Shen Kuo

Thelifeofthecharacters

Earlyexperience

SongRenzongTiansheng9thyear(1031),ShenKuowasborninHangzhouQiantang(nowHangzhou,Zhejiang)Shenfamily,grandfatherShenZengqingusedtoserveasChengChenginDaliTemple.HisfatherShenZhouanduncleShenTongwerebothJinshi.

ShenKuohasbeendiligentandstudioussincehewasachild.Hefinishedhisfamily'sbookcollectionattheageoffourteen.HetraveledtoQuanzhou,Runzhou,Jianzhou,andBianjingwithhisfathertogetintouchwithsocietyandgainknowledge.Showastronginterestinnatureandkeenobservation.

ShenKuohasbeenweaksincehewasachild,andheisverydiligentinstudying,soheoftenneedstotakeChinesemedicineforconditioning.TheShenfamilyofQiantanghasmadegreatachievementsinmedicine.Thereisafamilypharmacybook"BojiFang".Influencedbyhisfamily,ShenKuoalsobegantostudymedicinefromthecollectionofmedicalprescriptions.

InthesecondyearofEmperorYou(1050),ShenZhouknewMingzhou(nowNingbo,Zhejiang).ShenKuolivedinSuzhou’smother'suncle’shouse.Generateastronginterest.

Enteringofficialcareer

InthethirdyearofHuangyou(1051),hisfatherShenZhoupassedaway;inthefirstyearofHehe(1054),ShenKuoenteredtheofficialpositionwithhisfather'sshadowandservedastheheadofShuyangCounty,Haizhou,Sohemanagedwateranddevelopedfarmland,whichwasquitesuccessful.Afterthecompletionoftheproject,ShenKuoresignedandwenttoNingguoCountywherehisbrotherShenPiwasinofficetopreparefortheimperialexamination.

Inthe6thyearofJiayou(1061),ShenPipresidedovertheWuhuWanchunweiproject.ShenKuohadexperienceinwatercontrol,soheofferedsuggestionsandmadedetailedrecords.

IntheeighthyearofJiayou(1063),ShenKuowasinJinshiandrankedfirst,becauseherankedoutsidethetopsix,hewaselectedaccordingtothesystem.Thefollowingyear,ShenKuoshou'selectionperiodexpiredandhewasgrantedtheYangzhoumanagertojointhearmyandwasresponsibleforastateprison.

InthesecondyearofZhiping(1065),ShenKuowastransferredtothecapitalattherecommendationofZhangJia,thetransferenvoyofHuainanRoad,editedbooksinZhaowenguan,participatedinthedetailededitingofthearmillarysphere,andstudiedthescienceofastronomyandcalendarinhisleisuretime.

InthefirstyearofXining(1068),ShenKuowaspromotedtoGuangecollation,andhadtheopportunitytocontacttheroyalcollectionandfurtherenrichhisknowledge.InAugust,hismotherdiedofillness,andShenKuoresignedandescortedthecoffinbacktoQiantang.

Participateinreforms

InthefourthyearofXining(1071),ShenKuo'sfuneralperiodexpiredandhewenttoBeijingtoreportonhisduties.HewashighlyregardedbyShenzongandWangAnshi,andhewasappointedastheofficialofficialoftheprosecutor'spenalroom.

InthefifthyearofXining(1072),ShenKuowasorderedtopresideoverthedredgingprojectoftheBianheRiver.InJuly,theJiaguanHistoryMuseumreviewed.Accordingtocustom,theemperorhadtogotoXuanqiueverythreeyearstomakesacrificestotheheavenandtheearth,andofficialsoftenusedthistobuildgardensforpersonalgain.ShenKuotheninvestigatedthehistoricalevolutionoftheSouthernSuburbceremony,wrote"SouthernSuburbStyle",andwasappointedtotakechargeoftheaffairsoftheJiaoSi.ShenKuoactedinaccordancewiththenewetiquetteandsavedtensofthousandsofexpenses.Shenzongwasverysatisfied.

InAugust,duringthefamineinHuainan,ShenKuowasorderedtoinspect,distributedChangpingwarehousemoneyandgrain,dredgedriverchannels,repairedbarrenfields,andachievedremarkableresults.HewaspromotedtoaJixianschooltoinspectfarmlandandwaterconservancyinZhejiangandZhejiang.ThescaleofthewaterconservancyprojectinZhejiangandZhejiangishuge.ShenKuosuggestedthatheshouldpaythehungrypeopletobuildthewaterconservancyproject,whichwasapprovedbyShenzong.InSeptember,ShenKuowaspromotedtotheprinceZhongyun,andwaspromotedtotheTianjian.Atthattime,theJapaneseofficialsweremediocrepeople,almostcompletelyignorantofastronomy.ShenKuothenreformedtheorganization,improvedtheequipment,askedWeiPutobuildanewcalendar,andsolicitedbooksonastronomicalobservationsfromalloverthecountry.

InNovember,theimperialcourtregisteredprivatevehicles,andthecityYisiplannedtosealupprivatewellstopreventprivatesalesofwellsaltinSichuan.ShenKuoJinsaid:Theciviliansareallpeacefulcars,whicharenotconducivetomobileoperations;therearemanysmallsaltwells,anditisnecessarytostrengthenthevigilanceoffillingprivatewells,andthegainsoutweighthelosses.Shenzongagreed.Thenextdayheorderedtostopthesetwothings,andpromotedShenKuotobecometheknowledgesystem,manageTongjin,andYintaiDivision.

