Silane

Physicalandchemicalproperties

Basicphysicalproperties

1.Properties:colorlessgas,disgustingsmellofgarlic.

2.Density(g/L,0°C):1.44

3.Relativevapordensity(g/mL,air=1):1.2

4.Meltingpoint(ºC):-185

5.Boilingpoint(ºC,normalpressure):-111.9

6.Boilingpoint(ºC,760mmHg):-112

7.Heatofevaporation(KJ/mol):12.5

8.Heatoffusion(KJ/mol):0.67

9.Heatofformation(KJ/mol):32.6

10.Specificheatcapacity(KJ/(kg·K),25ºC):1.335

11.Criticaltemperature(ºC):-3.5

12.Criticalpressure(MPa):4.864

13.Solubility:solubleinwater,almostinsolubleinethanol,ether,benzene,chloroform,siliconchloroformAndsilicontetrachloride.

14Criticalvolume:151.5(calculated)/136.75(measured)cm3/mol.

Chemicalproperties

Fireandexplosionofsilanearetheresultofreactionwithoxygen.Silaneisextremelysensitivetooxygenandair.Silanewithacertainconcentrationwillalsoreactexplosivelywithoxygenatatemperatureof-180°C.Solidsilanereactsverydangerouslywithliquidoxygen.Whensilaneburns,theflameisdarkyellow,anditreactsundersufficientoxygenconditions:

SiH₄+2O₂=SiO₂+2H₂OΔH=-362kcal/mol

Ifoxygenisinsufficient,incompleteoxidationreactionwilloccur:

SiH₄+O₂=SiO₂+2H₂ΔH=-226kcal/mol

Thehightemperaturegeneratedbythecombustionalsocausesthethermaldecompositionreactionofpartoftheunreactedsilane:

SiH4=Si+2H2ΔH=-8.2kcal/mol

Toxicityinformation

LD50:-LC50:9600ppm/4hours

Toxiceffect:

Othernotices:Thestudyfoundthatwhenratsareexposedto10000ppmfor1houror≥2500ppmfor4hoursWillaffectthekidneys.Ratsexposedto1000ppmfor6hours/day,5days/weekand2to4weekslatershowedonlyslightrespiratoryirritation.Silanecancausebacteriatomutate.

Carcinogenicity:Nocarcinogenicityhasbeenfoundsofar.

Ecologicalinformation

Possibleenvironmentalimpact/environmentaldistribution:

Watertoxicity:-

Mobility:duetospontaneouscombustionintheair,Itwillburnbeforeenteringthesoil.

Persistenceandbiodegradation:Asitburnsanddecomposesintheair,silanewillnotexistintheenvironmentforalongtime.

Potentialbioaccumulation:Silanewillnotaccumulateinorganisms.

Note:Silanedoesnotcontainanytype1ortype2ozone-decomposingchemicals.

Stability

Avoidstrongoxidants,strongbases,andhalogens.Inthestandardstate,thedensityofthegasis1.44g/L,andtherelativedensityoftheliquidis0.68(-185°C).Thevaporpressureis11mmHg(1mmHg=133.322Pa)(-160°C),102mmHg(-140°C),470mmHg(-120°C).Infraredspectrumwavelengthis2191cm-1,914cm-1.Itisagasatroomtemperature,andduringstorage,thereisnosignificantdecompositionwithinseveralmonths.Becausemonosilaneisalmostinsolubleingrease,itcanbestoredinacontainerwithagrease-coatedstopper.

Thechemicalpropertiesofsilanesaremuchmoreactivethanalkanesandareeasilyoxidized.Spontaneouscombustioncanoccurwhenincontactwithair.Itdoesnotreactwithnitrogenbelow25°C,anddoesnotreactwithhydrocarboncompoundsatroomtemperature.Itreactsveryviolentlywithoxygen,andwillreactviolentlyevenatatemperatureof-180°C.

Silanereactsviolentlywithchlorofluorocarbonfireextinguishingagents,sosuchfireextinguishingagentscannotbeusedtoextinguishfires.Theexplosionlimitis0.8%to98%.

