subsidy

Wordconcepts

Basicinformation

Pinyin:bǔtiē

Zhuyin:ㄅㄨˇㄊㄧㄝ

Basicexplanation

1.Subsidy(mostlyfinancial).

2.Itreferstoallpaymentsmadebythegovernmenttoservicefacilities,includingcompensationforactualservicefacilitiesandpureallowances.

3.Referstothefinancialcontributionsprovidedbyamembergovernmentoranypublicinstitutiontocertainenterprisesandthesupportforpricesorincome.

Explanationbyquotation

1.Alsousedas"additionalpost".Stillsubsidies.Itissaidthatduetoinsufficientgains.

TangBaiJuyi's"HeDongchuanYangMuchaoShangshuSeetheFourteenRhymes":"TheveteranRongmakesupthepost,andthesorrowusestheroadtosellit."SongLuyou's"WinterEvening"poem:"ThebodyisthebodyHealthy,thesubsidytimehasnights."QingQianyi’s"SicknessCouchandEliminationofCold"No.15:"Subsidyforthewreckageisonlytheoldandsick,andthebranchesandtheabdomenwillbedreamed."MaoDun's"LittleWitch"3:"WestillgotoNorthwestTownshipIt’sgood,theoldpeopleinthecountrysidestillhavesomeoilandwater,sowewillsubsidizethemasmuchaspossible."

2,referstothecostofsubsidies.

"XinminEveningNews"April20,1988:"Whiletheretailpricesofmajornon-staplefoodsarerising,employeeswillbegivenappropriatesubsidiesbasedonquantitativecalculations."

3.Castingspecialvocabulary.

Inordertoavoidshrinkagecavitiesandshrinkagedeficienciesincastings,theadditionaldesignaddedinthispartiscalledsubsidies.Therearetwokindsofsubsidies:metalsubsidies-thelocalthickenedpartofthecastingiscalledmetalsubsidy,andthecastingistobefinished.Thencutitoff;heatingsubsidy-useheatingmaterialtosticktothepartofthemoldandcoretoextendthesolidificationtimeofthepartofthemoltenmetalandreplacethemetalsubsidy.Thiskindofmaterialiscalledheatingsubsidy.

Features

SubsidiesrefertothefinancialdonationsprovidedbyamembergovernmentoranypublicinstitutiontocertainenterprisesandthesupportforpricesorincometodirectlyorindirectlyincreasetheAgovernmentmeasurethatexportsacertainproductorreducestheimportofacertainproductintoitsterritory,ordamagestheinterestsofothermembers.

Thecharacteristicsareasfollows:

(1)Subsidiesareakindofgovernmentbehavior:thegovernmentbehaviorhereisabroadconcept,includingnotonlythesubsidybehaviorofthecentralandlocalgovernments,butalsoThesubsidybehaviorofprivateinstitutionsthatthegovernmentintervenes.

(2)Subsidiesareakindoffiscalbehavior:thatis,thereareexpendituresingovernmentpublicaccounts.

(3)Thesubsidymustbegrantedtothesubsidizedpartyacertainbenefit:itisgenerallybelievedthatthisbenefitisthatthesubsidizedpartyobtainssomevaluefromagovernmentsubsidyprogramthatitcannotobtaininthemarket.

(4)Subsidiesshouldbespecific:specificsubsidiesrefertosubsidiesthatthegovernmentselectivelyordifferentiallyprovidestocertainenterprises.

Role

Supportingthedevelopmentofagriculturalproduction

MostofChina’sfiscalsubsidiesareusedforfood,cotton,oil,andpigs.Mainagriculturalproductpricesubsidies.UnlikeWesterncountries,whenthereisarelativeoverproductionofagriculturalproducts,inordertomaintainabalancebetweensupplyanddemandinthedomesticmarketandenhancecompetitivenessintheinternationalmarket,theyimplementprotectivepricesandexportsubsidiesforagriculturalproducts.China’sagriculturalsubsidypolicyismainlybasedonsupportingthedevelopmentofagriculturalproduction.,Increasetheproductionofagriculturalproducts.Inordertoachievethepurposeofsupportingthedevelopmentofagriculturalproduction,whenraisingthepurchasepriceofagriculturalproducts,thefarmershaveimplementedthepolicyofsubsidiesforincreaseinprices,andadoptedthemethodofnotmentioningorraisingthesalesprice,andimplementingthepricedifferencebetweenthepurchaseandsalepriceandtheoperatinglossoftheenterprise.Financialsubsidy.Asaresult,agriculturalsubsidieshavegrownrapidlyandoccupyanimportantpositioninallfiscalsubsidies.

