Tube computer

Introduction

Althoughthefirstgenerationofelectroniccomputersseemstobequiteclumsy,bulky,highVigorouschangeshavetakenplaceinsociallife.Thefirstgenerationofelectroniccomputersreferstotheelectroniccomputersfrom1946to1958.Thebasiccircuitofthecomputeratthistimeadoptsthestructureofelectrontubes,andtheprogramtransitionsfrommanualhand-writtenmachineinstructionprogramstosymboliclanguages.Thefirstgenerationofelectroniccomputersisthebeginningoftherevolutionarydevelopmentofcomputingtools.Itusesbinarysystemsandprograms.Basictechnicalideassuchasstoragehavelaidthefoundationofmodernelectroniccomputertechnology.

Electronictubecomputer

OnFebruary14,1946,thefirstelectroniccomputernamedENIACwasbornattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Butitisbulky,anditbelongstotheplug-intypeoftheprogram,whichisnotconvenienttouse.Ittakesseveralhourstoseveraldaystocompileandinserttheprogramforafewminutesorhoursofcomputeroperation.WhenthedevelopmentofENIACwasclosetosuccess,vonNeumann,whohadservedasaconsultantfortheBurdingtestfield,knewthenews.AftercarefullystudyingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofENIAC,withtheassistanceofothers,hegaveadesignplanforanewmachineEDVACin1946.Thecomputerinthisplanincludesacalculator,acontroller,amemory,andaninputandoutputdevice.IncreasingthespeedofcalculationsBinarywasusedinelectroniccalculationsforthefirsttime,andprogrammemorywasrealized.Itmakesallcalculationstrulyautomatic.Sofar,itisthebasisofallelectroniccomputerdesign.TheUniversityofCambridgeintheUnitedKingdomfirstproducedtheworld'sfirstprogrammemoryelectroniccomputerEDSACwithelectronicdelaystoragein1949.VonNeumann'sEDVACwasfinallymadein1952afterseveraltwistsandturns.Inaddition,becauseChineseAmericanWangAnproposedtheideaof​​usingmagneticcorestostoredatain1950,ForrestoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyinventedmagneticcorememory,whichhasbeeninthe50-70s.Itisusedasthemainmemoryofalmostallelectroniccomputers.

Electrontube

Origin

In1904,theworld'sfirstelectronictubewasbornunderthehandsofBritishphysicistFleming.Flemingobtainedthepatentforthisinvention.Thebirthofthefirstelectronictubeofmankindmarkedthebeginningoftheelectronicageoftheworld.Theworld'sfirstcomputeruses18,000electrontubes,coversanareaof​​170m*2,weighs30t,andconsumes150kW.

Speakingoftheinventionoftheelectrontube,wemustfirsttalkaboutthe"Edisoneffect".WhenEdison,theworld-famousinventor,wasstudyingthelifeofincandescentlamps,heweldedasmallpieceofmetalnearthecarbonwireofthebulb.Asaresult,hediscoveredastrangephenomenon:Althoughthemetalpieceisnotincontactwiththefilament,ifavoltageisappliedbetweenthem,thefilamentwillgenerateacurrent,whichtendstothenearbymetalpiece.Wheredidthismysteriouscurrentcomefrom?Edisoncouldnotexplain,buthelostnotimeinregisteringapatentforthisinventionandcalleditthe"Edisoneffect."Later,itwasprovedthatthegenerationofelectriccurrentwascausedbythehotmetalemittingelectronstothesurroundings.ButthefirsttoforeseethepracticalvalueofthiseffectwastheBritishphysicistandelectricalengineerJohnAmbroseFleming.

Type

Fleming'sdiodeisanewinvention.Itworksverywellinthelaboratory.However,forsomereason,ithasbeenveryunsuccessfulinactualuseingeophones,anditisnotasreliableastheoregeophoneinventedatthesametime.Therefore,therewasnoimpactonthedevelopmentofradioatthattime.