Application

In1857,theGermanchemistHBuffdiscoveredsilane.Inthenext100yearsorso,silanewasonlytheobjectofafewresearchersinthelaboratory,andithadnopurpose..Withtheriseofsemiconductortechnologyinthe1950s,peoplebegantoconsidertheadvantagesofsilane,andsilanebegantobeusedintheelectronicsindustry.Inthe1980s,theapplicationofsilanehasundergonemajorchanges.Withtheemergenceofaseriesofnewtechnologiesorthesuccessofusingsilanetodevelopnewproducts,theamountofsilanehasincreaseddramatically.Thousandsoftonsofsilaneareprocessedintoultra-puresemiconductorsiliconinfactorieseveryyear,andhundredsoftonsofgasareusedtomanufactureavarietyofnewmaterialsandnewdevices.Consideringthatintheseapplications,mostdevicesconsumeonlymilligramsorevenmicrogramsofgas,andthethicknessoffilmsmadeofsilaneareontheorderofmicrometers.Itcanbeseenthattheabove-mentionedamountofsilaneisnotasmallnumber.Inthe1990s,alargernumberofnewfunctionaldevicescameout,includingultra-high-speed,ultra-large-capacitycomputerchips,high-resolutionflat-paneldisplays,high-efficiencyandlow-costsolarcells,high-performanceceramicengineparts,andvariousspecialfunctionsthathavebeendevelopedonalargescale.Morenewerdevicesarestillemerging,andthesedevicesallusesilane.

Thereasonwhysilaneiswidelyusedinhightechnologyandbecomingmoreandmoreimportantisfirstlyrelatedtoitscharacteristics,butalsorelatedtothespecialneedsofmodernhightechnology.Throughthermaldecompositionorchemicalreactionwithothergases,aseriesofsilicon-containingsubstancessuchasmonocrystallinesilicon,polycrystallinesilicon,amorphoussilicon,metalsilicide,siliconnitride,siliconcarbide,andsiliconoxidecanbepreparedfromsilane.Theuseofsilanecanachievethehighestpurity,thefinest(uptoatomicsize)controlandthemostflexiblechemicalreactions.Inthisway,varioussilicon-containingmaterialscanbemadeintocomplexandfinestructuresaccordingtovariousneeds,whichisthebasicconditionrequiredbymodernmaterialsanddeviceswithvariousspecialfunctions.

Theearliestpracticalandlargestapplicationofsilaneisasanintermediateproductfortheproductionofhigh-puritysilicon,whichisgenerallycalledthesilanemethod.Themainmethodforproducinghigh-puritysiliconhasbeenthetrichlorosilanemethod(Siemensmethod).

Anotherapplicationofsilaneisamorphoussemiconductoramorphoussilicon.Comparedwithsinglecrystalsemiconductormaterials,amorphoussiliconischaracterizedbybeingeasytoformverythin(about10nmthick)largeareadevices.Thesubstratecanbeglass,stainlesssteel,orevenplastic,andthesurfacecanbeflatorcurved,soitcanbemadeVariousdeviceswithexcellentperformance.

Silanehasbecomethemostimportantspecialgasusedinsemiconductormicroelectronicsprocesses,andisusedinthepreparationofvariousmicroelectronicfilms,includingsinglecrystalfilms,microcrystalline,polycrystalline,siliconoxide,siliconnitride,Metalsilicide,etc.Themicroelectronicapplicationsofsilanearestilldevelopingindepth:low-temperatureepitaxy,selectiveepitaxy,andheteroepitaxialepitaxy.Notonlyforsilicondevicesandsiliconintegratedcircuits,butalsoforcompoundsemiconductordevices(galliumarsenide,siliconcarbide,etc.).Italsohasapplicationsinthepreparationofsuperlatticequantumwellmaterials.Itcanbesaidthatsilaneisusedinalmostalladvancedintegratedcircuitproductionlinesinmoderntimes.Thepurityofsilanehasagreatinfluenceondeviceperformanceandyield.Moreadvanceddevicesrequirehigherpuritysilane(includingdisilaneandtrisilane).