InAugustoftheseventhyearofXining(1074),ShenKuowastransferredtothevisitingenvoyofHebeiWestRoad,andpromotedHebeiWestRoadYiyongandBaojiaofficialaffairs.HebeiWestRoadislocatedinnorthernXinjiang.AfterShenKuotookoffice,hefocusedhisworkonreformingmilitaryadministrationandconsolidatingnationaldefense.

InFebruaryoftheeighthyearofXining(1075),afterShenKuoreturnedtoBeijing,Shangshuproposed31rectificationsuggestions,mostofwhichwereaffirmedandadoptedbyShenzong.InSeptember,ShenKuoconcurrentlyservedasamilitaryweaponsupervisor,responsibleforthecastingandstorageofweapons.ShenKuohasdonein-depthresearchonbowsandputforwardtheviewthat"thebowhassixgoodpoints",andsuggestedthatalargenumberof"sacredarmbows"bemade.ByMayofthefollowingyear,whentheMilitaryEquipmentSupervisorreportedtothecourt,theproductionofweaponsincreasedmorethantentimes.

InFebruaryoftheeighthyearofXining(1075),ShenKuowasorderedtorevisethe"NineArmedForces".Theninearmiesweredividedintoninebattalions.Change,thenameis"Bianzhouformation".InSeptember,compiletheconstructionmethodsoffortresses,militarycampsandotherbuildings.

EnvoytoLiaoState

ShenKuoxiang(2photos)

InMarchoftheeighthyearofXining(1075),theborderconflictbetweenSongandLiaoSongTingdisagreedwithLiao'srequesttouseHuangweiMountainasthedemarcationline.LiaoambassadorXiaoXiwenttoBianjingandaccusedSongTingofinsincerenegotiations,delayedandundecided,andstayedinthepremisesandrefusedtoleave.ShenKuowenttothePrivyCounciltocheckthepreviousarchivesandfoundthattheagreementagreedbySongandLiaoDynastywasbasedontheancientGreatWall,andHuangweiMountainwas30milessouthoftheancientGreatWall,sohereportedtothecourt.ShenzongrewardedShenKuowithonethousandtaelsofplatinum,allowinghimtotraveltoLiaoasanenvoyofthanks.

Inmid-April,whenShenKuosetofffromBianjing,hefounddozensofrelevantcorrespondencefilesinadvanceforhisstaffandofficialstolearnbyheart.WheneverYangYijie,theprimeministerofKhitan,raisedaquestion,ShenKuoaskedhisstafftolistthefileprovisionstoanswer.Thenegotiationswereconductedsixtimes.YangYijiewasspeechlessandthreatenedtosaythatitwouldnotbeconducivetopeacetotakeafewmilesandthebestofthetwocountries.ShenKuousedthemoralityofthecountryandtherootsofthepeopleasreasons,andaffirmedthathewouldnotgiveuponeinchofland.UndertheeffortsofShenKuoandhisentourage,theLiaogovernmentfinallygavein,andthetenserelationshipbetweenSongandLiaowastemporarilyeased.

InJuly,ShenKuosetofftoreturntoChina.Accordingtothegeographicalsituation,customsandfolkcustomsalongtheway,hewrote"ZhitanTushou"anddedicatedittotheimperialcourt.ShenKuowaspromotedtothemasscomfortenvoyoftheHuainanandLiangzhedisaster-strickenprefecturesduetomeritoriousservice;inOctober,therighttodispatchthreeenvoys.InOctoberofthefollowingyear,hewasworshippedasaBachelorofHanlinandthethirdenvoyofQuan.

Impeachmentanddemotion

InOctoberofthe9thyearofXining(1076),WangAnshistoppedtheminister,andWuChongsucceededhimasthenextofficialofTongzhong.ShenKuowenttotheprimeminister'sofficetoreportongovernmentaffairs.WuChongaskedaboutthelawonexemption.ShenKuosuggestedreducingorexemptingpoorpeople'sservitudemoney.WuChongagreedandreportedittoShenzong.InNovember,ShenKuosubmittedaletteragainrequestingthereductionandexemptionofhouseholdservicemoney,andsuggestedthattheimperialcourtshouldorganicallycombinetheoldservitudelawwiththecurrentexemptionlawandimplement"parallelemployment".ShenKuo’sviewwasonlyputforwardafterWangAnshi’sdismissal.TherehavebeensubtlechangesinhisattitudetowardstheImmunityLaw,whichhasprovidedevidenceforthosewhoopposehim.

InthetenyearsofXining(1077),ShiYushiCaiQueimpeachedShenKuoonthegroundsthathewasdependentontheminister(WuChong),exceededhisauthorityandsaidthings(theImmunityLawwasinchargeofSinongTemple),andhaddifferentattitudes..InJuly,ShenKuowasdismissedfromthethreeambassadors,abachelorofHanlin,andwasdemotedtoalivingroom,abachelorofJixianAcademy,andZhixuanzhou.