Computer

Soonafterwards,theimpoverishedAmericaninventorDeForestcleverlyaddedagridbetweenthefilamentandtheplateofthediode,thusinventingThefirstvacuumtriode.Thissmallchangebroughtunexpectedresults.Itnotonlyreactsmoresensitively,canemitmusicorsoundvibration,butalsointegratesthreefunctionsofdetection,amplificationandoscillation.Therefore,manypeopleregardtheinventionofthetriodeastherealstartingpointforthebirthoftheelectronicsindustry.DeForesthimselfwasalsoverysurprised,thinkingthat"Ifoundaninvisibleairempire."Theadventofelectronictubespromotedthevigorousdevelopmentofradioelectronics.Around1960,theradioindustryinWesterncountriesproduced1billionradiotubesperyear.Inadditiontobeingusedintelephoneamplifiers,maritimeandaircommunications,electronictubeshavealsopenetratedwidelyintothehomeentertainmentfield,broadcastingnews,educationalprograms,artsandmusictothousandsofhouseholds.Eventheinventionandfurtherdevelopmentofairplanes,radars,androcketshavethehelpofelectronictubes.

Thethree-leggedmagiciantubeusedtobeahandytoolinelectronicsresearch.Electronictubedeviceshavebeendominantinthefieldofelectronictechnologyformorethan40years.However,itisundeniablethattheelectronictubeisveryheavy,energy-consuming,short-lived,noisy,andthemanufacturingprocessisalsoverycomplicated.Therefore,soonaftertheadventofelectronictubes,peoplearetryingtofindnewelectronicdevices.IntheSecondWorldWar,theshortcomingsofelectrontubeswereevenmoreexposed.Theordinaryelectrontubeusedintheradarworkingfrequencybandisextremelyunstable.Theelectronictubesusedinmobilemilitaryequipmentandequipmentaremoreclumsyandpronetofailure.Therefore,theinherentweaknessoftheelectrontubeitselfandtheurgentneedinwartimehaveurgedmanyscientificresearchunitsandscientiststoconcentratetheireffortsontherapiddevelopmentofsolidcomponentswithfunctionstoreplacetheelectrontube.Later,theelectronictubewasreplaced,andthereplacementproductoftheelectronictubewascalledatransistor.

Basicparameters

Parameters

1.Filamentvoltage:V;2.Filamentcurrent:mA;3.Anodevoltage:V;4.Anodecurrent:mA;5.Gridvoltage:V;6.Gridcurrent:mA;7.Cathodeaccessresistance:Ω;8.Outputpower:W;9.Transconductance:mA/v;10.Internalresistance:kΩ.

Detailedexplanation

Theamplificationfactorμ=anodevoltageUak/gatevoltageUgk

meansthattheanodevoltageandthegridTheratioofvoltages.

TransconductanceS=anodecurrentIa/gatevoltageUgk

meansthatiftheanodevoltageremainsunchanged,ifthegatevoltagehasavoltageofoneunit(suchasmV)Howmanyunitsofchangewillcausetheanodecurrenttochange.

InternalresistanceRi=gatevoltageUak/anodecurrentIa

Itmeansthatiftheanodecurrenthasavoltageofoneunit(suchasmA)whilemaintainingthegatevoltageunchangedHowmanyunitsofchangewillcausetheanodevoltagetochange.

Theabovevalues​​canalsobeexpressedastheamplificationfactorμ=transconductanceSmultipliedbytheinternalresistanceRi

ThechiefdesignerofENIACandENIACMoThefirstelectroniccomputerintheworldofChiliisabehemoth:itweighs30tons,coversanareaof​​170squaremeters,andcontains18,800electrontubes.Itwasbornin1946attheUniversityofPennsylvania.

DuringWorldWarII,bothsidesusedaircraftandartillerytoviolentlybombardeachother’smilitarytargets.Tobeaccurate,youmustaccuratelycalculateanddrawa"shootingchart".Aftercheckingthetabletodeterminetheangleofthemuzzle,theprojectilecanbefiredinthecenterofthetarget.However,eachnumberneedstobecalculatedthousandsoftimestogetthefourarithmeticoperations.Adozenpeoplecanuseamechanicalcomputertocalculateitforafewmonthstocompletea"chart".Inresponsetothissituation,peoplebegantostudytheuseofelectronictubesas"electronicswitches"toincreasethecomputer'scomputingspeed.Manyscientistsparticipatedinexperimentsandresearch,andfinallymadetheworld'sfirstelectroniccomputer,named"Eniak".

