technical standard

TechnicalStandards

Technicalstandardsincludebasictechnicalstandards,productstandards,processstandards,testingandtestmethodstandards,andsafety,health,andenvironmentalprotectionstandards.

Technicalfeatures

First,eachenterpriseformsthetechnicalstandardsofeachproductbyprovidingitsowntechnologyandpatentstothestandardsorganization;

Second,enterpriseproductsTheproductioniscarriedoutinaccordancewithsuchstandards.Allproductspassaunifiedstandard,anddevicescanbeinterconnected,whichcanhelpcompaniessellproductsbetter;

Three,companiesinthestandardsorganizationcanshareeachother’spatentedtechnologiesinacertainway.

Supplement

Thestandardsfortechnicalmattersthatneedtobecoordinatedandunifiedinthefieldofstandardizationarecalledtechnicalstandards.Itisacommontechnicalbasisforproduction,constructionandcommoditycirculation.Therearemanyclassificationmethodsoftechnicalstandards.Accordingtothecharacteristicsandfunctionsoftheirstandardizationobjects,theycanbedividedintobasicstandards,productstandards,methodstandards,safetyandhealthandenvironmentalprotectionstandards,etc.;accordingtotheroleoftheirstandardizationobjectsintheproductionprocess,theycanbedividedintozeroComponentstandards,rawmaterialsandblankstandards,toolingstandards,equipmentmaintenancestandardsandinspectionstandards,etc.;accordingtothemandatorydegreeofthestandard,itcanbedividedintomandatoryandrecommendedstandards;accordingtothescopeofapplicationofthestandardintheenterprise,itcanbedividedintocompaniesStandards,workstandardsanddepartmentstandards,etc.

Theprocessofformulatingtechnicalstandardsinvolvestwocoreissues:whoshouldbethemainbodyofformulatingstandards,thegovernment,theenterprise,orthethirdparty;whetherthestandardsshouldbe"open"or"closed."Therearealso"questions"thatarenotaproblem,suchaswhetherthegovernmentcanformulatemandatorystandards.(Intheinterpretationoftheregulations,thegovernmentcanformulatemandatorystandardsforthefoursituationsinvolvingsafety;theUSgovernmentalsohasmandatorystandards,suchastheemccertificationstandard.Sowewillnotfocusonthediscussion.)

Onthequestion,isthereacommonmisunderstandingofthinkingamongallparties,thatis,"eitheroneortheother":Forexample,thesubjectcanonlybethis,notthat;theformcanonlybethis,notthat.Theconclusionis:accordingtothemainbodyandformoftheformulationofthestandard,therulesaredifferent,andtherulesarenotstringed.Thismeansthatthegovernment,thirdparties,andcompaniescanallbethemainbodyofformulatingrules;bothopenstandardsandclosedstandardscanbeformulated.However,indifferentsituations,theapplicablerulesofthegamearedifferent,andtherulesthatapplytoonesubjectandformcannotbereplacedbyanothersubjectandform.

Authorizationstandardsandnon-authorizationstandards

Standardform

Thisconceptisnotrigorous.Itisrecommendedtoreplacethemwith"non-licensedauthorizationstandards"and"licensedauthorizationstandards""(Referredtoas"authorizedstandard","non-authorizedstandard").Theauthorizationstandardreferstoasituation:thestandardhasauniquerelationshipwiththerelevantpatentsandtechnologiesofthedesignatedenterprise,andthepatentsandtechnologiesareobtainedbytheauthorizedgovernment-licensedenterprise.Non-licensedstandardsrefertothepatentsandtechnologiesinvolvedinthestandardsthatarenotprovidedbyfranchisedcompanies,andconsumerscanobtainrelevantproductsinmarketcompetition.

Thereasonisthattheso-called"open"and"closed"inopenstandardsandclosedstandards,inexceptionalcases,thesubstanceandformmaybeopposite,whichiseasytocauseconfusion.Forexample,astandardformedbyopennessmaybeclosedinnature;astandardformedbyclosedmaybeopeninnature.