InthefirstyearofYuanfeng(1078),ShenzongplannedtouseShenKuoasZhizhiZhizhiandZhitanzhou.CaiQuewrotealetteragain,accusingShenKuoof"variability,ministersattachedtothemeeting,andbeingdemotedforlessthanayear.Promote",theedictwaswithdrawn.

InJulyofthesecondyearofYuanfeng(1079),ShenKuowasreinstatedinLongtuPavilionandwasappointedtotheCourtofIntellectualReview.

DefendXixia

InthethirdyearofYuanfeng(1080),ShenKuochangedtoknowYanzhou,andalsoservedasthesoothingenvoyofJuyanRoadtoresistXixia.WhenhearrivedinYanzhou,ShenKuousedthemoneygivenbythecourttobuywine,summonedthechildrenoftheborderpeopletocarryouthorse-ridingandarcheryactivities,andpersonallytoastedandcongratulatedthewinners.Thepeopleontheborderwereenthusiastic.Theactivitylastedforayear,andShenKuoselectedelitemenfromamongthemandenrichedthemtothebordertroops.TheprestigeoftheYanzhouarmyfarsurpassedotherprefectures.

InOctoberofthefourthyearofYuanfeng(1081),tensofthousandsofFantribesattackedtheborderfortressShunningzhai.ShenKuosentMajorGeneralsJingSiyiandQuLitoattacktheFanarmywiththreethousandsoldiersandhorses;ForwardLiDaledthousandsofpeopleontheattack,carryingahundredthousandpeople'srations,anddeclaredthatthecommander-in-chiefofHuoYanluShenKuowouldpersonallyleadthearmytosupervisethebattle.Fansoldiersdonotknowwhatisfalseandtrue,andthearmyisdistracted.TheSongarmytookadvantageofthemomentumtoattackandcapturedMoyazhai,winning10,000menandwomenand30,000cattleandsheep.

InNovember,theTwelveGeneralsofHedongSoldierswhowereorderedtofightwestledtheirtroopstoreturntotheeast.Afteralongperiodoftime,ShenKuoseizedtheopportunity.HealsoledtheforcesofthetwelvegeneralsinHedong,andsoonbegananimpromptucontroversy.ThestationedXixiaArmycametoinquireuponthenews,andsawthatthebrigadegatheredwithgreatmomentum.Believingittobetrue,theyabandonedthecityovernightandfled.ShenKuobingtookdownFutu,Wubao,andYihewithoutabloodysword.

InFebruaryinthefifthyearofYuanfeng(1082),ShenKuowaspromotedtoaBachelorofLongtugewith"guardingthebordersofAn'anandworkingonthefrontieraffairs".InApril,XixiaplannedtouseJintangCityasabasetorecruittroopsandattackYaoYan.ShenKuoadoptedthetacticofattackingtheeastandthewest,sendingdeputychiefQuZhenledanarmyof20,000toDongchuan,threateningtoattackJialu,attractingXixiatroopstodeploy,andtakingtheopportunitytotakethegoldensoup.Then,ShenKuousedthesamestrategytocaptureJialu.

DefeatedinYongle

InMayofthefifthyearofYuanfeng(1082),ShenKuoandhisdeputy,ZhongE,FengZhaotiaoChenZhixia'sstrategy,proposedtoforgeaheadandbuildacitywithgeographicaladvantages.ThreateningXixia'sstrategicproposition,SongTingsentthemattertoXuXitogotoHuoyanRoadtorestrainthemilitaryandjointlydiscuss.InJuly,ShenKuosuggestedbuildingastonefort,ZhongYisuggestedYinzhou,andXuXiadvocateYongledai,whichwilleventuallybecomeYongleCity.InAugust,ShenzongorderedXuXitobuildthecityandorderedShenKuotomovethemansiontothebordertoreceivemilitarysuppliesandrescue.Itwasbuilt14dayslater,XuXiorderedJingSiyitolead4,000guards,andreturnedtheresttoMizhi.

OnSeptember9th,Xixiadispatched300,000troopstoattackYongleCity.QuZhenhurriedlyreportedtoXuXi.XuXicommanded25,000troopstoassisthimandorderedShenKuotostayinMizhi.Duetothehugedisparityinmilitarystrength,theSongArmylost,XiaJundefeatedthebesiegedcityandcutoffthewatersource,andYongleCitywasatstake.ShenKuoled10,000soldierstosupport,butXiaJunwasblockedbytheYongdingRiver;QiangsoldiersattackedSuidewith80,000soldiers.ShenKuoweighedtheprosandconsanddecidedtogiveupYongleandprotectSuide.ZhongErwassqueezedoutbyXuXibecauseofhisoppositiontotheconstructionofYongleCity.OnSeptember20th,thecityofYonglefell,XuXi,LiJi,GaoYongneng,LiShunju,etc.weremartyred,230officialswerebroken,andmorethan12,000soldierswerelost(BattleofYongleCity).TheplantoobtainHengshanfailed..

Asahandsomeministeralongtheway,ShenKuodidnotsticktohisownopinionandchosetocatertothesituationwhenheknewthatYongleCitywas“theroadisdangerousandfaraway,unfavorablefordefenseandrescue;andthegeographicalpositionisdangerous,andtheenemymustfight”.XuXihasaninescapableresponsibilityforthedefeatofYongleCity.