Stabilizepeople’slives

Foralongtime,thegovernmenthasimplementedkeepingpricesforbasicnecessitiesofpeople’slives,especiallygrain,oil,pork,coal,etc.,basedonthecountry’sspecificconditions.Basicallystablepolicies,lowrentsandlowfeesforurbanhousing,waterandelectricity,publictransportation,etc.,andtheresultingpolicylosseswillbesubsidizedbythestate.Or,afterraisingthepricesofcommoditiesthatarecloselyrelatedtopeople'slives,appropriatepricesubsidiesaregiventoemployeesorurbanresidents.Therefore,mostofChina'sfinancialsubsidiesaredirectlyorindirectlyusedforpeople'slives.

Relieveeconomiccontradictions

TherearemanykindsofsubsidiesinChina.IntheprocessofChina'seconomicsystemreform,especiallypricereform,fiscalsubsidiesshouldbeusedappropriately.Toacertainextent,policiescanalleviatethecontradictionscausedbychangesintherelationshipbetweenpricesandinterests,andcreateconditionsforthesmoothprogressofpricereformsandsocialstability.

Universitygraduatesenjoysubsidiesfortraining

TheMinistryofFinance,theMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityhaveissuedanoticerequiringalllocalitiestoensurethatcollegegraduatesparticipateincareersRelevantsubsidypoliciesfortrainingandskillappraisal,andregulatetheuseandmanagementoffunds.

Thenoticerequiresthatalllocalitiesstrengthenthevocationaltrainingofcollegegraduates,activelycarryoutemploymentskillstraining,extensivelycarryoutjobskillimprovementtraining,vigorouslycarryoutentrepreneurshiptraining,strengthentraininginformationguidance,strengthenentrepreneurshipguidanceandentrepreneurshipservices,andprovideVocationalskillsappraisalservicesandimplementationofvocationaltrainingsubsidypolicies.

Thenoticestipulatesthatcollegegraduatesshallparticipateinemploymentskillstrainingwithinthegraduationyear(referringtothenaturalyearinwhichtheygraduated,thatis,fromJanuary1toDecember31),passthetraining,andobtainaprimaryorhigheroccupationthroughthevocationalskillsappraisalQualificationcertificates(foroccupationsthathavenotpromulgatednationalvocationalskillsstandards,specialvocationalcompetencycertificatesortrainingqualificationcertificatesshouldbeobtained),trainingsubsidieswillbeprovidedinaccordancewithregulations.Ifthecompanynewlyrecruitscollegegraduatesinthegraduationyeartosignalaborcontractforaperiodofmorethan6months,andcarryoutpre-jobtrainingwithin6monthsfromthedateofsigningthelaborcontract,accordingtothecontinuedperformanceofthelaborcontractafterthetraining,thelocalvocationaltrainingsubsidyisdeterminedAcertainpercentageofthestandardisgivenafixedamountoftrainingsubsidiestoenterprises.Collegegraduateswhoparticipateinentrepreneurshiptrainingandentrepreneurshiptrainingwithinthegraduationyear,andobtainacertificateofentrepreneurshiptraining,willbegiventrainingsubsidiesinaccordancewithregulations.Collegegraduateswhopasstheinitialvocationalskillsappraisalandobtainavocationalqualificationcertificateoraspecialvocationalabilitycertificatewithinthegraduationyearshallbegivenaone-timevocationalskillappraisalsubsidyinaccordancewithregulations.

