtotheformerLufamily,andtheyallsurrenderedwithoutafight.

InFebruary1274,JiaSidaowasforcedtosupervisetheelitesoldiersandresisttheYuanarmy.Atthistime,hestilltriedtomakepeacewithhisministers,butBoyanrefused,sohehadtoreluctantlyfighttheYuanarmyatDingjiazhouinthelowerreachesofChizhou.BecauseoftheinternaldisharmonyoftheSongarmy,itcollapsedwhentouched.Intheautumnofthesameyear,BoyansplitfromJiankang(Nanjing,Jiangsu)andZhenjiangtoLin'an,thecapitalofSongDynasty(Hangzhou,Zhejiang).Inthefirstmonthof1276,SongYoudiZhao㬎descendedfromthetable.

Afterthat,MinisteroftheSouthernSongDynastyWenTianxiang,ZhangShijie,LuXiufu,etc.continuedtoresiststubbornlyalongthesoutheastcoast,andsupportedtheKingofYiZhaoastheemperor.AfterZhaoShidied,hesupportedtheLiweiKingZhaoBingandcontinuedthewar.In1278,WenTianxiangwasdefeatedandtakenprisoner.Hewasimprisonedinmostofthecityforthreeyears.HerefusedtheYuanDynasty'sZhaoan,andthencalmlysettleddown.

UnifyChina

In1279,theJinDynastysurrenderZhangHongfancommandedtheYuanarmytowipeoutthelastresistanceforcesoftheSouthernSongDynastyattheYashannavalbattle.LuXiufucarriedthe8-year-oldemperorZhaoBingtouonhisback.Theseawasmartyred,andtheSouthernSongDynastyperished.ThereunificationoftheYuanDynastyendedChina'snorth-southconfrontationsincetheendoftheTangDynastyandthelong-termcoexistenceofvariousethnicregimesandwars,andpromotedtheconsolidationanddevelopmentofamulti-ethnicunifiedcountry.

AfterMongoliadestroyedtheSouthernSongDynasty,therewasadisputebetweentheConfucianistsheadedbyXuHengandthefinancialmanagementofficialsheadedbyAhema.DuetoMongolia'sneedforalargenumberoftreasurestobebestowedonitskingsandheavyexpenditures,itsfinancesarebecomingincreasinglytight.TheofficialssentbyConfucianofficialsbelievedthattheYuanDynastyshouldsavemoneyandreducetaxes.Onthecontrary,financialmanagementofficialsmainlycomposedofSemupeoplebelievedthatthesouthernershadalargeamountofpossessionsandshouldbeconfiscatedtosolvethefinancialproblemsoftheimperialcourt.SothisproblemdidnotstopinNorthKorea.

KhublaitrustedtheofficialofSemuAhemaandsetupShangshuProvincetosolvefinancialproblems.Ontheotherhand,theConfucianofficialsformedafactionwiththeprinceZhenjinwhowasmoresinicizedasthecore,andcompetedwithAhema.Asaresult,Ahemawasassassinated,andJinJinalsofellillanddied.KublaiKhanstillappointedHanLuShirong,WeiwuerSanggeandotherfinancialmanagementofficialstosolvethefinancialproblemsoftheimperialcourt.

FourDirectionsExpedition

AftertheYuanDynastydestroyedtheSongDynasty,KublaiKhanlaunchedaseriesofwarsagainstneighboringcountries,suchasAnnan,Champa,Java,andJapan.In1274,theYuanarmyencounteredahurricanewhenitinvadedJapan.Japancalleditthe"BattleofWenyong",buttheYuanarmyfailed.In1281,theYuanDynastyattackedJapanintwoways.XinduledtheMongolian,HanandGaoliforcestocrosstheTsushimaStraiteastfromGaoli,andFanWenhuledthenewattachedforcestothenorthfromQingyuan(Ningbo,Zhejiang)floatingsea."TheBattleofHongan".TheYuanarmyencounteredahurricaneonEagleIslandinJapan.Thewarshipsweresobadthatthesoldiersdrownedandkilledmanypeople.TheywerealsocoveredandkilledbytheJapanesearmy,andalmosttheentirearmywaswipedout.However,thetwoYuan-JapaneseWarsshooktheruleoftheKamakuraShogunateinJapan.

In1282,KublaiKhan,theancestoroftheYuanDynasty,crossedtheseafromGuangzhoutocapturethecity(nowsouthernVietnam),andhecontinuedtofightformorethanayear.From1284to1285,thekingofZhennan,Zhijin·Tuohuan(Khublaizi)senttroopstoinvadeAnnan(NorthernVietnam),andorderedthemtoassistinthebattlefromthenorthofChampaandattackfromthenorthtothesouth.KingAnnanevacuatedthecapital,andhismainforcewalkedintothemountainsandforeststoavoidadecisivebattlewiththeYuanarmy;whentheYuanarmywasexhausted,hewentoutandattacked.InMay,Tuohuanwasforcedtoretirefromschoolduetothecontinuoussummerrainandtheepidemic.Bothofthemdiedinbattle.

In1283and1285,theYuanarmyinvadedtheBagandynastyofBurmafromYunnantwice;in1287,theYuanarmyenteredBaganandforcedtheBurmesestatetosetthetributeandretreat.Inthesameyear,theYuanDynastyinvadedAnnanagain,andthefollowingyear,hespentallhisfoodandreturnedtheteachertothenorth.InDecember1292,ShiBiandYiheiwerelostandhappilysetsailfromQuanzhoutoinvadeJava(JavaIsland,Indonesia).TherulerofJavaloweredtheYuanandaskedtheYuanarmytohelptheenemycountryGeLang.AfterdefeatingtheKingGeLang,heretiredandrejectedtheYuan,andtheYuanarmyretiredasmuchaspossible.

SincetheattackontheSouthernSongDynasty,thesuccessiveyearsofwars,togetherwiththeimperialcourt'sLinluandZongfan'sgifts,haverequiredhugeamountsoffundingtosupportit.KublaiKhanwaseagertosolvetheproblemofinsufficientnationalresources,sohebecameincreasinglycreditedwithministerssuchasAhema,LuShirong,andSangGe,whowereinvitedto"helpthecountrybyfinancialmanagement",presideoverthestateaffairs.From1270to1272,andfrom1287to1291,thecomprehensivefinancialmanagementofShangshuProvincewassetuptwice.ThefinancialmanagementpoliciesofShangshuProvincemainlyinclude:taxincrease,ironsmelting,thesaleofagriculturalorgans,"exploration"(recoveringthepublicfieldsoftheSouthernSongDynastythatwereseizedbyprivateindividualsandmonasteries,andrequisitioninglandlevies),"adjustment"(pursuingallregionsThemoneyandgrainowedovertheyears),changestothecurrencylaw,etc.havesignificantlyincreasedthecountry’sincome.However,duetothecorruptionofofficials,thefocusonsearching,andtheexcessivecollection,ithasbecomeoneoftheimportantreasonshinderingsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Atthesametime,forthepurposeofforeignwarsandthebuildingofshipsfortheEasternExpedition,theenlistmentandenlistmentincoastalandJiangnanareashasbeenincreasing.Thepeoplecouldn'tstandtheheavyfeudalexploitationandoppression,andtheyrevoltedoneafteranother.

In1283,thereweremorethan200uprisingsamongthepeopleofvariousethnicgroupsinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver.In1289,itincreasedtomorethan400.Aroundthistime,severallarge-scaleuprisingseruptedundertheleadershipofGuangzhouOuNanxi,LiDe,FujianHuangHua,ZhongMingliangandothers.

Thetransferoftheimperialsystem

_{Mainentry:Mostcoup}

1294,KubeLiepassedaway.Duetotheearlydeathoftheprincerealgold,thethronewascontestedbyallparties.Intheend,theofficialschosebetweentheeldestsonofrealgold,JinWang,GanMara,andthethirdson,Tiemu'er.BecauseTiemu'erwasgrantedthecrownprincetreasureandguardingHelinfromtheancestoroftheYuanDynasty.Therefore,thekingofJinGanMalaretreated,andTieMuerascendedthethrone,namelyYuanChengzong.

AfterYuanChengzongcametothethrone,hestoppedforeignwarsanddevotedhimselftorectifyingdomesticmilitaryaffairs.Measuressuchasrestrictingthepowerofthekings,reducingorexemptingsometaxes,andcompilingnewlawsandregulationshavetemporarilyalleviatedsocialconflicts.Atthesametime,troopsweredispatchedtodefeattheNorthwestHaidu,Duwa,etc.,andDuwaandChabalwereattached,whichchangedthesituationofthelong-termturmoilintheNorthwest.

DuringthereignofYuanChengzong,thesituationwasbasicallymaintained,buttherewardswereexcessivelyincreased,theincomewasnotenough,thetreasurywasscarce,andthecurrencydepreciated.Zengsenttroopstoconquereighthundreddaughters-in-law(nownorthwesternThailand),causingturmoilintheYunnan-Guizhouregion.HefellillinhislateryearsandappointedQueenBrohanandMinisterSemu,andthegovernmentgraduallydeclined.InthelastyearsofYuanChengzong'sreign,hesuccessfullynegotiatedpeacewiththelong-timehostileWokuotaiKhanate,andendedtheturmoilinthenorthwest.

In1307,afterthedeathofYuanChengzong,SunHaishan,theformerprinceoftruegold,waslocatedintheuppercapitalofYuanDynastyandwasnamedWuzongofYuanDynasty.HealsomadehisbrotherAyuliBaldabadasthecrownprince,andagreedthathisbrotherwouldbethelastbrother.Atthesametime,healsoagreedthatafterAyuliBaldabad'sdeath,thethronewouldreturntothesonandtheworldofWuzong.Inordertogetridofthefinancialcrisis,YuanWuzongorderedthere-establishmentofShangshuProvince,andissuedthelargebanknotes.Asaresult,theyuanbanknotesdepreciatedgreatly.In1309,theYuancourtandtheChagataiKhanatepartitionedtheWokutaiKhanate,andtheWokutaiKhanateperishedeversince.

SinicizationMovement

In1311,afterYuanRenzongAiYuLiBaDacametothethrone,TemDieEr,thegreatministeroftheEmpressDowagerXingsheng,becametheprimeministeroftheright.YuanRenzongcanceledtheeconomicmeasuresofYuanWuzong,andmadehissonShuoDeBaLaiasthecrownprince,violatingtheagreementwithYuanWuzongtoestablishandsucceedtothethrone,andthenpassontheShuoDeBaLaiandsoon.TheeldestsonofYuanWuzong,HeShi,wasthekingofZhou,andhemovedZhouWangandShiShitoYunnan.However,onthewaytoHeShiLa,hesenttroopstothenorthwestfornomadism.YuanRenzongexiledHeShiLa'syoungerbrotherTuthemüertothesouth.In1314,YuanRenzong,whoadvocatedSinicization,resumedimperialexaminationsandwasknownas"YanyouFuke"inhistory.