GuiyinMengxi

OnOctober17thinthefifthyearofYuanfeng(1082),SongTingcitedShenKuo’s"consideringtheconstructionofYongleCity,buttheenemydidnotrespondproperly"asanexcuse,RelegatedtoJunzhouregimenttrainingdeputyenvoy,Suizhouresettlement.AfterShenKuoarrivedinSuizhou,helivedinFayunTemplewithoutrelativesandnoreason,andhismovementsweregreatlyrestricted.ThethreeyearsinSuizhouwasthesaddestandgloomyperiodinShenKuo'slife.Hebegantore-examinehispoliticalcareer,andevendevelopedatraceof"remorse"abouthispoliticalcareer.

InMarchoftheeighthyearofYuanfeng(1085),ShenzongdiedandthecrownprinceZhaoXusucceededtothethroneforSongZhezongandamnestytheworld.ShenKuowasalsoabletomoveinlandandwasappointedasthedeputyenvoyoftheXiuzhouLeague.XiuzhouislocatedinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,adjacenttohishometownofHangzhou.ShenKuo'smoodimprovedfromdecadence.Heconcentratedonlearningandbegantocompilethe"TianxiaCountyMap"compiledbyXining'sdecreeinnineyears.

InAugustofthethirdyearofYuanyou(1088),ShenKuocompiledandcompletedthe"TianxiaCountyMap"andwasgrantedpermissiontogotoBianjingforsubmission.Zhezongbestowed100horsesofsilkandallowedShenKuotomovefreelyinXiuzhou.

InSeptemberofthefourthyearofYuanyou(1089),ShenKuowasappointedasChaosanlang,ShouguangluShaoqing,andBranchNanjing,andwasallowedtoliveinotherstates.Afterreceivingtheedict,ShenKuomovedhisfamilytoMengxiGarden,whichheboughtinRunzhouinhisearlyyears,andlivedinseclusionheretocreate"MengxiBiTan".

InthesecondyearofShaosheng(1095),ShenKuodiedofillnessattheageof65.

MajorAchievements

Mathematics

• Gapproducttechnique

Thegapproducttechniquereferstohowtocalculatethestackingproduct.ShenKuousesthemethodofanalogyandinduction,basedonthevolumeformula,tosolvethecumulativenumberofdiscontinuousindividualsintoacontinuousoverallvalue.Theideaof​​modelsolvingdiscreteproblems.InthehistoryofChinesemathematics,theproblemofsummationofarithmeticseries,whichhasbeenstagnantsincetheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,hasbeendevelopedandadvancedtoanewstageofsummationofhigh-orderarithmeticseries,creatingaprecedentforthestudyofstackinginChina.

ThemathematicianYangHuioftheSouthernSongDynastyandthemathematicianZhuShijieoftheYuanDynastymadefurtherresearchonthebasisofShenKuoandachievedremarkableachievements.

• Meetingcircletechnique

MeetingcircletechniqueactuallyreferstofindingthearcfromthestringThemainideaof​​themethodistosubstitutethestraightpartforthecurve,andgiveamorepracticalapproximateformulaforthesagittalrelationshipofthecircle.InthehistoryofChinesemathematics,ShenKuowasthefirsttousestringandarrowtofindtheapproximatevalueofsolitarylength.Theestablishmentofthismethodnotonlypromotedthedevelopmentofplanegeometry,butalsoplayedanimportantroleinastronomicalcalculations,andmadeimportantcontributionstothedevelopmentofChinesesphericaltrigonometry.

AftertheadventoftheHuiyuantechnique,ithasbeenwidelyused.GuoShoujingandWangXunhaveallusedit.

Physics

• Magnetics

ShenKuorecordedartificialmagnetizationThemethod,andusetheartificialmagnetizedneedletodotheexperiment,carryonthein-depthstudyofthecompass.ShenKuocomparedfourcompassinstallationmethods:waterfloatmethod,bowledgemethod,nailmethodandsuspensionwiremethod,pointedoutthatthesuspensionwiremethodwasthebest,andmadecorrespondinganalysis.

Magneticdeclinationreferstotheanglebetweenthegeomagneticmeridianatanypointontheearth'ssurfaceandthegeographicmeridian,thatis,theanglebetweenthenorthandthetruenorthwhenthemagneticneedleisatrest.ShenKuowasthefirstintheworldtoexperimentallyprovethatthemagneticneedle"canguide,butoftenslightlyeastward",thatis,thegeomagneticnorthandsouthpolesdonotcompletelycoincidewiththegeographicnorthandsouthpoles,andthereisamagneticdeclination.Thisismorethan400yearsbeforeColumbusdiscoveredthemagneticdeclinationphenomenonwhenhecrossedtheAtlanticOcean.

• Optics

Throughobservationexperiments,ShenKuoimagedsmallholesandconcavemirrors,etc.Theprinciplewasdescribedaccuratelyandvividly.Heusedtheconceptof"obstacle"(focus)topointoutthelawoflightpropagationandconcavemirrorimaging.Isometricspacetransformationrelationshipin.

ShenKuoalsostudiedthedifferenceinmirrorimagingsuchasplaneandconcave-convexsurface,andnoticedtherelationshipbetweenthedifferenceinsurfacecurvatureandimaging,andusedthistocorrectlyhandlemirrorconcave-convexandimaginginthe"castingofancientpeople".Therelationshipbetweensizehasbeenresearchedandanalyzed,anditisproposedthatifthesmallplanemirrorispolishedandconvex,thehumanfacecanbe"inclusive".