Thenoticerequiresthatalllocalitiesshouldcombinethechangesinthedemandfortalentsbytransformingtheeconomicdevelopmentmode,optimizingtheindustrialstructure,anddevelopingthemodernindustrialsystem,andregularlycarryoutmediumandlong-termcareersupplyanddemandforecastingandanalysis,andreasonablydetermineaccordingtothehumanresourcesmarketdemand.Directoryofoccupations(typesofwork)forwhichgovernmentsubsidiesaretrained.Throughgrassrootsemploymentandsocialsecurityserviceplatforms,localhumanresourcesandsocialsecurityportalwebsites,publicemploymenttalentservicewebsites,etc.,timelyreleasetothepublicthelocalhumanresourcesmarketoccupationalsupplyanddemandinformation,governmentsubsidizedtrainingoccupations(typesofwork)catalog,government-recognizedtrainingInformationonthelistofinstitutions,thesubjectoftrainingsubsidyreimbursement,andprocessingprocedures.

Confirmation

ComponentElements

Amembergovernmentoramember’sdomesticpublicentityprovidesfinancialassistance,orprovidesanyformofincomewithinthemeaningofArticle16ofGATT1994Supportorpricesupport,whichgivesacertainbenefit,constitutesasubsidy.Whetherameasureconstitutesasubsidydependsontwofactors,oneisthefinancialsupportofthegovernmentorpublicinstitution,andtheotheristhebenefitgeneratedbythesubsidy.

Governmentfunding

Subsidiesmustberelatedtothegovernmentorpublicagency.Evenifitisnotastateauthority,aslongasitexercisesgovernmentfunctions,itbelongstothecategoryofgovernment.Thegovernmentincludesboththecentralgovernmentandsub-levelgovernments.Publicinstitutionsincludepublicinstitutionssimilartostate-ownedcompanies.Therearemanyformsoffinancialassistance:directtransferoffunds;givingupincomeorfailingtocollecttheincomethatshouldbecollected;providingproductsorservicesoutsidethegeneralinfrastructure,orpurchasingproducts;thegovernmentpays,entrusts,orinstructsprivatefundstofundinstitutionsInstitutionsperformoneormoreoftheaforementionedgovernmentfunctions,andthisapproachisnotsubstantiallydifferentfromwhatthegovernmentusuallytakes.Governmentfundingisnotconditionalongovernmentexpenditures.Governmentfundingcanbedirectlyfundedbythegovernment,orfundedbythegovernmentthroughotheragencies,oritcanbefundedbyotheragenciesthroughthelegalframeworkestablishedbythegovernment.

Type

Thefiscalsubsidyitemsingovernmentfiscalstatisticsareanaccountingclassification,whichdoesnothavestrongeconomicanalysissignificance.Therefore,thetheoreticalcirclehasseveralotherclassificationsoffinancialsubsidies:fromtheperspectiveoftherelationshipbetweensubsidiesandtheprocessofsocialandeconomicoperation,theycanbedividedintoproduction-linksubsidies,circulation-linksubsidies,andconsumption-linksubsidies;whetherthegovernmentclearlyarrangesexpenditures,subsidiesTherecanbeadifferencebetweenexplicitsubsidiesandimplicitsubsidies;fromtheperspectiveoftherecipientsofsubsidyfunds,therecanbetwotypesofenterprisesubsidiesandresidentssubsidies;fromtheperspectiveoftheimpactofsubsidiesoneconomicactivities,theycanbedividedintosubsidiesforproductionandsubsidiesforconsumption.Subsidies;fromtheanalysisofwhetherthesubsidiesarerelatedtospecificpurchaseactivities,therearesubsidiesinkindandcashsubsidies.

Prohibited

Exportsubsidiesandimportsubstitutionsubsidiesareclearlylistedasprohibitedsubsidies.Exportsubsidiesrefertosubsidiesthatuseactualexportperformanceastheonlyconditionoroneoftheconditionsforprovidingsubsidies.Exportsubsidiescanbedividedintolegalexportsubsidiesanddefactoexportsubsidies.Importsubstitutionsubsidiesrefertotheuseofdomesticproductsinsteadofimportedproductsastheonlyconditionoroneoftheconditionsforgrantingsubsidies.