In1320,YuanRenzongpassedaway,andtheeighth-lyingmastersascendedtothethrone,whichwasYuanYingzong.YuanYingzonginheritedhisfatherYuanRenzong'spolicyofrulingthecountrywithConfucianism,strengthenedcentralizationandbureaucraticsystem,andin1323orderedthecompilationandpromulgationoftheofficialcodeoftheYuanEmpire-"DayuanTongzhi",withatotalof2539articles.HealsoorderedtheremovalofTiemuDieerfromtheimperialcourt,butwiththeexpansionofthecleanup,coupledwiththedissatisfactionoftheMongolianconservativeforcesintheimperialcourtwithYuanYingzong’sgovernancebyConfucianism,TiemuDieer’ssonTielostat1323.Inthesummeroflastyear,GejianKhantooktheopportunityofgoingtoShangdutoescapethesummerheat.InaplacecalledNanpo15kilometerssouthofShangdu,heassassinatedYuanYingzongandtheprimeministerBaizhuandothers,whichisknownasthechangeofNanpoinhistory.

AftertheassassinationofYuanYingzong,SunTiemu'er,theeldestsonofJinWangGanmalai,whoguardedHelin,andtheeldestgrandsonofrealgold,ledhistroopstothesouth,killingtherebelwhoassassinatedYuanYingzongandassassinatingthethrone.HewasEmperorTaiding..AfterEmperorTaidingascendedthethrone,Tutheemul,whowasexiledtoHainanIslandbyYuanYingzong,wasnamedthekingofHuaiandguardedJiankang.

Frequentcivilstrife

In1328,EmperorTaidingdied.Theprimeminister,Dasha,hadappointedAsoJiba,thesonofEmperorTaiding,astheemperor,andhewasEmperorTianshun.Atthesametime,YanTiemu'er,theformerchiefministerofYuanWuzong,andBoyan,theprimeministerofHenanprovince,secretlysentenvoystoMobeiandJiangnanrespectively,andatthesametimegreetedKingZhouandShigeandhisbrotherTuthemur.Asaresult,Tutheemulfirstcametothecapitalandestablishedhimselfasanemperorin1328,asYuanWenzong.AfterHeShigearrivedinHelin,healsodeclaredthathewastheYuanMingzong.YuanWenzongostensiblyexpressedhiswillingnesstoabdicateandregardhisbrotherasemperor.Thetwometinthesouthofthecapital.YuanWenzongpoisonedYuanMingzongandproclaimedhimselfemperor.

AfterYuanWenzongZhongzuo,DaxingWenzhi.InFebruary1329,YuanWenzongestablishedtheKuizhanggeAcademy,whereheenteredthebookoflecturesonthehistoryofScriptureandinvestigatedthegovernanceofchaosinthepastdynasties.HealsoorderedallthedescendantsofthenobleministerstostudyatKuijangPavilion.YourExcellencyKuizhanghassetupanartandliteraturesupervisorwhoisresponsiblefortranslatingConfucianclassicsintoMongoliancharactersandcollating.Inthesameyear,heorderedthecompilationofthe"YuanJingShiDadian",whichwascompiledtwoyearslater,anditwasanimportantmasterpieceoftheYuandynasty.However,duringthereignofYuanWenzong,PrimeMinisterYanTimurreliedonhismeritsandplayedwiththecourt,whichledtothecorruptionoftheYuanDynasty.

AfterthedeathofYuanWenzongin1332,inordertowashawaythecrimeofpoisoninghisbrother(YuanMingzong),hewasestablishedastheemperorattheageofonlysevenyearsold,thesecondsonofXilagutu,YilingZhiban.ItisYuanNingzong.However,YuanNingzongdiedlessthantwomonthsafterreigning,andYanTiemu'eralsodiedsoonafter.TheeldestsonofYuanMingzongTuoHuanTemulwasrecalledfromJingjiang(Guilin,Guangxi)byQueenZayaDuhan,BuDaShili,andhebecameEmperorHuizongofYuanDynasty.

AtthebeginningofYuanHuizong'sreign,theprimeministeroftheright,Boyan,wasverypowerful,andhecontrolledthegovernment,evenforatimenotpayingattentiontoYuanHuizong.Withthepassageoftime,thecontradictionbetweenYuanHuizongandBoyanbecameincreasinglyacute.Later,withthehelpofBoyan’snephewTutuo,YuanHuizongfinallysuccessfullydeposedBoyanandcontrolledthepoliticalsituation.

In1343,YuanHuizongorderedthecompilationofthethreehistoriesof"LiaoHistory","JinHistory"and"SongHistory",whichwerecompletedin1345.

UprisingWindandCloud

_{Mainentry:PeasantUprisingattheEndofYuanDynasty、RedTheScarfArmyUprising、RedScarfArmy}

DuringtheYuanDynasty,theMongolianrulersintensifiedtheireffortstocollectvariouskindsoftaxesfromtheHanpeople.Theoppressionisveryserious,anditismorecommonfortheHantobelooted.TheethnicgroupsweredividedintodifferentlevelsandtheHanpeoplewerecruellyexploited.Thepeopleroseup.In1325,anuprisingledbyZhaoChousiandGuoPusainHenantookplace.

TheMongolianrulingclasswasfightingeachotherforpower,whichacceleratedthedeclineoftheYuanDynasty.In1350,theYuangovernmentorderedachangeinthebanknotemethod,minted"Zhizhengtongbao"money,andissuedalargenumberofnew"ZhongtongYuanbaobanknotes",butthisledtoarapidriseinprices.

Thefollowingyear,YuanHuizongsentJiaLutocontroltheYellowRiver,andwantedtoreturntotheoldway,using150,000civiliansand20,000soldiers.Theofficialstooktheopportunitytoblackmailandextortthem,causingdissatisfaction.TheleadersoftheWhiteLotusSectHanShantong,LiuFutongandothersdecidedtoleadthecongregationtostartanuprisinginMay,buttheincidentventedandHanShantongwasarrestedandkilled,soLiuFutongbroughtHanShantong’ssonHanLineroutofthesiege,referringtoHanShantongastheeighthgrandsonofSongHuizong,playing"FuSong"Thebanner,markedbytheredscarf,waslaterjoinedbyGuoZixingandothers.PengalsohelpedXuShouhui'suprisinginHubei.SofaropenedthepreludetothedemiseofDayuan.TheMongoliangovernmentsenttroopstosuppresstheRedScarfArmyinvariousplaces.ThePrimeMinisterTutuopersonallysupervisedtheattackontheSesameLiDivisionoftheXuzhouUprisingArmy,andoncewonagreatvictory.

In1354,TutuoledthearmytobesiegethearmyofGaoyouRebelZhangShicheng,butwasimpeachedbytheKoreanCentralGovernment,butitfellshort.From1356to1359,ZhuYuanzhanginheritedthestatusofGuoZixing,whodiedofillness,andcontinuedtoexpandhispowertocapturehalfoftheJiangnan.Atthesametime,generalsoftheYuanarmysuchasChahanTimur(RichardHan)andLiSiqiinthenorthbegantocounterattacktheNorthernRedScarfArmy.

In1363,theNorthernRedScarfArmywasdefeatedintheBattleofAnfengbytheXinxingZhangShichengwhowassurrenderedtoMongolia.LiuFutongwaskilledinbattle,andHanLinerwentsouthtoZhuYuanzhangandwassubsequentlykilled.

TheriseandfalloftheNorthernYuanDynasty

ZhuYuanzhangbegantheNorthernExpeditionin1367afterdefeatingChenYouliang,ZhangShicheng,FangGuozhenandotherSouthernRebelforcesandtheSouthernGreatYuanforces.WiththeassistanceofChunandothers,hecapturedTongzhouinAugust1368.OnJuly28,YuanHuizongfledtothenorthinpanic.XuDaledhisarmytocapturethecapitalofYuanDynasty(Beijing).Yuanisanationwidenation.Theruleisover.YuanHuizongtookthenorth,andZhuYuanzhangbelievedthathefollowedtheskyandgavehimtheposthumoustitle"Shundi".

YuanHuizongretreatedtotheuppercapital,andthentoYingchangthefollowingyear.Hecontinuedtousethecountryname"Dayuan",knownasBeiyuaninhistory.Atthattime,inadditiontoYuanHuizong'spossessionofMonanandMobeiinthenorth,therewasalsotheYuanGeneralExpansionTimur(WangBaobao)stationedinDingxi,GansuinGuanzhong.Inaddition,theYuancourtalsopossessedtheNortheastandYunnanregions.Inordertooccupythenorth,ZhuYuanzhangdividedhistroopsintotwowaysanddefeatedeachone.ThiswasthefirstNorthernExpedition.AfterthedefeatofYuanHuizong,hediedinYingchangin1370.AfterYuanZhaozongascendedthethrone,hefledtoMobeiandHelin.MinggeneralFengShengcapturedtheGansuarea.However,theGeneralEmperorTimuroftheYuanDynastystillfoughtagainstthegeneralXuDaandothersinMobeimanytimes.EmperorMingTaizuwroteletterstosurrendermanytimes,butTimuroftheextensionneverpaidattention,andZhuYuanzhangwascalled"thestrangemanoftheworld".InApril1378,YuanZhaozongdied,thesuccessorYuanTianYuancontinuedtoconfronttheMingDynastyandrepeatedlyviolatedtheMingrealm.

AsfortheNortheastregionandYunnanregionownedbytheNorthernYuanDynasty:In1371,theYuanDynastyoccupiedthesouthernpartofLiaoningbyPingzhangLiuYijiangintheprovinceofLiaoyang.However,therestofthenortheasternregionisstillcontrolledbytheYuanDynastyTaiweiNaha.Nahasent200,000troopstoJinshan(nowtheareaonthesouthbankoftheLiaoheRivertothenorthofJinshanFortinChangtu,LiaoningProvince).HeconfrontedtheMingarmyformorethantenyearsandrefusedmanytimes.ThecaressoftheMingDynasty.In1387,FengSheng,FuYoude,LanYuandotherslaunchedthefifthNorthernExpeditionwiththegoalofcapturingtheJinshanfromNaha.Aftermanywars,inOctober1387,NahasurrenderedLanyu,andtheMingDynastyoccupiedthenortheasternregion.TheLiangkingoftheYuanDynastywhoguardedYunnankeptZalwarmiandcontinuedhisloyaltyevenaftertheYuancourtretreatedtothegrassland.In1371,EmperorMingTaizusentTangHeandotherstoleadsoldierstopacifyMingYuzheninSichuan,andpersuadedthesurrenderofLiangWangtobeunsuccessful.InDecember1381,theMingarmyinvadedYunnan.In1382,KingLiangfledKunmingandcommittedsuicide.ThentheMingarmycapturedDaliandtheMingarmysuppressedtheYunnanarea.