ShenKuoalsomadecorrectinferencesontheprincipleoflight-transmittingcoppermirrors,whichpromotedtheresearchof"translucentmirrors"inlatergenerations.Inaddition,ShenKuoalsorecordedthecontentofthe"RedLightAutopsy"forthefirsttime,whichistheearliestrecordoftheapplicationoflightfilteringinChina,anditstillhaspracticalsignificancetothisday.

• Acoustics

Byobservingacousticphenomena,ShenKuonoticedthatThevibrationfrequencyisdetermined,andtheresonancephenomenonofthesoundisrecorded.Healsousedpaperpeopletoamplifytheresonanceonthestrings,whichvividlyexplainedtheresonancephenomenonofthestrings,whichwas500yearsearlierthanthepaper-playcodetestofNobleandPigot.

ShenKuoalsoputforwardthecavitationeffectof"virtualenergyabsorption"toexplainwhysoldiersuseleatherquiveraspillow,andthesoundofpeopleandhorsescanbeheardmilesaway.Inaddition,ShenKuoalsorecordedanddeeplyanalyzedtheacousticproblemsofclockmaking.

Chemistry

• CopperRefiningwithBile

AccordingtoShenKuo’s""MengxiBiTan"recordsthatthereisabitterspring(coppersulfatesolution)inQianshanCounty,Xinzhou,whichflowsintoastream.Scoopingspringwatertotorment,youcangetbilevitriol(coppersulfate),whichcanproducecopperbyboilingbilevitriol,andtheironpotthatboilsbilevitriolwillalsoturnintocopperovertime.ThisrecordofShenKuo,namelythehydrometallurgyofcopper,usesachemicaldisplacementreactiontoextractmetals.

Therearerecordsofgallbladderalumnizationofironintocopperinancienttimes.Therearesimilarrecordsinthe"HuainanWanbishu"oftheHuainanKingLiuAnoftheWesternHanDynastyandthe"Baopuzi"ofGehongoftheEasternJinDynasty.AccordingtoGuoZhengyi'stextualresearch,ShenKuo'srecordswererecordedinthebook"DanFangJingYuan"intheMiddleTangDynasty.However,itwasnotuntilSongZhezong'sShaoshengfiveyears(1098)thatZhangQiantooktheinitiativetodedicatethe"GuidelinesforImmersionofCopper"tothecourt.UnderthevigorouspromotionoftheNorthernSongDynastygovernment,theproductionofbraverycopperwasquicklypromoted.

• PetroleumInk

Theearliestrecordofpetroleumintheworld,foundinthehistoryoftheEasternHanDynasty"HanShu"byJiaBanggu.Inhistory,petroleumwasoncecalledstonepaint,ointment,fertilizer,grease,grease,andcombustiblewater.ItwasnotuntiltheNorthernSongDynastythatShenKuofirstproposedthescientificnameof"petroleum"intheworld.

AccordingtoShenKuo’srecords,theoilproducedinJuanzhouandYanzhouisoftencollectedbylocalsinearthenjarsforlighting.Thiskindofoillookslikepurelacquer,burnslikeahemppole,andemitsalotofsmoke,whichcanblackenthetent.ShenKuonameditpetroleumandmadetheinkwithpetroleumcarbonblack.Thelusterandbrightnesswereideal,sohemass-produceditandnamedit"YanchuanShiye".Afterusingit,SuShievaluateditas"aboveSongyan".

Astronomy

• Improvedinstrument

ThearmillaryspheremeasuresthepositionofcelestialbodiesAfterthedevelopmentandevolutionoftheinstrument,bytheNorthernSongDynasty,thestructurewasverycomplicatedanditwasveryinconvenienttouse.ShenKuomadeagreatimprovementonthis:Thelunarringonthearmillaryspherethatcouldnotcorrectlydisplaythemoon'sorbitaltrajectorywaseliminated,andthediameterofthespytubewasenlargedtomakeitmoreconvenienttoobservethepolarstars,whichnotonlyfacilitatestheuse,butalsoimprovestheobservationaccuracy.FromthethirteenthyearofYuanShizutoYuan(1276),GuoShoujing'snewastronomicalinstrument,Jianyi,wascreatedonthisbasis.

Theclepsydrawasaninstrumentformeasuringtimeinancienttimes.ShenKuoalsoreformedtheclepsydrabychangingthecurvedcoppertubeintoastraight-neckedjademouthandmovingitspositiontothelowerpartofthekettlebody.Inthisway,thewaterflowismoresmooth,andthespoutismuchstrongerandmoredurable.

ShenKuoalsocreatedastandardformeasuringsolarshadows.Herealizedtheinfluenceoftheairgaponthemeasurementaccuracy,andadvocatedtheuseofthreestandbyshadowtablestoobservetheshadowstoovercometheimpactoftheairgapontheaccuracy.Asaresult,thenew-stylegaugesmadeonthisbasishaveimprovedthetechnicalleveloftheNorthernSongDynastygauges.

• Astronomicalobservation

ShenKuomadedetailedobservationsoftheastronomicalphenomenonandobtainedsomenewDiscoveryandobservationresults.Forexample,ShenKuousedsundialandomissionobservationstodiscoverthatthetruesolardayhaslengthandlength.Accordingtomodernscientificcalculations,thedifferencebetweenthemaximumandminimumtruesolardaysinayearisonly51seconds.