Theapplicationofsilaneasasilicon-containingfilmandcoatinghasexpandedfromthetraditionalmicroelectronicsindustrytovariousfieldssuchassteel,machinery,chemicalsandoptics.Thesilicon-containingcoatingcanincreasethehigh-temperatureoxidationresistanceofordinarysteeltomorethan100,000times,andcanalsogreatlyimprovethehigh-temperaturechemicalstabilityofothermetals,sothatthecorrosionresistanceofinternalcombustionenginebladesissignificantlyenhanced,andvariousmaterialsandpartsThebondstrengthbetweenthetwoisgreatlyimproved,whichextendsthelifeofautomobileengineparts,andcanalsochangethereflectionandtransmissionpropertiesoftheglass,therebyobtainingsignificantenergy-savinganddecorativeeffects.Inthefloatglassproductionprocess,silaneisusedtocoatareflectivelayerontheglasssurface.Itsadhesionisextremelystronganddoesnotfadeunderlong-termsunlight.Thelighttransmittanceisonly1/3ofordinaryglass;itiscoatedwithsiliconnitrideThelargeareapolycrystallinesiliconcell(BSNSC)hasreachedahighefficiencyof15.7%.Theuseofsilanevapordepositiontechnologytomanufacturevarioussilicon-containingfilmsinhigh-techapplicationsisstillincreasingdaybyday.

Anotherpotentialapplicationofsilaneisthemanufactureofhigh-performanceceramicengineparts,especiallytheuseofsilanetomakesilicide(Si3N4,SiC,etc.)micronizedpowdertechnologyhasattractedmoreandmoreattention.TheUnitedStates,Japanandothercountriesarespendinghundredsofmillionsofdollarstodevelophigh-temperatureresistant,high-strength,andhigh-chemicallystableceramicsfromsilicon,siliconnitrideandsiliconcarbidemicropowders.Themicropowderpreparedbythesilanegasphasereactionmethodhasthehighestpurity,fineanduniformparticlesize,whichcangreatlyimprovetheperformanceofceramicparts.Itsapplicationfieldsareextremelywide.Forexample,thevalveofautomobileengineandtherotorofturbochargerhavebeenputintopracticaluse,andhigh-speedbearingsandhigh-performancetoolshavebeencommercialized.Usedininternalcombustionengines,theoperatingtemperaturecanbeashighas1400℃,whichgreatlyimprovestheefficiencyofheatenginesandissuitableformanyapplications.Thiskindoffuelcanprolongtheservicelife;inaddition,itcanalsobeusedastheinsulationtileandstealthprotectionlayeroftherocket.

Precautions

Hazardidentification

Hazard:

Eyecontact:Silanecanirritatetheeyes.Thesilanedecomposestoproduceamorphoussilica.Eyecontactwithamorphoussilicaparticlescancauseirritation.

Inhalation:1.Inhalationofhighconcentrationsofsilanecancauseheadache,nausea,dizzinessandirritatetheupperrespiratorytract.

2.Silanecanirritatetherespiratorysystemandmucousmembranes.Excessiveinhalationofsilanecancausepneumoniaandkidneydiseaseduetothepresenceofcrystallinesilica.

3.Exposuretohighconcentrationsofgascanalsocausethermalburnsduetospontaneouscombustion.

Ingestion:Ingestionisunlikelytobeawayofexposuretosilane.

Skincontact:Silanecanirritatetheskin.Thedecompositionofsilaneproducesamorphoussilica.Skincontactwithamorphoussilicaparticlescancauseirritation.

ChronicSymptoms:Thefurtherhealtheffectsoflong-termexposuretosilanearenowunclear.

Organdamage:notestablished

Excessiveexposurecausesdeterioration:Peoplewithskinandrespiratorydiseasesareexposedtosilaneanditsdecompositionproductswillaggravatethedisease.

Carcinogenicity:NotlistedascarcinogensbyNTP,OSHAandIARC.

First-aidmeasures

First-aidmethodsfordifferentexposureroutes:

Heatburns:PersonsburnedduetosilaneleakageshouldbeThetrainedpersonnelperformfirstaidandseekmedicaltreatmentimmediately.

Eyecontact:Rinseimmediatelywithwaterforatleast15minutes,nottoofast,andopeneyelidsatthesametime.Makethevictiman"O"-shapedeyeandimmediatelyseekophthalmologicaltreatment.

Inhalation:Movethepatienttoaplacewithfreshairassoonaspossible.Ifnecessary,oxygenorartificialrespirationshouldbeperformedbytrainedpersonnel.

Skincontact:1.Rinsewithplentyofwaterforatleast15minutes.Takeoffclothesthathavebeenexposedtoorcontaminatedbysilane,takingcarenottotouchyoureyes.

2.Ifthepatienthascontinuousirritationorotherfurtherhealtheffects,immediatemedicaltreatmentisrequired.

Doctor'snote:Oxygenisrequiredifnecessary.Observewhetherthepatienthasinitialsymptomsofpneumonia.