InordertocompletelywipeouttheNorthernYuanforces,ZhuYuanzhangorderedLanYutoleadtheMingarmywith150,000inMay1388tolaunchthesixthNorthernExpedition.TheMingarmycrossedtheGobitoYuerhai(BerLake,Mongolia)anddefeatedtheYuanarmyandcapturedmorethan80,000people.EmperorYuanTianyuanandhiseldestsonTianbaonuescaped,buttheyoungestsonDibaonuwascapturedbytheMingarmy.Yuan'sstateisindecline.In1388,EmperorYuanTianyuanandhiseldestsonTianbaonuwerekilledbythedescendantsofAliBuge,Yasudier,andBeiyuannolongerusedthenameofthereignandthenameofDayuan.

In1399,theleaderoftheKyrgyztribe,Guilichi,distributedalongtheupperreachesoftheYeniseiRiver,deniedthesuzeraintyofElebok,thesonofEyosiriDara,anddefeatedandkilledhim.Hegemonytoruletheministries.KunTimur,thesonofElbek,wasalsokilledbyGuiLichiin1402afterhesucceededtothethrone.MinghistorysaidthathechangedhisnametoMongolia,MingDynastycalledTatar,andBeiyuandied.

Territory

TerritoryScope

TheterritoryoftheYuanDynastystartsfromtheSeaof​​Japanintheeast,reachestheSouthChinaSeainthesouth,reachestheTianshanMountainsinthewest,andLakeBaikalinthenorth.Thequicksandontheleftwestpole,thenorthoftheYinshanMountainsandthesouthoftheseasurface,thetimeoftheHanandTangDynastieswasnotintime."

MapoftheYuanDynasty(17photos)

ThepredecessoroftheYuanDynastywastheGreatMongolia.WhenGenghisKhanTemuzhenwasfoundedin1206,hehadthenorth-southdesertandthemiddleoftheforest.(i.e.Nebchuarea),afterthemanagementoftheMongoliankhaninthepastandthethreewesternexpeditions,theterritorystartedfromtheSeaof​​JapanandtheEastChinaSeaintheeast,andarrivedinthewest.TheBlackSeaandtheMediterraneanregionspanSiberiainthenorthandthePersianGulfinthesouth.DuringtheGenghisKhanperiod,thehostkingsandtheWesternDaokingswereentrusted.ThehostkingsweretheyoungerbrothersofTemujin.Mostofthemwereentrustedintheeasternandnortheasternregionsofthenorthernpartofthecountry,withstrongsubordination;theWesternDaokingswerethesonsofTemuzhenTheeldestsonShuchiwasintheAralSea,theCaspianSea,andtheQinchasteppenorthofBalkhashLake.Later,BatuestablishedtheQinchaKhanate;thesecondsonChahetaiwaslocatedintheoldXiliaoareanorthoftheSyrRiver,andwascalledChaheinhistory.TaiwanKhanate;SanziWokuotaiwasentrustedtotheoldlandofNaiman,andtheWokuotaiKhanatewasestablishedbytheHaidu;thenorthernpart,Handi,northeasternChina,Qinghai-TibetandeasternXinjiangwereacquiredbytheyoungestsonTuolai,andthendirectlyunderthejurisdictionoftheYuanDynasty.

In1279,YuanShizuattackedandunifiedChinaintheSouthernSongDynasty.Handi,Monan,Mobei,Northeast(includingOuterNortheastandSakhalinIsland),theeasternpartofXinjiang(theTarimBasinarrivedwestofConglingintheearlyYuanDynasty),theQinghai-TibetPlateau,thePenghuIslands,JejuIslandandtheSouthChinaSeaIslandswereallwithintheruleoftheYuanDynasty.AlthoughtherehavebeenconflictswithJapan,Myanmar,Annan,JavaandothercountriessincetheendoftheSouthernSongDynasty,theterritoryhasgenerallystabilized.DuringtheWuzongperiodoftheYuanDynastyin1310,theYuanDynastyandtheChagataiKhanatepartitionedtheWokuotaiKhanate,andtheYuanDynastyacquiredtheMoxiterritoryoftheWokutaiKhanate.

Administrativedivisions

_{Mainentry:YuanDynastyAdministrationZoning}

DuringtheYuanDynasty,thewholecountrywasdividedintotheGyeonggiregion(thatis,partsofHebei,Shandong,Shanxi,andMonan)underthejurisdictionoftheZhongshuProvince.TheGeneralAdministrationInstitute)’sTuboregion,aswellastenprovincesintheprovince,namelyLingbeiprovince,Liaoyangprovince,andGansuprovince,ShaanxiProvince,HenanJiangbeiProvince,HuguangProvince,SichuanProvince,YunnanProvince,JiangsuandZhejiangProvinces,JiangxiProvince.

Thevassalstates

ThevassalstatesoftheYuanDynastyareGoryeo,Myanmar,Annan,ChampaandtheFourKhanates.Amongthem,therearetwodirectlysubordinatevassalstates,namely,theGoryeoDynastyandtheBaganDynastyofBurma,andtheSeparatedSpecialAdministrativeRegionofEastboundProvinceandCentralBurmaProvince.Inthenorthwest,in1268,theHaiduoftheWokotaiKhanatetriedtoregaintheKhanthroneandunitedtheQinchaKhanateandtheChagataiKhanatetofightagainsttheYuan,whichisknownastheHaiduRebellioninhistory.UntilthereignofEmperorChengzongoftheYuanDynastyin1304,theYuancourtreachedapeaceagreementwiththesethreekhanates,andtogetherwiththeYiliKhanaterecognizedthestatusofYuandynastyasthevassalstateoftheYuanDynasty,andYuanChengzongalsogavetheYiliKhanatemonarchanengraved"Chinesesealssuchas"TheTrueLifeEmperorandtheTreasureofShunWanyi",infact,alsorecognizetheirindependence.In1310,duringtheYuanWuzongperiod,theYuanDynastyandtheChagataiKhanatejointlyattackedtheWokutaiKhanate.IntheYuanWenzongreign,theQinchaKhanate,theChagataiKhanate,andtheYiliKhanatewerelistedasvassalstatesoftheYuanDynastywhenthe"GreatClassicsoftheWorld"wascompiled.

Politics

Administrativeagency

ThehighestcentralagencyistheMinistryofEducation.ZhongshuProvinceinheritedtheemperor,undertheheadofthe100divisions,andledthesixministries.Itisthehighestadministrativeorganandexercisesthepowerofprimeminister.ThePrimeMinistersontheRightandLeftshallbeappointedastheprimeministersundertheCentralLettersOrder.TherearePingzhangpoliticalaffairs,rightleftCheng,andShenzhipoliticalaffairsasdeputyministers.TherearesixdepartmentsunderZhongshuProvince,includingofficials,households,rituals,labor,punishment,andsoldiers.SinceShangshusavestimeanddiscardsthetime,theprovincialgovernmentwillnotberebuilt,sothestatusofZhongshuProvinceismoreimportantthanthatofpreviousgenerations.Zhongshulingisusuallyheldbythecrownprince.Inadditiontobeingadecision-makingbody,theCentralBookProvinceisalsoresponsiblefordirectlyadministeringthehinterlandareasnearthecapital.ShangshuProvince,mainlyinchargeoffinancialaffairs,isoutdatedandobsolete.

SupervisionAgency

YushitaiwasthehighestsupervisionagencyoftheYuanDynasty.Rankfromthefirstproduct.Thesecondmemberofthedoctor,thefirstgrade;thesecondmemberofthemiddleclass,thesecondgrade;thesecondmemberoftheShiyushi,thesecondgrade;thesecondmemberoftheShiyushi,thethirdgrade,andthepicketofthegoodandevilofahundredofficials,andthepoliticalgainsandlosses.UndertheYushistage,therearethelieutenantofthepalace,theprocuratorate,andthedepartmentfortheinvestigationofgovernmentandcleangovernment.Amongthem,theDianzhongDivisionisresponsibleforgraspingthesituationoftheofficialsinthecapitalandaskingforleave;theProcuratoratehas24supervisoryhistorianswhoareresponsibleforsupervisingofficialsandpeople;InShandong,Shanxi),LiaodongandLianghuairegions,atotalofeightareasweremonitored.

Localsystem

• Provincialsystem

ThehighestplaceinYuanDynastyAdministrativeagency,andisthenameofthefirst-leveladministrativedistrict.Referredtoas"Province",orjust"Province".YuansettheprimeministerofZhongshuProvinceinthenationalgovernmentaffairs,alsoknownasthecapitalprovince;becauseofthevastterritoryofDayuan,inadditiontothehinterlandareaunderthejurisdictionofZhongshuProvinceandtheTibetareaunderthejurisdictionofXuanzhengyuan,italsosetuptenbranchesinimportantcities.Bookprovince,inchargeofeachregion.Duringthethreeshort-termestablishmentofShangshuProvinceintheShizuandWuZongDynastytotakechargeofgovernmentaffairs,XingzhongshuProvincewasalsorenamedXingshangshuProvinceaccordingly.TheYuanpeoplecalleditssystem:"Theprovinceholdstheopportunityoftheworld,andthetenprovincesdividetheruleoftheworld."In1260,in1260,inaccordancewiththeChineselaw,thecentralgovernmentwasestablishedtoleadthenationalgovernmentaffairs,andtheprimeministerbegantobePingzhangpoliticalaffairs,ZuoCheng,YouCheng,Shenzhipoliticalaffairsandotherofficials.Sincethen,theMinistryofEducationinChinahasbeenestablishedinvariousmajorregions.Intheearlydays,theprevioussystemwasstillused,andtheprovincesweregovernedbythegovernoroftheprovinceofZhongshu,anditwassaidthatacertainplaceofZhongshusavestrouble.Inthefuture,suchprovinceshaveactuallybecomepermanentlocaladministrativeagencies.In1286,theprovincial,Taiwan,court,andministerialofficialswereappointed,andtheprimeministersoftheprovincesweredismissed,andonlyPingzhangpoliticalaffairswereplacedasthehighestofficialstodistinguishthemfromthecapitalsandprovinces.Later,somemajorprovinceswereallowedtosetupprimeministers.In1320,YuanRenzongretiredtheprimeministersoftheprovinces,andthosewhohadbeenplacedwerereducedtoPingzhangpoliticalaffairs.AfterTaidingEmperor(1324-1328),certainprovincesalsosetupprimeministers,dependingontheneedsandstatusoftheincumbent.EachprovincegenerallyhastwomembersofPingzhangpoliticalaffairs(fromthefirstrank),onemembereachfromYouchengandZuocheng(thesecondrank),andtwopoliticalmembers(fromthesecondrank),whoserankisthesameasthatoftheprovincialofficials;Zuo,Therightdivisionisintegrated,andtheranksofthedoctors,themembersoftheforeigners,andthecapitalarealllowerthanthoseofthecapital.AttheendofYuanDynasty,someprovincesalsoadded"additional"officialssuchasPingZhang,YouCheng,ZuoCheng,andPoliticalParticipation.Theprovinceisinchargeofthemoneyandgrain,soldiers,crops,watertransportationandotherimportantmilitaryaffairswithinitsjurisdiction,andcontrolstheroads,prefectures,prefectures,andcounties;inplacesfarawayfromtheprovince,aseparateXuanweiDivisionwillbeestablishedastheprovince’sdispatchedagency.Thereareroads,roads,houses,prefectures,counties,andbasicadministrativefacilitiesundertheprovinces.