ShenKuoalsoobservedindetailthefive-startrajectoryandthescenewhenthemeteoritefell;anddesignedaspytubetomeasurethetruedistancebetweentheNorthStarandtheNorthCelestialPole,3timesanight,forthreeconsecutivemonths,andobtainedmorethan200pictures,DrewaroughsurveyconclusionthatPolestarwas"morethanthreedegreesawayfromthecelestialpole"atthattime.

• Reformthecalendar

ThefifthyearofXining(1072),ShenKuotiJusiTianJianfoundthatthe"DayanCalendar"hadbeenbehindtheactualastronomicalphenomenabymorethan50cutsuntiltheSongDynasty,sohebroketheruleandpromotedWeiPutoreformtheoldcalendar;intheeighthyearofXining(1075),the"FengYuanCalendar"wasrevisedandissued.Thenewcalendarhaschangedthesettingsoftheleapmonthandthenewday:thecriticaltimeofthewintersolsticeinXiningtenyearswasoriginallyusedfornoon,andthenewcalendarwasreplacedbythesub-hour;theleapmonthwaschangedtoaleapfirstmonthtocompensateforthenewyear.

Inhislateryears,ShenKuoboldlyinnovatedandfurtherproposedthe"TwelveQiCalendar"toreplacetheyinandyangcalendar.AccordingtotheancientChinesecalendar,thedifferencebetweenthelunarcalendarandthesolarcalendarismorethan11daysperyear.Althoughtheleapmethodisusedtoadjustit,therearestillmanydefects.ThenewcalendarinventedbyShenKuodoesnotuseleapmonths;itdoesnotdeterminethemoonbythelunarsynodicperiod,butreferstothesolarterms.Conducivetothearrangementofagriculturalactivities.900yearslater,the"BernardShawCalendar"usedbytheBritishMeteorologicalOfficeforstatisticalagriculturalclimatehasthesameprincipleasthe"TwelveClimateCalendar".

Geography

• Topography

AnalysisofthefossilsandsedimentsoftheNorthChinaPlainusedtobeaseashoreandisnowmorethanathousandmilesawayfromthesea.TheNorthChinaPlainisformedbythealluvialdepositsoftheYellowRiver,HutuoRiver,Zhuoshui,andSangganRiver.ThisistheearliestscientificexplanationoftheoriginoftheNorthChinaPlain(alluvialplain).

AccordingtothephenomenonthatthetopsofthesteepYandangpeaksareonthesameplane,ShenKuoinfersthattheYandangMountainisformedbytheerosionofflowingwater:flowingwaterwashesawaylooseandbrokenrocksandsoil,leavingbehindhard,Consolidatedandtoweringpeaks.Thisviewof"flowingwatererosion"isquitecorrect.Itwasnotuntiltheendofthe18thcenturythatHuttonoftheUnitedKingdomputforwardasimilarviewinhisbook"EarthTheory",about700yearslaterthanShenKuo.

ShenKuoalsorecordedindetailthefossilsfoundinvariousplaces,andbasedonthefossilstoinferthechangesofancientclimate,explainedtheatmosphericrefractionphenomenonoftherainbow,andscientificallydescribedthecause,shapeanddestructivepoweroftornadoes,usingthemoonTodemonstratetheshapeofthesunandmoonandtherelationshipbetweentheoceantideandthemoon,etc.ShenKuo'sresearchonphysicalgeographywasattheforefrontoftheworldinmanyrespects.

• Cartography

ThesecondyearofYuanyou(1087),after12yearsofunremittingeffortsWiththeeffortsofShenKuo,ShenKuocompletedthe"TianxiaPrefectureandCountiesMap"compiledanddrawnbyorder.Themapislargeanddetailed,whichisrare.Thereare20mapsintotal,includingthegeneralmapofthewholecountryandthemapsofdifferentregions,andthescaleisonein900,000.Intermsofmappingmethods,ShenKuoputforwardninemethodssuchasscorerate,quasi-hop,mutualintegration,near-experience,high-down,squareoblique,andround-out,anddividedthe"twenty-fourto"accordingtothearea,thusgreatlyimprovingthemap.Thescientificnature.ItisapitythatwarsintheSouthernSongDynastyoccurredfrequently,andthispicturewasdestroyedinthewar,whichhasbecomeapityforeternity.

ShenKuoalsopioneeredtheuseof"flyingbirdmap"todrawmapsinsteadofthetraditionalstep-by-stepmethodofdrawing."Birdmap"isalso"thenumberofbirdsflying",usingthedirectdistanceofthebird,similartoaerialphotography,whichgreatlyimprovestheaccuracyofthemap.

WhenShenKuoinspectedtheHebeiborderdefense,healsomadethree-dimensionalgeographicmodelsofthemountains,rivers,roads,andtopographyunderinvestigationonwoodenboardsandpresentedthemtoShenzong.ThisisthefirstclearrecordofawoodentopographicmapinthehistoryofChinesemaps,700yearsearlierthanthegeographicmodelmapthatappearedinthe18thcenturyinSwitzerland.