Firefightingmeasures

Applicableextinguishingagent:cutoffthegassourcetoextinguishthefire.Usewatermisttoreducecombustionproductsformedintheair.Donotusehalidefireextinguishers.Coolthesteelcylinderexposedtotheflamewithwaterfromthefurthestdistance.

Specialhazardsthatmaybeencounteredduringfirefighting:

1.Spontaneouscombustiongas.Thisproductisacolorlessgasthatreactseasilywithair.Thegasusuallyburnsincontactwithairandemitsathickwhiteamorphoussilicafume.

2.Ifthepressureistoohighorthespeedistoofastwhenthesilaneisdischarged,itwillcauseahysteresisexplosion.Iftheleakedsilanedoesnotignitespontaneously,itwillbeverydangerous.Donotapproachit.

3.Moststeelcylindersaredesignedwithareliefdevicewhenthetemperaturerises.Thepressureinthecylinderwillriseduetotheheat,andifthepressurereliefdevicefails,thecylinderwillexplode.

Specialfire-fightingprocedures:

1.Evacuateeveryonefromtheleakarea.Ifpossible,cutoffthegassourceifthereisnodangerandthenputoutthefireaccordingtotheburningsubstance.

2.Watermistreducesthecombustionproductsformedintheair.Watermaynotbeeffectiveinextinguishingsilanefires.

3.Donotusehalogenatedfireextinguishingagents.Ifpossible,stoptheleak.

4.Don'ttrytoputoutthefirebeforecuttingoffthegassource.Thisavoidstheaccumulationandreignitionofcombustiblegasmixtures.

5.Forsmallleaks,iftheleakcannotbepreventedandtheleakwillnotharmpersonnel,lettheflamegooutnaturally.Useplentyofwatertosprayandcoolthesurroundingcylindersuntiltheflamegoesout.

6.Inalargefire,automaticpipebracketsandcontrolnozzlesshouldbeusedtoextinguishthefirefromalongdistance.

7.Whendealingwithafireatthebeginning,protectyoureyes.Ifitisafire,self-containedbreathingapparatusandfullprotectiveclothing,includingfireprotectionclothing,arerequired.Ifnecessary,scrubthefireextinguishingequipmentwithsoapywater.

Hazardouscombustionproducts:combustionproductsincludingsilica.

Leaktreatment

Cleaningmethod:

1.Evacuatetheimmediatelyaffectedarea.

2.Silaneisaspontaneouscombustiblegas.Thegasusuallyburnsincontactwithairandemitsadenseyellowamorphoussilicafume.

3.Uncontrolledleaksneedtobedealtwithbytrainedpersonnelinaccordancewithapre-drawnplan.Theleakageofsilanegenerallycausesafire.

4.Ifthepressureistoohighorthespeedistoofastwhenthesilaneisreleased,itwillcauseahysteresisexplosion.Iftheleakedsilanedoesnotignitespontaneously,itwillbeverydangerous.Donotapproachit.

5.Ifitispossibletocutofftheleakinggassource,isolatetheleakingcylinder.Iftheleakcannotbeprevented(orthevalvecannotbeaccessed),letthecylinderventinplaceormovethecylindertoasafeplaceforventing.

6.Ifthereisleakagefromthecontainerandpressurereliefvalveorothervalves,pleasecontactthesupplier.

7.Iftheleakcomesfromtheuser'ssystem,turnoffthecylindervalve,andbesuretorelievethepressureandpurgewithinertgasbeforerepairing.

8.Allpersonnelmustbeprotected,andtheleakageareamustbecontrolled.

9.Allemergencyresponsepersonnelmustbeproperlyprotectedtoavoidexposuretosilane.Monitorthesilanecontentinthesurroundingenvironment.Onlywhenthesilanecontentiswithintheallowablerange(seePart2),personnelcanenterwithoutself-containedbreathingapparatus.Beforeentering,theconcentrationofflammablegasmustbelessthan0.14%,whichis10%ofsilaneLEL.Strivetoclosethemaingasvalvebeforeentering.

Safedisposal

Storage:

1.Storeinawell-ventilated,safeandweather-freeplace.Cylindersshouldbeplacedupright.Andkeepthesealingoftheprotectivevalvecoverandtheoutputvalveintact.