• Xuanzhengyuan

Xuanzhengyuan,initiallynamedtheGeneralAdministrationInstitute.RankCongYipinisinchargeofBuddhistandmilitaryaffairsinTibet.IfsomethinghappenstoTubo,thebranchwillgotothetown,andtherewillbenoseal.Ifthereisabigconquest,itwillbediscussedbythecentralgovernment.Theappointingpersonishisownchoice.Itisselectedformilitaryandcivilianphotography,andusedbybothmonksandlaymen.In1264,theGeneralControlAcademywasestablished,andthenationaldivisionwasled.In1288,itwasrenamedXuanzhengYuanbecauseoftheTangsystemthattheTubocametoseeitinXuanzhengHall.

• Xuanweisi

Xuanweisi,inchargeofmilitaryandcivilianaffairs,separatesIntotal,countiesandprovinces,iftherearegovernmentalordinances,willbeissuedunder,andifthecountiesandcountiesarerequested,itwillbereachedintheprovince.Inthecaseofthefrontierarmy,itwillserveastheMarshal'sMansion,followedbytheMarshal'sMansion.InYuanfu,therearealsoenvoyssuchasrecruiting,appeasing,andpromulgating,andthenumberofranksandranksofthestaffisdifferent.

• XuanconsolationDivision

XuanconsolationDivision,therankisthesecondproduct.Eachdivisionhasthreemembersfromthesecondrank;thesamememberfromthethirdrank;thedeputyenvoyfromthefourthrank;theexperienceonefromthesixthrank;allmatterstothesamememberfromtheseventhrank;AmemberofGuanGou,isanine-tierproduct.FanLiudao:ShandongEastandWestRoad,YiduRoad.HedongShanxiRoad,DatongRoad.HuaidongRoad,locatedinYangzhou.LocatedonEastZhejiangRoadandQingyuanRoad.JinghuNorthRoad,locatedonZhongxingRoad.HunanRoad.TianlinRoad.

XuancomfortedthemansionofMarshalSidu,rankedasthesecondgrade,madethethirdmember,thesameknowledgemember,thedeputyenvoy,theexperiencemember,thegovernormember,theZhaomoandthecabinetmanagementmember.member.

• PenghuInspectionDepartment

_{Mainentry:PenghuInspectionDepartment}

LegalSystem

Yuanhasneverpromulgatedacompletecode.Before1271,theCentralPlainsHandiruledoutprisonlitigation,basicallyusedtheJin"TaiheLaw"toconvict,andthensentthesentenceaccordingtoacertainreplacementrelationship.InNovember1271,atthesametimeastheestablishmentofthe"Dayuan"nationaltitle,the"TaiheLaw"wasorderedtobebanned.Ihaverevisedthelawseveraltimesinthefuture,buttheyhavenotbeencompleted.Sentencingandsentencingaremainlybasedonjudgedcasesandinterpretationsbyanalogy.Comparedwithfixedsentences,judicialarbitrarinessismorepronouncedcomparedwithotherfeudaldynasties.Otheraspectsoflegislativeadministrationarealsobasedonimperialrulesandregulations(variousgovernmentordersissuedbytheemperorhimselfordirectlyissuedtosubordinatedepartmentsbycentralagenciessuchastheMinistryofBooks).Therefore,thelegalsystemoftheYuanDynastymainlyconsistedofvariousindividuallawsissuedoneafteranotherinresponsetotime-basedandtemporaryconditions.ThegovernmentdecreedthatallgovernmentagenciesintheDPRKandlocalgovernmentsshouldclassifyandclassifythevariousregulationsissuedsuccessively,sothattheofficialscanfollowthem.

Atthattime,"theinnerpartwastheprovince,andtheouterpartwastheprefecture,copyingarticles,uptodozensofvolumes.Ifsomethingisdifficulttoresolve,thenlookfortheoldrules,orifthereisnothinginthemiddle,thencomparethem."Therulesandcaseshaveincreasedovertime,complicatedandcomplicated,andcontradicteachother.TheYuangovernmentsometimesadded"sorting"and"discretion"toacertainaspectoftheregulationspromulgatedovertheyears,determining"ranks",formingnewlegaltexts,andpromulgatingthemas"generalrules."Atthesametime,forthecountry’spoliticalsystemandlaws,severalveteranswerecalledtoselect“whocanbetheorder,andthecompromiseistoshowtheorder”fromthegovernmentdocumentsissuedinthepast.MetricssuchasZhizhengTiaogearepoliticalbookswiththenatureofacode(see"TongzhiTiaoge").

Hierarchy

Inthefeudalsystem,thearistocracyisinthehighestrulingposition.WhentheMongolsinvadedothercountriesandestablishedpower,manyethnicaristocratsincludingMongolianaristocratsappearedTheparallelsituationraisesthequestionofwhoshouldruletheempire.InordertomaintaintheautocraticruleoftheMongolianaristocracy,theYuanDynastyadoptedthepolicyof"dividingthepeopleintofourclasses"anddividedtheChineseintofourclasses:first-classMongolians,second-classSemupeople,third-classHan,andfourth-classsoutherners.ThispolicysafeguardstheprivilegesofMongoliannobles.

Level

Nationalities

Four-classsystem

FirstClass	Mongolian
Secondclass	TheSemupeople(mainlyreferstotheWesternRegions,whowerethefirsttobeconqueredbyMongolia,suchasQincha,Tangwu,Wuwuer,Huihui,etc.Inaddition,someoftheearliertribesaroundtheMongolianplateaubelongtotheSemupeople,suchasWangAncientMinistryetc.)
Thethirdclass	Hanpeople(referringtotheHan,Khitan,JurchenandotherethnicgroupsintheoriginalJinStatenorthoftheHuaiRiver,aswellastheSichuanandYunnanpeoplewhowerelaterconqueredbyMongolia.)
Thefourthclass	Southernpeople(thevariousethnicgroupsintheformerSouthernSongDynastythatwerefinallyconqueredbyMongolia,notsouthoftheHuaiRiverIncludingthepeopleofSichuan.)

Inaddition,thereareaseriesofunequalpoliciesandregulations.Forexample,itisforbiddenforHanChinesetohunt,learnboxingandmartialarts,holdweapons,assembletoworshipgods,gotofairsforbusiness,andwalkatnight.In1286,inordertoattackAnnanandrequisitionofhorsesfromalloverthecountry,onlytwoofthethreehorsesoftheSemupeoplewererequisitioned;whilethehorsesoftheHanpeople,nomatterhowmany,wererequisitioned.Fromnowon,thehorseswereconstantlyconquered,andeverytimetheydidthis,thehorsesoftheHanpeoplebecametreasures.

Theheadsofthelocalgovernmentsabove"Amaster"areallheldbyMongolians.WhentheMongoliansarenotdistributedenough,orwhentheCentralAsiansbribeenough,theCentralAsianswillbeheld.MostMongolianofficialsarehereditary.EveryMongolianchief,suchasagovernororacountygovernor,hasastateorcountyunderhisjurisdiction,whichishisfeudalfief.TheyhavenopoliticalresponsibilitytotheHanpeople,letalonelegalresponsibility.Butinfact,itdoesnotapplytomanytycoons.AlthoughthelawprohibitstheHansfromholdingweapons,thetreatmentsoftheDaxingShifamily,theYizhouZhangfamily,andtheZhendingDongfamilyarealmostthesameasthoseoftheMongoliannobles.Onthecontrary,manyMongolianpoorpeoplelivedinhardship.BythemiddleoftheYuanDynasty,therewereoftenalargenumberofMongolianpoorpeople.Dadu,Tongzhouandotherplacesweretrafficked,andmanySemupeoplebecameslaves.Infact,theywerestillthelandlordclassregime.

However,sofar,theacademiccircleshavenotdiscoveredthattheYuanDynastyclearlydividedthesubjectsintofourclasses.Laws,butthisdivisionisreflectedinsomepoliciesandregulations.Forexample,HanpeopleneedtopayfortheirliveswhentheykillMongols,whileMongolsonlyneedto"punishthemandsetoffforwar,andburnallsilver"(OriginallywrittenbyXiXueyao)Mongolians,XueDaisaprivilegedclassintheYuanDynasty).

ResearchinmoderntimespointedoutthatintheYuanDynasty,aconsiderablenumberofHanpeopleheldhigh-levelpositionsingovernmentatalllevels,andmanyofthemwereofficialpositions.Amongthe864third-gradeorhigherofficialspublishedinYuanHistory,NewYuanHistory,andMengguerShiji,Hanpeopleaccountedfor409,or47%ofthetotal.Inaddition,HanpeopleservedintheYuandynastygovernmentoffice.InadditiontotheseniorofficialsoftheHannationalitywhoservedashigh-rankingofficialsintheZhongshuProvince,thePrivyCouncil,Yushitai,andtheXingzhongScienceDepartment,therearealsoalargenumberofseniorofficialsinthesixdepartments.Ingeneral,HanpeopleatalllevelsoftheYuanDynastyThegovernmentnotonlyholdsalargenumberofprominentpositions,butalsoholdsalargenumberofprincipalpositions.Itisnotaccuratetobelievethat"theseniorofficialsoftheYuandynastymustbeheldbyMongoliansorSemupeople,andtheHanpeoplecanonlybedeputypositions."

