Turing Award
Awardsintroduction
TheTuringAward,thefullnameoftheAMTuringAward(AMTuringAward),isacomputerawardestablishedbytheAmericanComputerSociety(ACM)in1966.ThenameistakenfromAlanM.Turing(AlanM.Turing),whichaimstorewardindividualswhohavemadeimportantcontributionstothecomputerindustry.TheTuringAwardhasextremelyhighrequirementsforawardingconditionsandstrictawardprocedures.Generally,onlyonecomputerscientistisawardedeachyear.TheTuringPrizeisthehighestinternationalawardinthecomputerfieldandisknownasthe"NobelPrizeinthecomputerindustry".
TheprizemoneyoftheTuringAwardwas200,000U.S.dollarsatthebeginningoftheaward,anditwasincreasedto250,000U.S.dollarsin1989.Bonusesareusuallyprovidedbysomelargecompaniesinthecomputerindustry(throughanagreementwithACM).Currently,theTuringPrizeissponsoredbyGoogleandis$1,000,000.
Evaluationsystem
Everyyear,theAmericanComputerAssociationwillrequireexpertsinthefieldtonominatecandidatesfortheTuringAwardthisyear,andexplainthereasonsfortherecommendationintheattachedrecommendationletter.Anyonecanbecomeanominee.TheAmericanComputerAssociationwillformaselectioncommitteetoconductarigorousreviewofthenominees,andfinallydeterminethewinnersoftheyear.
Winnerlist
TheTuringAwardwinnersaredistributedindozensoffields.Thetopsixfieldsare:compilationprinciples,programminglanguages,computationalcomplexitytheory,artificialintelligence,Cryptography,database.Inasense,itcanberoughlyconsideredthatthefirstthreefieldsaremorecloselyrelatedtocomputerscienceitself,andthelatterthreefieldsaremorecloselyrelatedtomilitaryandcivilianapplications.
1966 | AlanPerry | AlanJ.Perlis | Advancedprogrammingskills,compilerstructure |
1967 | MauriceWilkes | MauriceV.Wilkes | StoredprogramcomputerEDSAC,programlibrary |
1968 | RichardWesleyHamming | RichardHamming | Numericalmethod,automaticcodingsystem,errordetectionanderrorcorrectioncode |
1969 | MarvinMinsky | MarvinMinsky | ArtificialIntelligence |
1970 | JamesWilkinson | JamesH.Wilkinson | Numericalanalysis,linearalgebra,backwarderroranalysis |
1971 | JohnMcCarthy | JohnMcCarthy | ArtificialIntelligence |
1972Year | EdsgerDijkstra | EdsgerDijkstra p> | Thescienceandartofprogramminglanguage |
1973 | CharlesW.Bachman | CharlesW.Bachman | Databasetechnology |
1974 p> | Gartner | DonaldE.Knuth | Algorithmanalysis,programminglanguagedesign,programdesign |
1975 | AllenNewell | AllenNewell | Artificialintelligence,humancognitivepsychologyandlistprocessing |
HerbertSimon | HerbertA.Simon | ||
1976 | MichaelRabin | MichaelO.Rabin | IndeterministicAutomata |
DanaScott | DanaS.Scott | ||
1977 | JohnBackus | JohnBackus | Advancedprogrammingsystem,formaldefinitionofprogramminglanguagespecification |
1978 | RobertFloyd | RobertW.Floyd | Methodologyfordesigningefficientandreliablesoftware |
1979 | KennethIverson | KennethE.Iverson | Programdesignlanguageandmathematicalsymbols,interactivesystemdesign,teachingusingAPL,theoryandpracticeofprogramminglanguage |
1980 | TonyHall | C.AntonyR.Hoare | Thedefinitionanddesignofprogramminglanguage |
1981 | EdgarCod | EdgarF.Codd | Databasesystem,especiallyrelationaldatabase |
1982 | StephenCook | StephenA.Cook | Computationalcomplexity |
1983 | Ken·Thompson | KenThompson | UNⅨoperatingsystemandClanguage |