Suitability

Unlessthecomplainingmemberprovesthatthesubsidyhascauseddamagetoitsinterests,nocountermeasurescanbetakenagainstthesubsidy.Suchsubsidiesarecalledactionablesubsidies.Thecomplainingmembercantakecountermeasuresonlyunderthefollowingthreecircumstances:theimportofthesubsidizedproductdamagesthedomesticindustryoftheimportingcountry;thesubsidycausesthelossordamageofthebenefitsenjoyedbyothermembersundertherelevantagreement;thesubsidyseriouslyhinderstheinterestsofothermembers.

Non-actionable

Non-actionablesubsidiesrefertosubsidiesthatgenerallycannotbeaccusedthroughmultilateraldisciplineandcannotbecountervailingmeasures.Itisgenerallybelievedthatnon-actionablesubsidiesareunlikelytohaveanadverseeffect,ortheyshouldnotbepreventedbecausetheyhaveaspecialvalue.Butnon-actionablesubsidiesarenotcompletelyimmunetocharges.Forasubsidytoobtainthestatusofanon-actionablesubsidy,certainstandardsandconditionsmustbemet,otherwiseitmaystillbeaccusedofbeinganactionablesubsidy.Thesestandardsandconditionsincludebothproceduralandphysicalaspects.Theregulationsonnon-actionablesubsidiesexpiredin1999becausetheywerenotre-regulated.

Agriculturalsubsidies

TheAgreementonSubsidiesandCountervailingMeasuresonlyprovidesforsubsidiesforindustrialproducts.Theagreementdoesnotinvolveagriculturalproducts.Regardingtheissueofsubsidiesforagriculturalproducts,the"AgriculturalProductsAgreement"hasmadespecialprovisions.TheAgriculturalProductsAgreementdividessubsidiesintotwocategories:greensubsidiesandyellowsubsidies.Theformerreferstosubsidiesthatareallowedtobeusedanddonothavetoundertakereductionobligations,andthelatterreferstosubsidiesthatmustbepromisedtoreduceobligations.The"AgriculturalProductsAgreement"doesnotprohibitexportsubsidiesthatareconsistentwiththeagreement'sconcessionobligations,butsuchsubsidiescanbeoffset(forexample,countervailingdutiescanbelevied).Domesticsupportconsistentwithconcessionobligations(referringtodomesticsubsidies,suchasfarmers’incomesupport)isnotactionableintermsofmultilateraldiscipline,butcountervailingdutiescanbeleviedontheminaccordancewithdomesticprocedures.

Producingbenefits

Interestsareanecessaryconditionforfundingtoconstitutesubsidies,andfinancialassistancethatdoesnotgeneratebenefitsdoesnotconstitutesubsidies.Thebenefitisgenerallyunderstoodasacertainadvantageactuallyobtainedorenjoyedbythesubsidizedpersonoverthenon-subsidizedperson.Thisincludestwoaspects:whoistheownerofthebenefits;andaccordingtomarketstandardsorcommercialstandards,whatarethebenefitsoradvantagesofreceivingfundingcomparedwithnotreceivingfunding.Benefitsarejudgedbasedonthebeneficiary,nottheproductortheproductionoftheproduct.

Subsidyadjustments

WorldTradeOrganizationrulesrelatedtosubsidies,includingArticles6and16oftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,andtheAgreementonSubsidiesandCountervailingMeasures(collectivelySubsidyrules).Theserulesnotonlyadjusttheissueofcountervailing,butalsoadjusttheissueofsubsidies.Theserulesallowtheuseofsubsidies,buttheyrestrictsubsidies;forunfairsubsidies,countervailingmeasuresareallowed,buttheyrestrictcountervailingmeasures.Theanti-subsidyrulesoftheWorldTradeOrganizationonlyadjustspecificsubsidies.Subsidiesthatarespecificallytargetedatacertainenterprise,acertaintypeofenterprise,oracertaintypeofindustryaredesignatedsubsidies.

Financialsubsidies

Financialsubsidiespolicyistoprovidevariousformsoffinancialsubsidiestoprotectspecificindustriesandregionaleconomieswhenstructuralimbalancesorsupply"bottleneck"appear.Itisaneconomicleverforthecountrytocoordinateeconomicoperationsandthedistributionofbenefitsinallaspectsofsociety,anditisalsoaspecificmeanstogiveplaytotheroleofthefiscaldistributionmechanism.Itisanimportanteconomicpolicyusedbythegovernmentsofmanycountriesintheworld.