Military

Militaryorganization

ThehighestmilitaryorganizationoftheYuanDynastyisthePrivyCouncil.Itisrankedfirst,andholdsthesecretaffairsoftheworld’ssoldiers.Wherethepalaceguards,thefrontierarmyWings,conquestsandguards,briefreadinganddispatch,transferofmerits,controlanddispatching,all.ThesixmembersofZhizhiyuanarefromthefirstrank;thesameknowledgeisfourmembers,thesecondrankisthesecondrank;thedeputyhubisthesecondmember,fromthesecondrank;thetwoyuanyuantwoMember,regularthird-rank;samemember,regularfourth-rank;courtjudged,second-rank,regularfifth-rank;second-in-consultant,regularfifth-rank;experiencedsecond-member,fromfifthrank;all-servicingfourth-rank,regularseventh;undertakingconcurrentphotoThesecondmemberofthemill,theeighthgrade;theonememberoftheJiagekuguanhook,theninetygrade;thesamemember,theninetygrade;thetwenty-fourpeopleinthehistoryofthehistory,the14peopleinthetranslationhistory,thethreegeneralmanagers,andthecompanysealTwopeople,19promulgators,twowriters,twoMongolianwriters,17officials,andtwohospitaldoctors.

ThePrivyCouncilhasavisitor’senvoyandajudge.

,ThePrivyCouncil,therightguard,theleftguard,thecentraldefender,theavant-garde,therearguardandotherofficialoffices.

Servicesettings

See:FearXue

ThearmyoftheYuanDynastyincludedtheMongolianArmy,theTanMaChiArmy,andtheHanArmy,NewAttachedArmy,etc.TheMongolsintheMobeigrasslandstillleadanomadiclifeofaunityofsoldiersandcivilians.IntheHanregion,thesourceofYuanDynastysergeantsadoptedthemethodofissuingfromfixedmilitaryhouseholds.InthesecondyearofMenggeRenzi(1252),whenlarge-scalehouseholdswereregistered,thedivisionofcivilianhouseholdsandmilitaryhouseholdswasclearlyestablished.MostoftheMongolhouseholdswhoenteredtheinlandandthehomesoftheJinandSongJiangjunwhowerecollectedareallregisteredasmilitaryhouseholds;inaddition,someHanorotherethnichouseholdshavebeennewlysignedasmilitaryhouseholds,generallyfromChina.Householdsactas.Armyhouseholdscanfarmfourhectaresoftax-freegrain,whichiscalled"supportingthearmy."ThemilitaryhouseholdsoftheMongolian,TanmachiArmyandHanArmy(thearmyissuedbytheGoldenStateArmyandtheMongolianregimeandtheYuangovernmentinnorthernChina)areallmanagedthroughOulu.Oulu’smainresponsibilitiesare,first,toserveasasoldierfromthemilitary,andpromptlyrecruitthe“brotherofthefamily”fromthedeceasedsoldiertotakeoverthemilitaryserviceandmakeupforthevacanciesinthearmy.Thesecondistoberesponsibleforthetimelyprovisionofmilitarysuppliessuchaspommelhorses,toolrods,andtraysfortheactiveservicemenstartingfromBenOlu.TheOluofMongoliaandtheRedArmywhoexploredthehorsesbelongedtothetenthousandandonethousandhouseholdswheretheOlu’ssergeantsbelonged.TheHanArmyofOluwasalsoledbythelocalcivicofficer.TheNewAttachedArmy(SouthernSongArmy)didnothaveOulu.

DefenseSystem

ThemilitarydefensesystemoftheYuanDynastywasdividedintotwomajorsystems,namely,theguardsystemtoguardthecapital(majorcapital)andtheguardsystemtoguardallpartsofthecountry.TheoldguardarmyiscomposedofYuXuejunandtheguards.AfterKublaiKhan'sfoundingofthecountry,heretainedthefour-knowingXuesystemcreatedbyGenghisKhanandusedthemtoserveasguardsintheforbiddencourt.Thepermanentnumberwasmorethan10,000,andtheemperorortrustedministersdirectlycontrolledthem.Theguardswereusedtoprotectthecapital.BytheendoftheYuanDynasty,morethanthirtyguardsweresetup.Theguardswerecommandersorenvoys,andtheirrankwasequaltothatoftenthousandhouseholds(thethirdrank),andtheybelongedtothePrivyCouncil.Duetotheirstrongcombateffectiveness,theSemutroopswhoenteredtheinteriorwereincorporatedintotheguards.ThelayoutofthetroopsinthetownwasmainlyguardedbytheMongolianArmyandtheDetectiveHorseRedArmy.TheMongolianArmyandtheDetectiveHorseRedArmyinNorthChina,Shaanxi,SichuanandotherplacesareunderthecommandoftheMongolianmilitarycapitalWanhufu(CapitalMarshal'sMansion)andsubordinatetothePrivyCouncil.Inthesouth,theMongolianArmy,theHanArmy,andtheNewAffiliatedArmyparticipatedinthegarrison,andthefocusofdefensewasontheLinjiangandHuaiheRiverareas.ThearmyofthetownsanddefensesundertheprovinceisunderthecommandofthePrivyCouncilwhenthereisapoliceofficer;thedailyaffairsbelongtotheprovince,butimportantmilitaryaffairssuchasdispatchingandguardingarestillcontrolledbythePrivyCouncil.OnlytheemperorandtheMongolianofficialsofthePrivyCouncilknowthetotalnumberofmilitaryhorsesinthecountry,andonlytheMongolianofficialsheadedbytheprovincialsoldiersandhorses.

Majorwars

Wars

Year

WarringParty

WenYongzhengJapaneseBattle	1274	Japan(KamakuraShogunate)
KublaiKhan’sBattleoftheSongDynasty	1276-1279	SouthernSongDynasty
TheBattleofHonganSeiichi	1281	Japan(KamakuraShogunate)
TheBattleofChampaign	1282	Champa
TheBattleofBurma	1283-1287	Myanmar(PuGanregime)
TheSecondBattleofVietnam	1284-1285	Vietnam(ChenDynasty)
TheThirdBattleofVietnam	1287-1288	Vietnam(ChenDynasty)
TheBattleofJava	1292	Java
Note:Thistableonlyshowsthewarsfrom1271to1368.Othersarenotincluded.

Economy

See:YuanDynastyEconomy

Agriculture

TheeconomyoftheYuanDynastywasgenerallydominatedbyagriculture.AlthoughitsoverallproductivitywasnotasgoodasthatoftheSongDynasty,itsproductiontechnology,landreclamationarea,grainoutput,waterconservancydevelopment,andcottonwerewidelyused.Greatdevelopmenthasbeenachievedinplantingandotheraspects.WhentheMongolianKhanenteredtheCentralPlains,thebrutalslaughterandlootingcausedgreatdamagetotheeconomyofthenorthernregion.

Mongolswereoriginallynomads.Duringthegrasslandperiod,theyweremainlyanimalhusbandry,withasingleeconomyandnolandsystem.DuringtheMongolianandGoldenWar,therewasaplantokilltheHanpeopleandturnallthecultivatedlandintopasture.TheMinisterYelvChucaisuggestedthatitisbettertokeeptheHanpeople'sagriculturalproductioninordertoprovideasourceoffinancialincome.ThissuggestionwasadoptedbyTemujin.AfterWokuotai,inordertoconsolidatetheruleofHan,somemeasureswereimplementedtoencourageproductionandappeaseexile,andagriculturalproductiongraduallyresumed.Inparticular,thecultivationofcotton,aneconomiccrop,hasbeencontinuouslypromoted.Theplanting,transportationandsalesofcottonandcottontextilesintheJiangnanareahaveincreasedonthebasisoftheSouthernSongDynasty.

Thedevelopmentofcommercialproductionofcashcropsmadetheruraleconomy,whichwasbasicallyself-sufficientatthattime,infiltratedintotherelationshipofcommoditycurrencyeconomyinsomeaspects.However,duetothecentralizedcontrolofalargenumberofhandicraftsmenbytheEmperorYuan,andtheproductionofdailyhandicrafts,thegovernment-runhandicraftindustrywasparticularlydeveloped,andtherewerecertainrestrictionsontheprivatehandicraftindustry.

Business

ThebusinessdevelopmentandcommoditycirculationintheYuanDynastyobjectivelypossessedsomeuniquefavorableconditions.Theunprecedentedunificationsituation,thedevelopmentofforeignrelations,andthesmoothwaterandlandtransportationprovideasuperiorenvironmentforChineseandforeignbusinesstravellersthat"theonewhoissuitableforathousandmilesislikeahouse,andtheonewhoisthousandsofmilesislikeaneighbor'shome".

BecauseMongoliawasmoredependentoncommodityexchangesandlessinfluencedbyConfucianideasaboutcommerce,theYuanDynastypromotedcommerce,whichmadethecommodityeconomyprosperousandmadeitaverywealthycountryintheworldatthattime.ThecapitaloftheYuanDynastyalsobecameaworld-famouscommercialcenteratthattime.Inordertoadapttotheexchangeofcommodities,theYuanDynastyestablishedtheworld'searliestcompletepapercurrencycirculationsystem.ItwasthefirstdynastyinChinesehistorytocompletelyusepapercurrencyasthecurrencyofcirculation.However,theabuseofpapercurrencyalsocausedinflation.CommodityexchangealsopromotedthedevelopmentofthetransportationindustryintheYuanDynasty,andimprovedlandandwatertransportation,inlandandseatransportation.

Takingpoliticalpowerasthestandard,merchantsintheYuanDynastycanberoughlydividedintotwocategories.Thefirstcategoryiscomposedofnobles,Westernmerchants,bureaucrats,upper-classmonks,andwealthymerchants.Someofthemevenimproperlymiscellaneousservicing,exemptionorevasionofbusinesstax,andobtaintheprivilegeofholdingaseal,wearingatigercharm,andridingastagehorse.

Currency

Papercurrencyisofficiallyusedasalegalcompensationcurrency,anditisusedthroughoutthecountrytogetherwithsilver.Thetaxpolicyalsostipulatesthatacertainamountofbanknotesandsilvermustbepaid.Agriculturalproductsandhandicrafts"tradesilverforofficialtaxes",withtaxtransmissionasacondition,andtherearenorestrictionsonaristocraticbureaucrats'businessoperations.TheMongoliannoblesalsodirectlyusedOrdotomakemoneybylendingmoney,andsetupspecialagenciestoformulateaseriesofregulationstoprotectOrdo’soperations.Allthesehaveenabledthedegreeofcommercializationtodevelopindepthandbreadth.