DennisRich | DennisM.Ritchie | ||
1984 | NicholasWirth | NiklausWirth | ProgramdesignLanguagedesign,programming |
1985 | RichardKarp | RichardM.Karp | Algorithmtheory,especiallyNP-completenesstheory |
1986 | JohnHopcroft | JohnHopcroft | AlgorithmanddatastructureDesignandanalysis |
RobertTayan | RobertTarjan | ||
1987 | JohnKirk | JohnCocke | Compilertheory,large-scalesystemarchitecture,andthedevelopmentofreducedinstructionset(RISC)computers |
1988 | IvanSuzelan | IvanSutherland | ComputerGraphics |
1989 | WilliamCahen | WilliamMortonKahan | Numericalanalysis |
1990 | FernandoCobatt | FernandoJ.Corbató | CTSSandMultics |
1991 | RobinMilner | RobinMilner | LCF,MLlanguage,CCS |
1992 | ButlerLampson | ButlerW.Lampson p> | Distributed,personalcomputingenvironment |
1993 | JurisHartmanis | JurisHartmanis | Computationalcomplexitytheory |
RichardStearns | RichardE.Stearns | ||
1994 | EdwardFeigenBaum | EdwardFeigenbaum | Large-scaleartificialintelligencesystem |
Raji·Reddy | RajReddy | ||
1995 | ManuelBlum | ManuelBlum | ComplicatedcalculationDegreetheoryanditsapplicationincryptographyandprogramverification |
1996 | AmirBernoulli | AmirPnueli | Sequentiallogic,programandsystemverification |
1997 | DouglasEngelbart | DouglasEngelbart | Interactivecomputing |
1998 | JamesNicolaGray | JamesGray | Databaseandtransactionprocessing |
1999 | FrederickBrooks | FrederickPhillipsBrooks,Jr. | Computerarchitecture,operatingsystem,softwareengineering |
2000 | YaoQizhi | AndrewChi-ChihYao | Calculationtheory,includingpseudo-randomnumbergeneration,cryptographyandcommunicationcomplexity |
2001 | Oli-JohnDahl | Ole-JohanDahl | ObjectOrientedProgramming |
KristenNygaard | KristenNygaard | ||
2002 | RonaldLevister | RonaldL.Rivest | Publickeycryptography(RSAencryptionalgorithm) |
AdiShamir | AdiShamir | ||
LeonardAdman | LeonardM.Adleman | ||
2003 | AlanKay | AlanKay | ObjectOrientedProgramming |
2004 | VintonCerf | VintonG.Cerf | TCP/IPprotocol |
RobertKahn | RobertE.Kahn | ||
2005 | PeterNaur | PeterNaur | Algol60language |
2006 | FrancesAllen | FrancesE.Allen | Optimizingcompiler |
2007 | EdmundClarke | EdmundM.Clarke | DevelopautomatedmethodstodetectcomputerhardwareandDesignerrorsinthesoftware |
AlanEmerson | AllenEmerson | ||
Joseph·Sifakis | JosephSifakis | ||
2008 | BarbaraLiskov | BarbaraLiskov | Thepracticeandtheoryofprogramminglanguageandsystemdesign |
2009 | CharlesThacker | CharlesThacker | HelpdesignandmanufacturethefirstmodernPC |
2010 | LeslieValiant | LeslieValiant td> | Thetransformativecontributiontomanycomputingtheories |
2011 | JudeaPearl | JudeaPearl | ArtificialIntelligence |
2012 | ShafiGoldwasser | ShafiGoldwasser | Makepioneeringworkinthefieldofcryptographyandcomplextheory |
Sylvio·Micali | SilvioMicali | ||
2013 | LeslieLambert | LeslieLamport | Outstandingcontributionsinimprovingthereliabilityandstabilityofcomputersystems |
2014 | MichaelStonebrake p> | MichaelStonebraker | TheconceptandpracticeoftheunderlyingmoderndatabasesystemBasiccontribution |
2015 | Whitfield·Diffie | WhitfieldDiffie | Thefounderofasymmetricencryption |
MartinHerman | MartinHellman | ||
2016 | TimBerners-Lee | TimBerners-Lee | InventoroftheWorldWideWeb |