Theformersituationoftenoccursduringtheformationofdefactostandards.Forexample,thedocfileformatisformedasadefactostandardthroughmarketopening,butthecontentisclosedandmonopolized.Thissituationalsoexistsinthestandardsofsomestandardsorganizations.Forexample,inthesecondgenerationofmobilecommunications,Ericsson,Nokia,andMotorolacontroltheinter-basestationcontrollerinterfacestandardsofgsmsystemsthatarenotopen.Thelattersituationoftenappearsingovernmentstandards.Somestandardsformulated"closed"areanti-monopolyandthereforeopentoallpartiesinthemarket,ortheyarefairandopentothepublicinterestinthemarket.

Closedstandards

Withtheuseofspecialauthorization,youcanclearlydeterminethedifferencebetweenthetwoataglance:

Anyclosedstandardsformedbyopennessmustshowatailintheend.Itisthetransitionzonebetweenstandardsandproducts,andthereareproblemswiththelicensingofpatentsandtechnologiesboundtostandards.Thecharacteristicisthatpatentsarehiddeninthestandards,commonlyknownasstandardpatenting.Inresponsetothisincreasinglycommoninternationaltrend,theEUhasincludedtheopeningoflicensingasaconditioninitsjurisprudencerestrictingtheabuseofintellectualpropertyrights.Forexample,the"MegallTVGuide"lawsuitinIreland.Inthiscase,theTVprogrampreviewisopen,butthelicenseforreprintingisclosed.Accordingtothefactthatthelicenseisrefused,inaccordancewithArticle86oftheTreatyoftheEuropeanCommunities(prohibitionofabusebyanyenterpriseinthecommonmarket)Itsmonopolypositiontorestrictcompetition)madeadecisiontoopenthelicenseforreprinting.

Openstandards

Exceptforthefactthatthesubstanceisconsistentwiththeform,thecriterioninthecaseofcontradictionsistoseewhetheritwilleventuallyentrainpatents,licensesandotherintellectualpropertyrequirements.ThestandardsorganizationrejectedSun'srequestforpatentsandtrademarksonJavabasedonthethoroughnessoftheopenstandards.Onlystandardsthatdonotentrainpatentsareopenstandards(itdoesnotmeanthatpatententrainmentstandardsarenotgood,anditwillnotwork.Somestandardsorganizations,suchastheoasisorganization,haveopenedthisaspect).Inthediscussioninthepreviousparagraph,manypeopleactuallyreferredtothepatent-entrainedstandardsformedbythemarketasopenstandards,whichwasinaccurate.Thedefactostandardformedbymarketmonopolycannotbecalledanopenstandard,becausethemonopolyofthemanufactureritselfisakindofclosuretotherightofpublicchoice.

Variouscombinationsofthesubjectandformofstandardformulationarepossible

Inmanydisputesinvolvingthesubjectandformofstandardformulation,thiskindofspeciousjudgmentcanoftenbeseen.Forexample:

—Basedonthepublicinterest,thegovernmentshouldnotformulatemandatorystandardsandshouldnotinterferewiththeformationofinformationtechnologystandards.

TheemccertificationstandardthatcanbeenforcedbytheAmericanfcctocontrolthewirelessleakagelevelofelectronicproductsisnotamandatorystandard,isitnotatypicalgovernmentintervention?Thisarticlefalsifiestheaboveview.

—Thestandardsformulatedbystandardsorganizationsorenterprisealliancesareopenstandards.

Butisn'ttheBluetoothstandardatypicalclosedstandard?Thisonefalsifiesitagain.

—Asinglecompanycannotsetstandardsonbehalfofthepublicinterest.

Butisn’ttheJavastandardthatthestandardsorganizationentrustedSuntomaster?Thisarticlealsodirectlyfalsifiestheabove-mentionedargument.

Formulationandrevision

Allclothingproductsthatarenormallyproducedinbatchesshouldcomplywiththerelevantstandardsorcustomerrequirements,otherwisethecompanycandevelopitsowncompanyRelatedstandards.Generally,anyindividualorenterprisecanproposeadraftstandard,andthosethatbelongtonationalorprofessionalstandardsmustbereviewedbythestandardizationtechnologyfocalunit;

Afterthestandardisestablished,itshouldberevisedandusedforpracticeandtrial.Itneedstoberevisedandsupplemented.Afterbeingapprovedbyrelevantdepartments,itcanbecomeatechnicalstandard.