Population

Era

Numberofhouseholds(households)

Numberofpeople(person)

Remarks

YuanDynastyHouseholdRegistrationTable

XiaChongzongYonganthreeyears(1100)	-	estimated3million	-
JinZhangZongtaihesevenyears(1207)	8,413,164 estimated8.7million p>	53,532,151 estimated56million	ScholarsbelievethatAfterthedemiseofthecountry,only2millionhouseholdsand10.5millionpeopleremainedintheterritory.
SongNingzongJiadingSixteenthYear(1223)	12,670,801 estimated15.5million	28,320,085 estimated80.6million	ThisyearwasthepeakpopulationoftheSouthernSongDynasty.Scholarsbelievethatthepopulationhasdroppedbymorethan10millionduetotheSongandYuanWar.
TheeighthyearofEmperorTaizong(1236)	1,100,000	-	Thestatisticalscopeistheoriginalgold,summerInthenorthernChinaregion,theYiweiregisteredhouseholdsimplementedin1235werecompletedin1236.
ThesecondyearofYuanXianzong(1252)	1,300,000	-	CompleteRenziregistrationthisyear
ThefirstyearofYuanShizuZhongtong(1260)	1,418,499	-	-
YuanShizutothe27thyearofYuanDynasty(1290)	13,196,206 estimated15million	58,834,711 estimated75million	Therewere11,840,800householdsintheoriginalSouthernSongDynastyand1,355,406householdsintheoriginalJinState.Thisstatisticaldatadoesnotincludethe"peopleofShanzexiCave"inthesouthwesternprovinces.
YuanShizutothetwenty-eighthyearofYuan(1291)	13,430,332	60,491,300	InnerCounty(Thereare1999,444householdsinthenorth,and11,430,878householdsinJianghuaiandSichuan(south),withatotalof59,848,964people.Inaddition,thereare429,118wanderers,and213,148monksandnuns.
YuanShizutothe30thyearoftheYuanDynasty(1293)	①14,002,760 ②11,633,281	②53,654,337	DataNo.①istheofficialstatisticalpeakvalue DataNo.②comesfrom"YuanHistory·VolumeNinety-Three"
YuanwenzongtothefirstyearofShun(1330)	13,400,699 estimate17million	estimated85million	- td>
YuanHuizongtothefirstyearofZhengzheng(1341)	Estimated18million	estimated90million	SomescholarsbelievethatthisyearisThepeakpopulationintheYuanDynasty
MingTaizuHongwuthreeyears(1370)	-	estimate60million	ScholarsbelievethatthebottomofthepopulationduringtheYuanandMingDynastieswas60million
Note:TheofficialstatisticsinthistableonlyincludeHan(excludingTubo,Yunnan),LingbeiandLiaoyangprovinces),doesnotincludespecialresidentssuchasuntouchables,tenantfarmers,slaves,slaves,monksandotherpeople.Mongolianaristocratsandgeneralshavealargenumberofexhortations.Inaddition,therearealsomilitaryhouseholdsandcraftsmenhouseholds.Includedinthehouseholdregistrationstatistics,theactualpopulationisfarmorethantheregisteredpopulation.TheestimateddatainthistablearefromWuSongdi's"ChinesePopulationHistoryVolumeIIILiao,Song,JinandYuanPeriods"andGeJianxiong's"ChinesePopulationDevelopmentHistory".

Taxation

Thetaxationsystemmainlyincludestwotypes:taxation,grainanddivisiondifference.Taxesandgrainsaredifferentfromthenorthtothesouth.Thenorthisdividedintoataxandalandtax;thesouthfollowstheoldsystemoftheSouthernSongDynasty,andtwotaxesareleviedonthebasisofacresofland.Kechaitravelsinthenorth,includingthreeitems:silk,silverandcash.IntheSouthernBranch,therearebanknotesandsilverpackages.But"JiangnanBaoyin"wasimplementedforashorttimeintheYuanDynasty.Generallyspeaking,thethreeprovincesinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverintheYuanDynastydidnotlevypackagesilver.

TheofficersareassignedbyLijiahu,suchasFangzheng,Lizheng,Cangguan,andKuzi.Therearealsoeffortstorepaircities,openrivers,buildembankments,andtransport.Theerrandswereextremelyheavyandcausedgreatharmtotheworkingpeople.

Thenameoftheofficialcollectionofmoney:subordinatesreferto"seeingmoney","feastmoney"fornewyearsandholidays,"birthdaymoney"forbirthdaysandbirthdays,"favorablemoney"forwelcomingandsendingpeople,noInvain,itiscalled"spendingmoney","routinemoney"isrequiredforroutinebusiness,andmoneyisalsocollectedforlitigation.

Culture

Thought

TheYuanDynasty’sideologyisalsoeclectic.Theytreatallkindsofideasalmostequally,andtheyallrecognizeandpromotethem.Donotworship".AsearlyasafterZhaoFuwascapturedtothenorthin1234,hesetupTaiChiAcademyinYanjingtoteachChengZhuNeo-Confucianism,andcultivatedagroupofConfucianists.WhenNeo-ConfucianismwaspassedtothenorthoftheYuanDynasty,theEmperorYuanrespectedConfucianismandcanonizedConfuciusas"Dacheng".TheMostHolyKingofWenxuan"andrespectedNeo-Confucianismasanofficialschool.TheimperialexaminationwasresumedintheearlyyearsofYuanRenzong,anditwascalledYanyou'sreintegrationinhistory.Intheexaminationsof"MingJing","JingDou"and"JingYi",itwasstipulatedthattheSouthernSongConfucianZhuXietal.AdoptZhuXi'sannotation.ThereweresomechangesinNeo-ConfucianismintheYuanDynasty.DuringtheSouthernSongDynasty,thereweretwoschoolsofthought,ZhuXi,whoreconciledCheng-ZhuNeo-Confucianism,andLuJiuling,whostudiedXinxue.IntheYuanDynasty,mostoftheNeo-Confucianistsabandonedthetwoschoolsoftheirshortandcomprehensivestrengths,andfinally"HehuiZhulu"becameanimportantfeatureofYuanagencystudies.FamouscontemporaryConfucianistsincludeHuangZhen,XuHengandLiuYinandWuCheng,ZhengYuandZhaoKaiwhoharmonizedZhuLustudies.Amongthem,XuHeng,LiuYinandWuChengareknownasthethreegreatmastersofmeta-agentstudies.InordertomeettheneedsoftheYuanEmperor,thesuccessorsofZhuxuepaidmoreattentiontotheethicalandmoraldoctrinesofChengzhuNeo-Confucianism,anditscharacteristicsofmoralobscuritybecamemoreandmoreobvious.Asaresult,theattentionhasbeenshiftedfromtheTaoistlearningoflearningandthinkingtotheemphasisontherespectofmoralpractice,whichalsocontributedtotheconfluenceofZhuandLu'sthoughts.Thedevelopmentofmeta-agenttheoryalsoprovidedsomeideologicalbeginningsfortheriseofZhuxueandYangmingXinxueintheMingDynasty.

SincetheYuanDynastywasruledbytheMongols,Hanscholar-officialsweremostlydividedintocooperativegroupsandresistancegroupsintheearlyYuanDynastybasedontheconsiderationofforeignrule.ThecooperativegroupistheNorthChinaConfuciansuchasYelvChucai,YangHuan,HaoJingandXuHeng.TheyadvocatedpeacefulcoexistencewithMongolianrulers,andbelievedthatChinaandbarbarianswerenotfixedandunchangeable.IfbarbariansenteredChina,Chinawouldbethesame.IftheMongolianrulersarevirtuous,theycanalsocompletelytakeovertheCentralPlains.Theyadvocatedastablesociety,protectedthepeople,broughttheChineserulesystemintotheYuanDynasty,andinfluencedtheMongolswitheducation.TheothergroupistheConfucianistsofJiangnanandSouthernSongdynastiessuchasXieFang,ZhengSixiao,WangYinglin,HuSanxing,DengMu,MaDuanlinandothers.TheycherishthememoryoftheirhomelandintheSouthernSongDynastyandinsistonnationalintegrity.InordertoresisttheYuancourtpassively,heresortedtothewayofretreatinginthevillage,unwillingtobeanofficialfortherestofhislife.Andtakethewritingofbooksastheprofession,turningthethoughtintothemainthemeofthebook.InthelateYuandynasty,duetoYuanRenzong'simplementationofYanyourehabilitationandrestorationofimperialexaminations,allthosewhoweregratefulforthegraceoftheemperor,werewillingtorelieveYuanTing'sworries.InthelateYuanDynasty,thecountry'sgreatpower,politicalcorruption,andfinancialdifficultiescausedscholar-officialssuchasZhaoTianlin,ZhengJiefu,ZhangYanghao,andLiuJitoputforwardvariouspoliticalpropositionsordrawlessonsfromtheirabuses.Mostofthemadvocatemeasuressuchasdiligenceandloveforthepeople,integrityandfairness,andtheappointmentoftalents.TheoutbreakofthecivilcommotioninthelateYuanDynastymademanyscholar-officialsinthesouthsuppressthepeasantuprisingoutoftheirowninterests.AftertheestablishmentoftheMingDynasty,asmallnumberofeldersfromtheYuanDynastyreturnedtoherhouseoneafteranother.

Literature

TheliteratureoftheYuanDynastyisdominatedbyYuanquandnovels,andthestudyofhistoryisalsoveryprosperous.ComparedwiththeTangandSongDynasties,theYuanDynastydidnotachievemuchpoetry.Themainpoetsare:FangHui,DaiBiaoyuan,YuanHaowen,LiJunmin,YelvChucai,HaoJing,LiuYin,YuJi,YangZai,FanZhen,JieXiSi,HuangLu,LiuGuan,OuyangXuan,WangMian,YangWeizhen,andSatura,etc.FangHui,HuangTingjianofpoetry,isthethirdplaceintheJiangxipoetryschool.Inart,hevigorouslyexertsthecreativecharacteristicsofJiangxipoetryschool.Thepoem'seyeandsyntaxareprofoundlycrafted,anditspoemsarecharacterizedbyimageryandaging.Yuji,YangZai,FanZhen,andJieSuisiareknownastheFourGreatMastersofYuanPoetry.ThetextiswrittenbyYuJi,andthepoemiswrittenbyLiu.

MingDynastyWangShizhensaid"YuanWuwen",butforthefirsttimenarrativeliteraturesuchasoperasandnovelsbecamedominant.TheYuanDynastywasborninNorthChinabytheYuanDynasty,whilealiteraticlasscenteredonZhejiangappearedintheSouthoftheYangtzeRiver,whichgavebirthtonovelssuchas"TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms"and"WaterMargin".Theflowersofculture.