Waterconservancy

InthefirstyearofHehe(1054),ShenKuoservedastheheadofShuyangCounty,Haizhou,presidedoverthewatermanagementproject,andbuiltcanalsandweirs,whichnotonlyrelievedthethreatoffloodsfromthelocalpeople,Andalsocultivated7,000hectaresoffertilefields,whichchangedthefaceofShuyang.

InthesixthyearofJiayou(1061),whenShenPiwasappointedasthecountymagistrateofNingguo,Anhui,ShenKuoalsoparticipatedintheconstructionofWuhuWanchunxu,andwrote"XuTianWushu"and"WanchunxuBook"Andotherworksonthepolder.

InthefifthyearofXining(1072),ShenKuopresidedoverthedredgingprojectofBianheRiver.InordertomanagetheBianheRiver,hepersonallymeasuredthetopographyofmorethan840milesfromKaifengtothebankoftheHuaiheRiverinSizhou.Usingthe"layeredweirmeasurementmethod",thestraight-linedistancebetweenShangshanmeninKaifeng,HenanandHuaikouinSizhouwasmeasuredwithin420kilometers,andtheleveldifferencewas63.3meters.Thescientistwhorecordsthemethod,processandresultsofhorizontalelevationmeasurementintheearliestsurvivingancientdocuments.

Medicine

QiantangShenhasatraditionofcollectingprescriptions.Affectedbythefamilytradition,ShenKuoalsopaidattentiontocollectingprescriptionsandcompiledtwobooksonmedicine,"Prescriptions"and"LingYuanFang"(earlylost),inthespiritofbeingresponsibleforthepatient,ShenKuo'sreceivingprescriptionmust"witnesstheexperience",andverifythenameandefficacyofthemedicine,andcorrecttheerrorsinit.

ShenKuo’scontributiontomedicineisalsoreflectedinthefollowing:"LiangFang"describesindetailtheproceduralsecretsoftheQiushiYinandYangrefiningmethod.Somecommentatorsbelievethatitshouldbetheworld’searliest"extractionofsteroids".Thepreparationmethodofsexhormones;thedescriptionof"MedicinalStoneWell"in"MengxiWanghuailu"isconsideredtobetheearliestpreparationmethodofmagnetizedandmineralizedwater;"MengxiBiTan"alsoreviewedthemedicinalvalueofsomemineralsRecords,suchasMangcao,Tianzhuhuang,etc.

Economy

ShenKuoStatue(4photos)

ShenKuospentoneyearandeightmonthsinSansi,andhismainachievementsareasfollows:①Reformthesaltbanknotelaw.DuringtheXiningreign,SongTingadoptedasaltpolicyandimplementedofficialsalesofsalt.Inordertoincreasesalttaxrevenue,thegovernmentcontinuedtoraisesaltprices,andpeopleeverywherecontinuedtocomplain.InNovemberofthe9thyearofXining,ShenKuowasenactedtoreformthesaltlawandputforwardfourrectificationsuggestions:limitthenumberofbanknotesprinted,unifythepriceofChiyan'seastandwestroads,revertthepowerofbanknotestothethreedivisions,andunifysaltpricesinvariousplaces.②Reformthecoppercastingmethod.AtthetimeofShenzong,coinmintingreacheditspeakandthenumberofcoinsincreasedsignificantly,butitcouldnotsolvetheincreasinglyseriousproblemofmoneyshortageintheNorthernSongDynasty.ShenKuoproposedtostabilizethepriceofsaltbanknotestoachievethepurposeofusingbanknotesastokens;increasecurrencytypesandincludegoldandsilverincurrencycirculation.Unfortunately,Shenzongdidnotacceptit.ShenKuoalsoputforwardthemonetarytheoryof"moneyfacilitatesflow".Hebelievesthatifmoneyishiddenandnotused,itisdeadmoney.Toincreasethevalueofmoney,itmustbeputintocirculation.Therefore,ShenKuoadvocatedacceleratingcurrencycirculationandachievingthegoalofstabilizingcurrencyvaluethroughtheappreciationofcurrencyinthecirculationprocess.ThisdiscoverywasmanyyearsearlierthanintheWest.ShenKuoalsonoticedthesurplusanddeficitissuesintrade,andadvocatedadjustingthetradevolumetostabilizethecurrencyaccordingtotheactualsituationintheborderareas.

Military

Inthe7thyearofXining(1074),ShenKuostudiedmilitarybooksandmeticulouslystudiedurbandefense,formations,militaryvehicles,weapons,andstrategyduringhistenureasthevisitingenvoyandmilitaryinspectorofHebeiWestRoad.Tacticsandothermilitaryissueshavebeencompiledintomilitaryworkssuchas"CityRepairingFrenchTreaty"and"BianzhouFormationMethod",andsomeadvancedscienceandtechnologyhavebeensuccessfullyappliedtomilitaryscience,whichhasmadeacertaincontributiontoimprovingthequalityofweaponsandequipment.contribute.

Therearenearly20itemsin"MengxiBiTan"relatedtomilitaryaffairs,describingsomewarsthatShenKuopersonallyexperienced,examplesofbattlesoffamousgeneralsinancienttimes,andsomeancientwaroffensiveanddefensivemethodsandstrategies,suchasthecharacteristicsof"HelianCity"Introduction,analysisoftheroleofthebattleshed,etc.,providedpreciousmilitaryresearchmaterialsforfuturegenerations.