Role

Asameansofmacro-control,fiscalsubsidiescanbeusedbythegovernmenttoachieveavarietyofpolicygoals,suchaspromotingthedevelopmentofproductionandcirculation,stabilizingmarketprices,andensuringpeople’slives.,Andtheexpansionofinternationaltradehasapositiveeffect.However,ifusedimproperly,thescopeofthesubsidyistoowide,andtheamountistoolarge,itwillexceedthefinancialabilitytobear;ifthesubsidycausespricedistortionsofcertainproductsandconfusioninthebusinessmechanismoftheenterprise,itwillmakeitfromtheadjustmentofsocialandeconomicactivities.Leveragebecomesaburdentorestraineconomicdevelopment.

Policies

China’sfiscalsubsidypolicyimplementedsincethe1950sfocusesonthecountry’srequirementsformaintainingsocial,political,economicandpeople’slifestability.

Othersubsidies

Inordertopromotethedevelopmentandutilizationofrenewableenergy,relevantgovernmentshaveintroducedsubsidypoliciestosubsidizerenewableenergyforpowergeneration.Thisisgoodfortheemergingindustryofrenewableenergy,butitactuallyputsaheavyburdenontheentireindustry.Relevantexpertspointedoutthatrenewableenergypowergenerationsubsidiesarenotalong-termsolution,andrestrictionsshouldbeimposedontheamount,sourceandtimeofthesubsidy.

Becauseourmacroguidanceistoprotecttheecologicalenvironmentandactivelydeveloprenewableenergypowergeneration.Attheendof2011,thenationalgrid-connectednewenergypowergenerationcapacityreached51.59millionkilowatts,accountingfor4.89ofthetotalinstalledcapacity.%.

Inreality,windenergycompanieshaveemergedinvariousregionstostimulateinvestment,whilephotovoltaiccompaniesareexporting,andlocalgovernmentsandcompanieshavesubsidiesanddonotneedtobearlosses.Theriskcostofsubsidizingrenewableenergypowergenerationbusinessesisbornebythestatefinancesandusers.

Regardlessofthegrowingsubsidygapforrenewableenergypowergenerationortherealityofitsbusiness,itisnecessarytoreviewtheguidingpoliciesforrenewableenergypowergeneration.

Therenewableenergypowergenerationbusinessisanewbusiness,andtheprofitrateofthenewbusinessisgenerallylowerthantheaverageprofitrate.Inordertoguideandencourageit,itisreasonabletouse"visiblehands"governmentsubsidiesoutsidethemarket.However,therenewableenergypowergenerationbusinessisalsoamarketbehaviorafterall,anditsbasicrulesshouldstillbethe"invisiblehand"ofthemarket,andthe"visiblehand"isonlyasupplementtothe"invisiblehand".

Thatistosay,thesubsidypolicytoguideandencouragerenewableenergypowergenerationshouldbebasedonthelawofmarketvalue,sothereshouldberestrictionsonthevalue,sourceandtimeofthesubsidyamount.

Thesubsidyvalueshouldbelowerthantheaverageprofitrate,otherwisethecompanydoesnothavetobeartheinvestmentriskbutcangetdividends,whichdoesnotconformtotheprincipleofmarketization,andsuchacompanywillnotbecomeacompany.

Thesourceofsubsidiescanbeappropriatelyleviedfromusers,buttheamountshouldbeverylimitedandcannotbeaddedrepeatedly.Becausetheriskofanewbusinessshouldmainlybebornebythecompanythatrunsthenewbusiness,howcanitbereasonabletoletcustomersbearthecostofthecompany'srisk?

Subsidiesarenotalong-termsolution.Itcanalsobedealtwithforrelativelylow-pricedwindpower.Oncethehigh-pricedphotovoltaicsdevelopasmuchaswindpower,subsidieswillnotwork.Restrictingthesubsidyamount,sourceandtimeisundoubtedlyawaytoenhancecompetitionintheindustry.