2.Thestorageareashouldbefarawayfromfrequententrancesandexitsandemergencyexits.Thereshouldbenofiresourceinthestoragearea,andallelectricalappliancesinthestorageareamusthaveexplosion-prooffacilities.Theflammablestorageareashouldbeatleast20ftawayfromtheoxygenandoxidestoragearea.

3.Orplaceanon-flammablematerialatleast5feethighasabarrierinthemiddletoensurefireresistanceforhalfanhour.Thestorageareaanduseareashouldhave"Nosmokinganduseofopenflames"noticeboard.4.Thestoragetemperaturecannotbehigherthan125°F(52°C).Storeemptybottlesseparatelyfromfullbottles.Avoidexcessivestorageandlongstoragetime.

5.Usethefirst-infirst-outsystem.Considerationshouldbegiventoinstallingleakdetectorsandalarmequipmentinthestoragearea.

Use:

1.Usespark-prooftools.Donotattempttorepair,adjustorotherwisemodifycylinderscontainingsilane.

2.Ifthereisamalfunctionorotheroperationalproblems,pleasecontactthenearestdistributorimmediately.

3.Ifpossible,avoidoperatingthecylinderbyoneperson.Alloperationsshouldbecarriedoutinthisway-intheeventofaleak,emergencypersonnelcanarriveimmediately.

4.Useahydrogeniondetectortomonitortherepairanddiffusionofsilaneintheair,anduseaninfrared/ultravioletmonitortomonitorthefire.Allthemonitorsshouldhaveaninternallock,andonceaproblemisfound,thesilanegassourcewillbeautomaticallycutoff.

5.Themonitoringsystemshouldbeequippedwithabackuporemergencypowersupply.Theremustbearemoteemergencyswitch,andthesilanegassourcecanbeturnedoffifnecessary.

6.Packingvalvesarenotallowedinthesilanesystem,onlynon-packingmembranevalvesandbellowsvalvesareallowed.Anover-currentvalveorover-currentswitchshouldbeinstalledinitsdistributionsystem.Thiscancutoffthegassourceintheeventofanexplosioninthedownstreampipeline.Theon-offvalveshouldbeinstalledasclosetotheairsourceaspossible.

7.Donotpull,rollorslidethecontainer.Useasuitabletrolleytomovethecontaineranddonottrytograbthelidofthegascylindertopickitup.Ensurethatthegascylinderisinafixedstateduringthewholeprocessofuse.

8.Useapressurereducerorindependentcontrolvalvetosafelyreleasegasfromthecylinder.Useaone-wayvalvetopreventbackflow.Donotuseanopenflameorothernearbyheatsourcestoheatanypartofthecylinder.

9.Oncethecylinderisconnectedtothepurgedandpassivatedsystem,thecylindervalveshouldbeopenedslowlyandcarefully.Iftheuserhasdifficultyinoperatingthegascylindervalve,stopusingitandcontactthesupplier.

10.Donotinserttools(suchaswrenches,screwdrivers,etc.)intothevalvecover.Otherwiseitwilldamagethevalveandcauseleakage.

11.Useanadjustablespannertoopenthevalvecoverthatistootightorrusty.Allpipelinesandrelatedequipmentaregrounded.Electricalequipmentmustbespark-proofandexplosion-proof.

Specialprecautions:

1.Thesystemtemperaturecannotbelowerthan-170°F(-112°C),otherwiseitmayinhaleairandformanexplosivemixture.

2.Donotletsilanecomeintocontactwithheavymetalhalidesorhalogens,silanereactsviolentlywiththem.Thesystemshouldbecarefullypurgedtopreventresidualdegreasers,halogensorotherchlorine-containinghydrocarbons.

3.Usetwotothreetimestheworkingpressuretoperformafullpressureleakdetectiononthesystem,preferablyusinghelium.Inaddition,aregularleakdetectionsystemshouldbeestablishedandimplemented.

4.Afterthesystemisleakedoropenedforotherreasons,theairinthesystemshouldbepurgedbyvacuumorinertgaspurging.Beforeopeninganysystemcontainingsilane,thesystemmustbefullypurgedwithinertgas.Ifanypartofthesystemhasdeadspotsorplaceswheresilanemayremain,itmustbevacuumedandpurgedcyclically.

5.Thesilaneshouldbedischargedtoaplacewhereitisspeciallytreated,anditisbesttoburnit.Evenifthesilaneconcentrationislow,itisverydangerousandshouldnotbeexposedtotheair.Silanecanalsobeevacuatedafterbeingdilutedwithinertgasintoanon-flammablegas.

6.ThecompressedgasshouldbestoredandusedinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheAmericanCompressedGasAssociation.Theremaybespecialequipmentregulationsforthestorageanduseofgasinthelocalarea.

Precautions

Engineeringcontrol:Silanedetectorsshouldbeinstalledintheareawheretheproductisusedandstoredorinitsvicinity.Providesufficientnaturalorexplosion-proofventilationtopreventtheincreaseingasconcentrationandensurethatthesilanedoesnotreachthe1.4%lowercombustionlimit.Ifapplicable,installautomaticmonitoringequipmenttodetectexplosivemixturesofairandoxygencontent.

Controlparameters:

Eighthoursperdayaverageallowableconcentration(TLV):5ppm

Short-termaverageallowableconcentration(STEL):-

Maximumallowableconcentration:-

Biologicalpointer:-

Personalprotectiveequipment:

Respiratoryprotection:

1.Thehighconcentrationthatcancauserapidsuffocationisalsowithinitscombustionlimitandcannotbeentered.

2.Self-containedbreathingapparatusforescapeisrequiredinanemergency.

Eyeprotection:

1.Wearsplash-proofglassesorsafetyglassesandfaceshieldswithsideprotection.

2.Makesurethatthereisasafetyshowerandeyewashintheareawheretheproductisused.

Skinandbodyprotection:Useworkgloveswhenhandlingcylinders,andusefire-resistantglovesandfire-resistantclothinginemergencies.Weartwopairsofgloveswhenhandlingleaks.

Otherprotectiveequipment:Useappropriatebodyprotectionequipmentatwork,anti-staticclothingisrecommended,andsafetyshoesarerecommendedwhenhandlingcylinders.

Disposal

Unusedproduct/emptycylinder:Returnthecontainerandunusedproducttothesupplier.Donotdisposeofsurplusorunusedproductswithoutauthorization.

Treatmentmethod:Theremainingsilaneinthesystemshouldbeburnedinasuitableburner.Theprocessshouldbecarriedoutinaccordancewithlocalregulations.WastecontainingthissubstanceisclassifiedashazardouswastebytheEPA.Inaccordancewithlocalregulations,usersmustindicatetheflowofwastematerials.

Shippinginformation

Internationalshippingregulations:Hazardlevel:2.1(flammablegas)

UnitedNationsnumber:UN2203

Domesticshippingregulations:

Billboard:Combustiblegas

Specialtransportationmethodsandprecautions:Cylindersshouldbetransporteduprightonatruckwithwell-ventilatedfacilities,andnottransportedinpassengercompartments.Beforetransportation,makesurethatthebottlevalvehasbeenclosed,theoutputvalvehasbeeninstalledandthevalvecoverhasbeenfixed.Pressuregascylinderscanonlyberefilledbyqualifiedcompressedgasmanufacturers.Itisillegaltotransportgascylindersthathavenotbeenfilledbyallmanufacturersofpressuregascylindersorhavebeenfilledwiththeirwrittenconsent.

Laboratorypreparation:metalsilicidereactswithacid,usuallymadefrommagnesiumsilicideanddilutesulfuricacid.

Transportationinformation

Packingmethod:steelgascylinder;ordinarywoodenboxoutsidetheampoule.

Precautionsfortransportation:Youmustwearthesafetyhelmetonthecylinderwhentransportinginarigidbottle.Cylindersaregenerallylaidflat,andthemouthsofthecylindersshouldfacethesamedirectionwithoutcrossing;theheightshouldnotexceedtheprotectivefenceofthevehicle,andtheyshouldbesecuredwithtriangularwoodenpadstopreventrolling.Thetransportationvehiclesshouldbeequippedwithcorrespondingtypesandquantitiesoffire-fightingequipmentduringtransportation.Theexhaustpipeofthevehiclecarryingtheitemmustbeequippedwithafirearrester,anditisprohibitedtousemechanicalequipmentandtoolsthatarepronetosparksforloadingandunloading.Mixedshipmentandtransportationwithoxidants,alkalis,halogens,ediblechemicals,etc.arestrictlyprohibited.Insummer,itshouldbetransportedinthemorningandeveningtopreventsunexposure.Stayawayfromfireandheatsourcesduringstopovers.Whentransportingbyroad,followtheprescribedroute.Itisforbiddentodropoffduringrailwaytransportation.