Opera

TheoperaoftheYuanDynasty,namelyYuanqu,isdividedintoSanquandZaju.Sanquhasanindependentlifeofpoetry,andZajuhasanindependentlifeofdrama.Atthattime,thecitywasprosperous,andtheYuancourtdidnotpaymuchattentiontoChineseliteratureandimperialexaminations.Atthattime,thesocietyadvocatedsinging,dancingandoperaasapublicentertainmentproduct.SanquisanewstyleofpoetryintheYuanDynastyandanewformofverseintheYuanDynasty.Itismainlylyrical.Itisapopularsongthatismainlysungonthestage.Itcanbesungaloneorintegratedintotheopera.ItiscloselyrelatedtothepoetryoftheTangandSongDynasties;ItisanoperaoftheYuanDynasty,producedattheendoftheJinDynastyandthebeginningoftheYuanDynasty,anddevelopedandprosperedfromtheYuanDynastytotheYuanDadeperiod.Accordingtotherecordsin"TaiheZhengYinPu",thereareabout535books,andthecreationisveryhugeandbrilliant.InthelateYuanDynasty,theZajucreationcentergraduallymovedtothesouth,strengtheningthecommunicationwiththeNanxithatwaspromotedinWenzhou,andbecamealegendattheendoftheYuanDynasty.KunjuandCantoneseoperaweredevelopedintheMingandQingDynasties.

Atthattime,thefourfamousSanquartistsrelatedtoHanQing,MaZhiyuan,ZhangKejiu,andQiaoJi,thefamous[NanLu]"AFlower·Immortal"reflectstheauthor'soptimismandtenaciousspirit;"PingLanRen·JiangYe"PursuewritingskillsandbreakawayfromtheuniquestyleofSanqu;"WaterFairy·ReviewWaterfall",whichdepictsscenery,isbothrefinedandpopular,andissurprisinglysuccessful;amongthem,thesong"Tianjingsha·AutumnThought",whichdescribesnaturalscenery,depictsapictureoftheautumnsuburbs.Thesceneisblendedandthecolorsarebright,anditiscalled"theancestorofautumnthinking."

InadditiontoGuanHanqingandMaZhiyuan,thefivefamousZajuoperaartistsincludeBaiPu,WangShifu,andZhengGuangzu(ofwhichGuan,Bai,Ma,andZhengareknownasthe"FourMastersofYuanqu").Thefamousworksinclude""DouE'sInjustice","WorshipingtheMoonPavilion","HanPalaceAutumn","WuTongYu","TheStoryoftheWestChamber"and"AChineseGirlLeavingtheSoul"mainlyshowsocialandlivingconditions,eulogizehistoricalfiguresandevents,andemphasizetheemotionsofthecharacters.TheprosperityofYuanqu,finallybecametheoutstandingChineseliteraryheritage,whichwasalsocalledHanFu,TangPoetryandSongCi.

Religion

YuanDynastyandvariousvassalstates:MongolianShuchiKhanate,MongolianChagataiKhanate,MongolianIliKhanateacrosstheEurasiancontinent,thevastterritory,itsterritoryTherearealsomanyracesintheYuanDynasty.AllofthesehavemadethereligionsoftheYuanDynastydiversified.VarioustypesofBuddhism(includingChineseBuddhismandLamaism),Taoism,andBailianismhaveachievedgreaterdevelopment;businesstravelersandpriestsfromtheEastandtheWestalsofrequented,TheinfluenceofIslam,Christianity(includingNestorianismandCatholicism)andJudaismthatcamefromtheWesthasgraduallyincreased.

BecausetheYuanDynastybasicallyadoptedalaissez-faireattitudetowardsvariousreligionsinitsterritory,andeventreatedthemwithcourtesy,thiskindofenvironmentismoreconducivetothespreadanddevelopmentofreligions.ThemonksintheYuanDynastyhadtheprivilegesoftaxexemptionandexemptionfrommilitaryservice,whichcausedsomecriminalstospeculateasmonks,eveninterveneinlitigation,andrunwildinthecountryside,whichbecameasocialproblemintheYuanDynasty.However,YuanShizuoncediscriminatedagainstIslaminetiquette.Forexample,hedidnotrespecthismethodofslaughteringsheep.Muslimswereforcedtoeatdeadmeat.ThisdecreealsoappliestoChristians.TheYuanDynastyhadrelativelyloosecontroloverreligion,whichallowedthepeoplesuchasBailianjiaoandMingjiaotoestablishsecretorganizationstocarryouttheanti-Yuanuprising.

History

_{Mainentry:HuSansheng,"ZizhitongDialecticalNotes",MaDuanlin,"LiteratureGeneralTest","SecretHistoryofMongolia","SongHistory","GoldenHistory","LiaoHistory"}

Language

_{Mainentry:CentralPlainsPhonology、Mongolian}

Art

_{Mainentry：ZhaoMengfu}

Incalligraphyandpainting,ZhaoMengfuachievedthehighestachievement.Heisomniscientinpoetry,melody,andcalligraphyandcalligraphy.HeistheleaderofthepaintingcircleintheYuanDynasty.Hispaintingmaterialsareextensive,andhistechniquesarecomprehensive.Heisgoodatlandscapes,figures,flowersandbirds.Headvocatesrestoringancientways,emphasizes"calligraphyandcalligraphyfromthesamesource",andadvocateslearningfromnature.ThecalligraphyZhongYou,TwoKings,LiYong,SongGaozongZhaoGou,andothermastersofthepastdynasties,seal,li,true,andgrassareallwonderful.Hispainting,calligraphyandcalligraphypropositionshaveahugeandfar-reachinginfluenceonthepresentandfuturegenerations.

ScienceandTechnology

AstronomicalCalendar

TheYuanDynastywasrelativelyadvancedinastronomicalcalendars.YuanShizuinvitedArabastronomerstocometoChinaandabsorbedthetechnologyofArabastronomy,andAstronomicalobservatoriesandHuihuitianobservatorieswerebuiltinShangdu,Dadu,Dengfengandotherplacessuccessively,and27astronomicalobservatoriesreachingfartotheNorthandSouthChinaSeaweresetup.Theyhavemadeoutstandingachievementsindeterminingtheeclipticandstarobservationfarbeyondpreviousgenerations.FamousastronomersintheYuanDynastyincludeGuoShoujing,WangXun,YelvChucai,Zamarudinandothers.YeluChucaieditedthe"XizhengGengwuYuanCalendar".In1267,Zamarudinwrotethe"WannianCalendar".In1276,XuHeng,WangXun,GuoShoujingandothersrevisedthecalendarandeditedthe"ShoushiCalendar"withthemoderncut-offmethod."The"SchoolCalendar"waspromulgatedin1280,andithasbeenusedformorethan400years,whichisamajoradvancementinthehistoryofhumancalendars.

ZamaruddinandlaterGuoShoujingandothersdevelopedtheJianyi,Yangyi,Guibiao,Jingfu,Jingji,ZhengScheme,WaitingJiyi,Liyunyi,Zhengliyi,andTimingDeviceTherearemorethanadozenastronomicalinstrumentssuchaseclipse,solarandlunareclipse.Atthattime,ArabastronomerssuchasKomaLadingandTomSidingwereworkingintheobservatory.HuihuiSiTiantaiexisteduntiltheendofYuanDynastyandthebeginningofMingDynasty,andthecalendarswerestillrevisedbyHuihuiSitianjianHeidi,Abdula,SitianjianChengdieliandsoon.

Geography

Intermsofgeography,thecompilationof"TheUnificationofYuanDynasty",theexplorationofHeyuan,thepublicationof"MapoftheWorld"andthepublicationofalargenumberoftravelnotesareitsmainachievements."TheUnificationofYuanYi"washostedbythegovernment,andZamaruddinandYuYinglongwerespecificallyresponsibleforit.ThebookhasdetaileddescriptionsofthehistoryoftheconstructionofvariousprovincesandcountiesinChina,citiesandtowns,mountainsandrivers,localcustoms,andhistoricalfigures.Ithasahighhistoricalvalue.In1280,theancestorsoftheYuanDynastyorderedtheJurchenpeopletoexplorethesourceoftheYellowRiver.PanAngxiaoalsowrote"HeyuanZhi"accordingly.

TheTaoistpriestZhuSibeninvestigatedthegeographicalsituationofthevastareasofNorthChina,EastChina,andCentralSouthtoday,andreferredtothe"YuanYiTongzhi"andothergeographicalworks,andusedthemethodof"planningandplanning"todrawthe"MapoftheWorld".Hebecameanepoch-makingfigureinthegeographyoftheYuanDynastyandthehistoryofChinesemaps.GeographicalworksoftravelnotesincludeYelvChucai's"JourneytotheWest","ChangchunRealMan'sJourneytotheWest"compiledbyLiZhichang,ZhouDaguan's"ZhenlaFengtuji",WangDayuan's"TaoYizhilue",etc.Therearemanydescriptionsoflocalcustomsandtraderelations.

Agronomy

TheagriculturaltechniquesoftheYuanDynastycanbefoundinthreebooksincluding"ASummaryofAgriculturalMulberry","WangZhenAgriculturalBook"and"SummaryofAgriculturalMulberryClothingandFood".

Mathematics

_{Mainentry:LiYe、ZhuShijie}

Waterconservancy

_{Mainentry:YuanDynastyGrandCanal、TonghuiHe}

Architecture

_{Mainentry:Yuandadu}

Machinery

_{Mainentry:WangZhen,"Nongshu"}

Medicine

_{Mainentry:WeiYilin、《世Yidexiaofang",Qidezhi,"SurgeryEssence",ZhuZhenheng,"GezhiYuLun","Administrativeplay}sub>_{》、HuSihui、Shuashou}

_{(Thecontentsourceofthe"mainentry"inthetwodirectoriesof"Culture"and"Technology")}

Nationalities

See:Four-classsystem

Hannationality

Inordertoalwaysmaintainthesupremerulingpower,therulersoftheYuanDynastymaintainedtheinterestsoftheMongolianaristocracy.Effortstopromoteethnicsegregationanddiscriminationpolicies.AtthebeginningoftheYuanDynasty,someofficialsadvocatedthat"theHanpeopledonotcontributetothecountry,buttheycanberegardedaspastoralland."Principlesandrestrictionsoncivilianpreservationofbows,MongoliannoblescanenjoyallthepropertyofHanandotherethnicgroupswithoutlabor;killingasoutherneronlyneedstopaythepriceofadonkey;civilianscan'tevenhavenames,onlybybirth.The"HanConfucian"wasonceappointedduringtheperiodofYuanShizuandYingzong,butitwasrepeatedseveraltimesduetochangesinthecurrentsituation.