Inthemid-1940s,theDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates,ledbyMolicandAckert,developedaballistictrajectorycalculationfortheAberdeenBallisticResearchLaboratoryoftheU.S.ArmyOrdnanceDepartment"ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer"(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandCalculatorreferredtoasENIAC).Thiscomputercalled"Eniac"coversanareaof​​170squaremeters,hasatotalweightof30tons,uses18,000electrontubes,6,000switches,7,000resistors,10,000capacitors,500,000wires,andconsumes140power.Kilowatts,5000additionspersecondcanbeperformed.ThisbehemothwasunveiledintheUnitedStatesonFebruary15,1946.Theadventofthiscomputermarkedthebeginningofthecomputerera.

Thepredecessorofthecomputerwassomethingcalledan"adder".ItwasinventedbyaFrenchmathematician"Basca"andthengraduallyimproved.Itcandofourthings-*/Operational"differentialengine".

In1801,theFrenchmanJosephJacquardinventedtheuseofpunchedcards(Punchedcarboardcard).Thisintroducestwoimportantconceptsforthefuturedevelopmentofcomputers:

First,informationcanbecodedonpunchedcards,thatis,towriteprograms.

Second,informationcanbestoredoncards,andwhenthesecardsarecombinedinaseries,theycanbeusedasaseriesofcommands,thatis,aprogram.Afterthat,apersonappeared.Inhistory,wecallhim"thefatherofcomputers"—"CharlesBabbage".HemadeamorepowerfulmachinecalledAnalyticalengine.Conceptually,theyareverysimilartomoderncomputers...Theseinventionsaretoolsforassistingcalculations.Theyhavenofunctionofmemorizingandstoringdata,sotheycannotbecalled"computers"(ifthefunctionsofcomputersarestrictlydefined)until1946,AmericanMaoQiliandEckertinventedthefirst-generationcomputer—ENIAC.Thefirst-generationcomputerwasaslargeastwoclassrooms.Atthattime,thecomputercomponentwasavacuumtube,andthearchivewasapunchcard.

So,theinventionofthecomputeristheresultofthejointeffortsofagroupofscientificresearchers,butthemathematicianvonNeumann’sdesignideasplayedakeyroleinit,sovonNeumanniscalledthemodernThefatherofcomputers.

Function

Thecharacteristicofthefirstgenerationofcomputersisthattheoperatinginstructionsareprogrammedforspecifictasks.Eachmachinehasitsowndifferentmachinelanguage,itsfunctionsarelimited,anditsspeedisslow.Anotherobviousfeatureistheuseofvacuumtubesanddrumstostoredata.Thefirstelectrontubecomputer(ENIAC)coversanareaof​​170squaremeters,weighs30tons,andhas18,000electrontubes.Itusesdecimalcalculationsandcalculates5000timespersecond.Duetothelargesizeofthetubes,highpowerconsumption,severeheatgeneration,shortlife,andpowerutilizationWiththedisadvantagesoflowefficiency,fragilestructureandhigh-voltagepowersupply,thememoryusesmercurydelaylines.Duringthisperiod,therewasnosystemsoftware,andmachinelanguageandassemblylanguageprogrammingwereused.Computerscanonlybeusedinafewcutting-edgefields,andaregenerallyusedforcalculationsinscience,military,andfinance.Mostofitsuseshavebeenbasicallyreplacedbysolid-statedevicetransistors.However,theelectronictubehasstrongloadcapacity,linearperformanceisbetterthantransistors,anditsoperatingcharacteristicsinthehigh-frequencyandhigh-powerfieldarebetterthantransistors,soitstillcontinuestoplayanirreplaceableroleinsomeplaces(suchashigh-powerradiotransmissionequipment).

Asthefirst-generationcomputer,itisakindofcomputerthatconnectsthepreviousandthenext.Promotingthedevelopmentofcomputers.