Theformulationandrevisionoftechnicalstandardsshouldimplementthespiritofhowfast,better,andeconomical,reflectthenationaleconomicandtechnologicalpolicies,adapttomarketneeds,bebasedonthestatusquo,andhaveacertaindegreeofadvancement;

Theformulationandrevisionoftechnicalstandardsmustbecarriedoutonthebasisoffullresearchandextensiveconsultation,andtheinternationalcommonstandardsandforeignadvancedstandardsmustbecarefullystudiedandactivelyadoptedsoastobeinlinewiththeinternationaltradeandproductionsystem.

Developmenttrend

Theadventoftheeraofknowledgeeconomyhasmadethecompetitionfortechnicalstandardsintheworldmoreandmorefierce.WhoeversetsthestandardsrecognizedbytheworldwillgethugeMarketandeconomicbenefits.Therefore,foraperiodoftime,governmentsindevelopedcountrieshavebeenscramblingtoincreasetheireffortstocarryoutstandardizationstrategyresearch,tryingtofirmlygrasptheinitiativeinthecompetitionoftechnicalstandards.Atpresent,theEUhasmorethan10thousandtechnicalstandards,Germanyhasabout15,000industrialstandards,andJapanhasmorethan8,200industrialstandardsandmorethan400standardsforagriculturalproducts.

(1)Asaspecificactivityofhumansociety,technicalstandardshavebeenmainlyusedtosolvetheproblemsofuniversalityandinterchangeofproductpartsandcomponents,andarebecomingmoreandmoreimportantbarriersforacountrytoimplementtradeprotection.,Themainformofso-callednon-tariffbarriers.Accordingtostatistics,thenumberofcasesinwhichdevelopingcountriesarerestrictedbytechnicalbarrierstotradeisabout3.5timesthatofdevelopedcountries.

(2)Technicalstandardsandpatentedtechnologiesarebecomingmoreandmoreinseparable.Intraditionalindustries,technologicalchangesareslow,andeconomicbenefitsmainlydependonthescaleofproductionandproductquality.Technicalstandardsaremainlytoensuretheinterchangeabilityandversatilityofproducts,andtechnicalstandardsareseparatedfromtechnicalpatents.Today,forhigh-techindustries,economicbenefitsdependmoreontechnologicalinnovationandintellectualpropertyrights,andtechnicalstandardshavegraduallybecomethehighestembodimentofthepursuitofpatentedtechnology.Anewconcepthasemergedabroad:third-ratecompaniessellcoolies,second-ratecompaniessellproducts,first-classcompaniessellpatents,andsuper-first-classcompaniessellstandards.

(3)Technicalstandardshaveincreasinglybecomethecommandingheightsofindustrycompetition.Technicalstandardshavebecomethecommandingheightsofcompetitioninindustries,especiallyhigh-techindustries.Intraditionallarge-scaleindustrialproduction,productscomefirstandstandardscomelater.Intheeraofknowledgeeconomy,standardsoftencomefirst,andthisisevenmoreobviousinthefieldofhigh-techindustries.Forexample,therewasanIPprotocolbeforeInternetapplications.Beforethecommercializationofhigh-definitioncolorTVandthird-generationmobilecommunications,thewaronstandardswasinfullswing.Regardingthecompetitionofhigh-techstandards,inthefinalanalysis,itisacompetitionforfutureproducts,futuremarketsandnationaleconomicinterests.Becauseofthis,technicalstandardsarenotonlyfavoredintheproductfield,butalsohavebecomeoneofthepowerfulmeanstoseizethecommandingheightsoftheserviceindustry.Anothernoteworthyphenomenonisthatmoreandmoreso-calleddefactostandardshaveemergedinadditiontointernationalstandards.Forexample,althoughtheWindowsoperatingsystemofMicrosoftCorporationandthemicroprocessorofIntelCorporationintheUnitedStateshavenotbecomeinternationalstandards,theyareinfactrecognizedbytheworldand"winnertakesall."Theemergenceofdefactostandardsisanimportantnewfeatureoftheneweconomicera.