Semupeople

WithMongolia’swestwardmarch,alargenumberofpeoplefromtheWesternRegionscametoChinafromtheeast.TheYuanDynastyreferredtothesepeopleasSemupeople.TheSemupeoplecommonlyrecordedintheYuanDynastymainlyinclude:Huihui,Tangwu,Wanggu,Wuwuer,Kangli,Qincha,Aso,Haralu,Tubo,Ah'erhun,etc.MongoliannoblesoftenusedSemupeopletoberesponsibleforeconomyandtaxation.IntheYuanDynasty,theSemupeoplehadimportantinfluencesinpoliticsandeconomy,aswellasinthefieldsofscience,technologyandculture.

Southwesterntribes

Inthesouthwest,therearestatesandethnicgroupssuchasDaliKingdomandTubo.In1252,MenggeKhanorderedKublaiandWuliangtojointheplatformfromSichuantothesouthtodestroyDali,andtheformerDalikingDuanwasappointedasthehereditarydirectorofDali.AppointalargenumberofchiefsashereditarychiefsofXuanweisi,andusethechieftainsystemtomanagethesouthwesternethnicgroups.

Tubo

TubohasbeenindeclinesincethelateTangDynasty.In1247,thesecondsonofWokuotaiKhan,KuoDuan,calledtheLamaPanZhiDatoLiangzhou,whichwasknownastheLiangzhouHuimeng.Afterthat,theTuboLamaandtheMongolianKhanformedacharityrelationship.TheimperialcourtsupportedtheestablishmentoftheSakyaSakyasectinTibet,andtheleaderbecamethe"EmperorMaster"oftheYuanDynasty.

Society

Sacrifice

TheritualobjectsoftheYuanDynastyincludeTiandi,Zongmiao,Sheji,Xiannong,Xiansheng,YuezhenHaidu,Fengshi,Yushi,LeiShiandsoon.TheYuanDynastypaidspecialattentiontoofferingsacrificestotheheavens,whichwasdirectlylinkedtothemongolianbeliefinthesupreme"EternalHeaven"ofshamanism.

TheemissariessentbytheEmperorYuantopaysacrificeswereSheji,XiannongandXiansheng.TherearealsosomeetiquettesandcustomsoftheYuanDynastytowelcomeblessings.Oneis"touringintheimperialcity",andtheotheristogetridoftheolddisasterandwelcomethenewblessing.

Marriage

ThemarriageetiquettesystemofYuanDynastywasbasicallydeterminedin1271.ThefirstthingthatdeservesspecialattentioninYuandynastyweddingsisthecustomsofMongolianswhooccupyaspecialposition.UntiltheestablishmentoftheMongolianKhanate,thecustomof"grabbingrelatives"wasstillpopularamongtheMongols.Butatthesametime,thecustomofdiscussingmarriageisalsoverycommon.TheMongolianspracticedpolygamyintheYuanDynasty.IntheYuanDynasty,Mongolsalsopracticedtheadoptionofthemarriagesystem,thatis,"ifthefatherdies,thewifewillfollowthemother,andthebrotherwillacceptthewifewhenthebrotherdies."

AsforthemarriageetiquetteandcustomsoftheHannationality,whichstillaccountedforthemajorityofthepopulationintheYuanDynasty,itbasicallyfollowedtheoriginaltradition,buttherewerealsosomechanges.AlthoughthemarriageetiquettesystemsofvariousethnicgroupsintheYuanDynastyfollowtheirowncustoms,itisimpossiblenottoinfluenceeachother.ItismoreobviousthatsomepeopleintheHanethnicgroupimitatetheMongolianpolygamysystemand"getawifeevenifyouhaveawife."Mongolia'smarriagesystemalsohasanimpactontheHannationality.

Funeral

IntheYuanDynasty,thefuneral,includingfuneralstyle,mourningdress,funeralandmourning,alsostipulatedthattheyshouldfollowtheoriginalcustoms.TheMongolianpeoplepracticeburial,butthereisnograve.Therichandtherichhaveacoffin,buttheshapeisdifferentfromthatoftheHannationality.ThefuneralsystemoftheHannationalityintheYuanDynastyfollowedtheinherenttraditionsandbuiltitmorefirmlyontheconceptofloyaltyandfilialpiety."DaYuanTongZhi"waswritten,"Itiswrittenbytheorderofthefiveclothes",andforthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheChineselegalsystem,thefiveclothesarelistedinthecode.

Diplomacy

See:YuanDynastyDiplomacy

EstablishedintheYuanDynastyIthasalwayslaunchedwarsofinvasionandplunderagainstneighboringcountriesandregimes,suchastheYuan-JapaneseWar,Yuan-VietnamWar,Yuan-BurmeseWar,YuanClawWar,Goryeo-MongolianWar,etc.TheYuancourtonceaskedsomeneighboringcountriesorregions(includingJapan,Annan,Champa,Burma,Java)tosurrenderandacceptthetributerelationshipwiththeYuanDynasty,butwasrejected,soitsenttroopstoattackthesecountriesorregions.Amongthem,YuanriThewaristhemostfamousandmosttragic.

DuringtheYuanDynasty,therewerefrequentdiplomaticexchangeswithvariouscountries,andtherewereanendlessstreamofenvoys,missionaries,andbusinesstravelersdispatchedfromvariousplaces.Amongthem,theVenetianbusinessmanNiccolobrothersandhissonMarcoPolobecamefavoredbytheemperoroftheYuanDynastyandservedasdiplomaticserviceintheYuanDynasty.Foreignerswhospecializeinenvoys.

MarcoPolowasthemostfamousChristianintheexchangesbetweenChinaandtheWestduringtheKublaiKhanera.HeclaimedtohavearrivedinChinain1275,andhisworkwastheonlychannelforEuropeanstolearnaboutChinaformanyyears.MarcoPolosaidthathisfatherNiccoloPoloanduncleMafioPoloarrivedinChinabeforehim.

他们于1252年离开威尼斯，在君士坦丁堡作了几年生意，并且在1265年下半年或者1266年上半年到达忽必烈的宫廷之前在罗斯和中亚旅行。

帝王世系

钦天统圣至德诚功大文孝皇帝

札牙笃汗

庙号	尊号	谥号	名字	在位时间
大蒙古国（1206年—1271年）
烈祖 （世祖追尊）	-	神元皇帝 （世祖追谥）	孛儿只斤·也速该	-
太祖 （世祖追尊）	成吉思汗	法天启运圣武皇帝 （世祖追谥，武宗加谥）	孛儿只斤·铁木真	1206年－1227年
睿宗 （世祖追尊）	也可那颜	仁圣景襄皇帝 （世祖追谥，武宗加谥）	孛儿只斤·拖雷	1227年－1229年
太宗 （世祖追尊）	木亦坚汗	英文皇帝 （世祖追谥）	孛儿只斤·窝阔台	1229年－1241年
-	-	昭慈皇后 （世祖追谥）	乃马真·脱列哥那	1242年－1246年
定宗 （世祖追尊）	库裕克汗	简平皇帝 （世祖追谥）	孛儿只斤·贵由	1246年－1248年
-	-	钦淑皇后 （世祖追谥）	斡兀立·海迷失	1248年－1251年
宪宗 （世祖追尊）	蒙哥汗	桓肃皇帝 （世祖追谥）	孛儿只斤·蒙哥	1251年－1259年
世祖	宪天述道仁文义武大光孝皇帝	圣德神功文武皇帝	孛儿只斤·忽必烈	中统1260年－1264年 至元1264年－1294年
薛禅汗
-	-	-	孛儿只斤·阿里不哥	1260年－1264年
元朝（1271年—1368年）
世祖	宪天述道仁文义武大光孝皇帝	圣德神功文武皇帝	孛儿只斤·忽必烈	至元1271年－1294年
薛禅汗
裕宗 （成宗追尊）	-	文惠明孝皇帝 （成宗追谥）	孛儿只斤·真金	-
成宗	-	钦明广孝皇帝	孛儿只斤·铁穆耳	元贞1295年－1297年 大德1297年－1307年
完泽笃汗
顺宗 （武宗追尊）	-	昭圣衍孝皇帝 （武宗追谥）	孛儿只斤·答剌麻八剌	-
武宗	统天继圣钦文英武大章孝皇帝	仁惠宣孝皇帝	孛儿只斤·海山	至大1308年－1311年
曲律汗
仁宗	-	圣文钦孝皇帝	孛儿只斤·爱育黎拔力八达	皇庆1312年－1313年 延祐1314年－1320年
普颜笃汗
英宗	继天体道敬文仁武大昭孝皇帝	睿圣文孝皇帝	孛儿只斤·硕德八剌	至治1321年－1323年
格坚汗
显宗 （泰定帝追尊）	-	光圣仁孝皇帝 （泰定帝追谥、文宗剥夺）	孛儿只斤·甘麻剌	-
-	-	-	孛儿只斤·也孙铁木儿	泰定1324年－1328年 致和1328年
-	-	-	孛儿只斤·阿速吉八	天顺1328年
文宗	钦天统圣至德诚功大文孝皇帝	圣明元孝皇帝	孛儿只斤·图帖睦尔	天历1328年－1329年
札牙笃汗
明宗	顺天立道睿文智武大圣孝皇帝	翼献景孝皇帝	孛儿只斤·和世琜	天历1329年
忽都笃汗
文宗	圣明元孝皇帝	孛儿只斤·图帖睦尔	天历1329年－1330年 至顺1330年－1332年
宁宗	冲圣嗣孝皇帝	-	孛儿只斤·懿璘质班	至顺1332年
惠宗	顺皇帝 （明太祖尊）	-	孛儿只斤·妥懽帖睦尔	至顺1333年 元统1333年－1335年 至元1335年－1340年 至正1341年－1368年
乌哈噶图汗
北元（1368年—1402年）
惠宗	顺皇帝（明太祖尊）	-	孛儿只斤·妥懽帖睦尔	至正1368年－1370年
乌哈噶图汗
昭宗	必里克图汗	-	孛儿只斤·爱猷识理答腊	宣光1371年－1379年
-	乌萨哈尔汗	-	孛儿只斤·脱古思帖木儿	天元1379年－1388年
-	卓里克图汗	-	孛儿只斤·也速迭儿	1388年－1391年
-	恩克汗	-	孛儿只斤·恩克	1391——1394年
-	尼古埒苏克齐汗	-	孛儿只斤·额勒伯克	1393年－1399年
-	掍特穆尔汗	-	孛儿只斤·坤帖木儿	1400年－1402年