2017 | JohnHennessy | JohnHennessy | DevelopedtheRISCmicroprocessorandmadethisconceptpopularEngineering |
DavidPatterson | DavidPatterson | ||
2018 | JoshuaBengio | YoshuaBengio | Contributionstointelligentdeeplearning |
JeffreyHinton | GeoffreyHinton | ||
JanLecan | YannLeCun | ||
2019 | PatrickHanrahan | PatrickM.Hanrahan | For3DcomputergraphicsContributionsandtherevolutionaryimpactofthesetechnologiesonapplicationssuchasfilmmakingandcomputer-generatedimagery(CGI) |
EdwinCatmull | EdwinE.Catmull | ||
2020 | JeffreyDavidUllman | JeffreyDavidUllman | CreatedtoolsandteachingmaterialsusedbymillionsofprogrammersaroundtheworldtopromoteprogrammingThebasicalgorithmsandtheoriesoflanguageimplementation,andtheseresearchresultsarereviewedinhighlyinfluentialbooks |
AlfredVainoAho | AlfredVainoAho | ||
Referencematerials: |
Universityawards
AsofApril2021AccordingtothenumberofTuringAwardwinners(alumni,faculty,andresearchers),thelistofthetop10universitiesintheworldisasfollows:
1 | StanfordUniversity | UnitedStates | 29people |
2 | MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology | UnitedStates | 26people |
3 | UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley | UnitedStates | 25people |
4 | PrincetonUniversity | UnitedStates | 16people |
5 | HarvardUniversity | UnitedStates | 14people | p>
6 | CarnegieMellonUniversity p> | UnitedStates | 13people |
7 | NewYorkUniversity | UnitedStates | 8people |
8 | UniversityofCambridge | UnitedKingdom | 7people |
9(tie) | CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology | UnitedStates | 6people |
9(tie) | UniversityofMichigan | UnitedStates | 6people |
9(tie) | UniversityofOxford | UnitedKingdom | 6people |
Referencematerial: |
Founders
AlanMathisonTuring(AlanMathisonTuring,June23,1912-June7,1954),Britishmathematicianandlogicianareknownasthefatherofcomputersandartificialintelligence.In1931,TuringenteredKing'sCollege,CambridgeUniversity,andaftergraduationwenttoPrincetonUniversitytostudyforadoctorate.AftertheoutbreakofWorldWarII,hereturnedtoCambridgeUniversity,andlaterassistedthemilitaryincrackingEnigma,Germany'sfamouscryptographicsystem,andhelpedtheAlliedforceswintheSecondWorldWar.Turinghasmademanycontributionstothedevelopmentofartificialintelligence,andproposedatestmethodforjudgingwhetheramachinehasintelligence,thatis,theTuringtest.Sofar,therearetrialcompetitionseveryyear.Inaddition,thefamousTuringmachinemodelproposedbyTuringlaidthefoundationforthelogicalworkingmethodsofmoderncomputers.
AftertheendofWorldWarII,TuringwasdiscriminatedagainstinBritainatthetimeduetohishomosexuality.Hewasconvictedbythegovernmentandforcedtoundergo"treatment".Hiscareerended.OnJune7,1954,Turingwasfounddeadonthebedathome.Therewasabittenappleontheheadofthebed,whichcontainedcyanide.Afterinvestigation,thepoliceconcludedthathecommittedsuicidebytakingpoison.UntilDecember24,2013,theBritishAttorneyGeneralannouncedthatTuring’ssentencewas“unfairanddiscriminatory”andhehasnowbeenpardonedbyQueenElizabethII,statingthat“TheQueen’spardonisatributetothisoutstandingperson.”.Atthesametime,formerBritishPrimeMinisterCameronsaid:"TuringplayedakeyroleincrackingtheGermancodeandsavingthecountryduringWorldWarII.Heisanamazingman."
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