Significance

Technicalstandardsresearchandmanagementexpertsgenerallybelievethatthedevelopmentoftechnicalstandardsisinseparablefromtheprogressofscienceandtechnology.Technicalstandardsarebasedonthecomprehensiveresultsofscience,technologyandpracticalexperience;undertheconditionsofamarketeconomy,theresultsofscientificandtechnologicalresearchanddevelopmentaretransformedintotechnicalstandardsthroughcertainchannels,andtheimplementationandapplicationoftechnicalstandards,thatis,standardization,promotesscientificandtechnologicalresearchanddevelopmentresultsTransformintoproductivity;andintheprocessoftechnicalstandardsimplementationandthetransformationofscientificandtechnologicalresearchanddevelopmentresultsintoproductivity,marketinformationandfeedbackcancounteracttherevisionandimprovementoftechnicalstandardsandscientificresearchanddevelopmentactivities,therebypromotingtechnicalstandardsandtechnologicaldevelopment.

Theimprovementofthedevelopmentleveloftechnicalstandardsisanorganicpartofacountry’sR&Dactivitiesandtechnologicalprogress.Theformerisnotonlytheresultofthelatter,butalsoaneffectivedrivingforceforthedevelopmentofthelatter:

Firstofall,theemergenceanddevelopmentoftechnicalstandardsarepremisedontechnologicalprogress.Regardlessoftheindustry,onlywhentechnologicaladvancementmakeslarge-scaleproductionpossible,cantechnicalstandardsemergeasanecessarytoolfortheimplementationoflarge-scaleproductionandoperation;accordingly,theformulationoftechnicalstandardsmustalsobebasedonscientificresearchanddevelopmentandrelatedscientificandtechnologicalachievements.Thebasis,itsformulationandmodificationcannotbeseparatedfromthecorrespondingtechnologicallevel,otherwise,itsapplicabilityandeffectivenesswillbegreatlyreducedorevendisappearcompletely.

Secondly,thedevelopmentoftechnicalstandardsandstandardizationandtechnologicalprogresspromoteeachother.Theemergenceoftechnicalstandardsisinresponsetotheeconomicandsocialneedsofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologytolarge-scaleproduction.Oncetheyappear,theycaninturnimprovetheproductionandoperationefficiencyofmicroeconomicentities,enablingthemtoinvestmoreresourcesinR&Dactivities.Inturn,theapplicationandpromotionofnewtechnologiesandnewprocessesenablestheformulationandimplementationofhigher-leveltechnicalstandardstobesupportedtechnicallyandeconomically;thecompetitionandcooperationofmicro-economicentitiesmaketechnicalstandardsandscientificresearchanddevelopmentactivitieswithintheentiresocietyPromoteeachothertoshowtheinteractivedevelopmentofthestandarddevelopmentlevelandthescientificandtechnologicalprogresslevelatthemacrolevel.

Again,thedevelopmentleveloftechnicalstandardsisconsistentwiththetransformationlevelofscientificandtechnologicalprogressresults,thatis,thetechnologicalintensityofeconomicactivitiesisconsistent.Aftertheindustrializationhasdevelopedtoacertainstage,therelationshipbetweentechnicalstandardsandscientificresearchanddevelopmentismorecloselyrelatedtothetwo.Thepersonbecomesanorganicwhole.Fromtheperspectiveofindustryandtheoverallnationaleconomy,whetheritisalabor-intensive,capital-intensive,ortechnology-intensiveindustryoreconomy,aslongasitisinaneconomyafterthestartofindustrialization,technicalstandardswillbethefirsttobeformulatedinthemanufacturingindustry.Promotionandrevision,andthusaffectvariousindustries;whentheindustrialstructureisupgradedtothesecondaryindustrytakingtheleadingpositioninthesocialeconomy,thepositionoftechnicalstandardsintheentiresocialeconomywillrisetogetherwithtechnologicalresearchanddevelopment,becomingthemaindrivingfactorofsocialproductivity.Sincethen,withthefurtherupgradingoftheindustrialstructure,theroleoftechnicalstandardsandstandardizationandscientificresearchanddevelopmentinpromotingsocialandeconomicdevelopmenthasfurtherincreased,andtherelationshipbetweenthetwohasbecomeincreasinglyclose.Intechnology-intensiveindustriesoreconomies,technicalstandardsItisoneofthestartingpointsofscientificandtechnologicalresearchanddevelopment,anditsformulationandrevisionarealsoimportantachievementsofscientificandtechnologicalresearchanddevelopment.