Art

• Music

ShenKuoisanexpertinrhythm,accordingto"SongHistory'ArtandLiteratureHistory",ShenKuoalsowrote"TheTheoryofMusic","InstrumentDiagram","ThreeMusicScores","MusicRegulations"andotherworks,butitisapity.Therearemorethan40music-relatedaccountsin"MengxiBiTan",whichstudiesandexpoundsthescaletheoryofancientmusic;recordsShenKuo'sresearchexperienceonYanyueinTangandSongDynasties,suchastheoriginofYanyue,the28thtoneofYanyue,TangandSongDynastiesThestructureandperformanceformofDaqu,TangandSongdynastyscores,etc.;andtextualresearchontheform,material,distributionandevolutionofsomemusicalinstruments.

• Paintingandcalligraphy

ShenKuoisalsoanexpertinthecollectionandappreciationofcalligraphyandpainting.Hewrote"PictureSongs"andusedthewayofsingingandpoemstocommentontheworksandstylesofmorethan50famouspaintersfromtheJinDynastytotheSongDynasty.TheconciselanguageanduniqueperspectivehavebeenhighlypraisedbythefamouscalligrapherMiFuandothers.

Others

1.Recordtheinventionofmovabletypeprinting.ShenKuodescribedindetailthewholeprocessofBuYiBiShenginventingtheprintingofmovableclayandthewhereaboutsoftheprinting.Thistypeofprintingofmovableclayisknownas"ShenCunZhongfa".Itwasmorethan400yearsbeforetheGermanGutenberginventedmovablemetalprinting.

2.ItrecordsthesuperbconstructiontechnologyofYuHao,askilledcraftsman,especiallytheexcerptfromhisbook"WoodScripture",whichhasleftextremelyvaluablehistoricalmaterialsforthehistoryofChineseconstructiontechnology.

3.Itdescribesthethree-sectionpressuremethodoftheriverengineeringsuperblycoincidentallyinthemanagementoftheYellowRiverfloods.

Characterevaluation

Quotuo:①Heisknowledgeableandgoodinwriting,andhehaswrittenonastronomy,localchronicles,calendar,music,medicine,anddivination.②ShenKuo'snaturalhistorytalksaboutit,itisdeepanddeep,anditisveryopen-mindedandsensitivetopoliticalaffairs.

JiYun:IntheNorthernSongDynasty,hehasthemostknowledgeableknowledge,andheisespeciallyinterestedinastronomy,algorithms,andclocksincontemporaryanecdotes.

ZuHui:ShenKuoisagoodofficialwithstrongprofessionalism,seriousworkandpragmaticwork,andcompassionatepeople.Butheisnotanoutstandingpolitician,andhedoesnotpossessthecourageanddeterminationthatapoliticianshouldhave.

XiWen:InthehistoryofChinesescienceandtechnology,ShenKuoisoneofthemostversatilefigures.

Needham:(ShenKuois)themostoutstandingfigureintheentirehistoryofscienceinChina.②("MengxiBiTan"is)thecoordinatesinthehistoryofChinesescience.

YoshioMikami:①ApersonlikeShenKuocan'tbefoundinthehistoryofmathematicsintheworld.OnlyChinahassuchafigure.ItisappropriateformetocallShenKuoamodeloridealfigureofaChinesemathematician.②(Ancient)NoJapanesemathematiciancancomparewithShenKuo.

Mainworks

Accordingtothe"SongHistory·ArtandLiteratureHistory",ShenKuo'sworkshave22typesand155volumes.Inadditionto"MengxiBiTan",therearealsocomprehensivecollectionsofessays"ChangxingJi","ZhiHuaiLu","QingYeLu",andthemedicalwork"LiangFang"(and"SuXueShiFang"writtenbySuShi)"SuShenliangfang"),scientificworks"ArillarySphereDiscussion","FloatingLeakDiscussion","JingBiaoyi","XiningFengyuanLi","XiningFive"Shuo","WanchunxuPictures","TianxiaCountyMap","SouthernSuburbStyle","ZhuTiaoStyle","YangZhenFa",andmusicworks"YueLun","MusicLaw","InstrumentMap",etc.,butfewexistintheworld.

InMay2011,ZhejiangUniversityPresspublished"TheCompleteWorksofShenKuo",editedandeditedbyProfessorYangWeisheng,with85volumes(includingoneappendix)and1.1millionwords.ThemostcompleteeditionofShenKuo'sworkshasbeencollectedathomeandabroad.

Publishingbooks

AnecdotalAllusions

MingYuZhijun

ShenKuocomicstripimage(6photos)

Yuanfengthreeyears(1080),ShenKuoThecommander-in-chiefofthemilitaryaffairsofKuoyanRoad,stationedinYanzhou.Inordertoensurethesafetyofthewesternfront,SongTingsentagarrisontotheimperialarmyandrewardeditmanytimes,butdidnotrewardthelocalarmy.ShenKuobelievesthatunevenrewardswillcausechaosinborderdefense.Sotheimperialcourt’swillwaspretendedtorewardthelocalarmyandreportedtotheimperialcourt.Shenzongwasextremelysatisfiedwiththis,andJiangZhaoallowedShenKuotodealwithsimilaremergenciesasappropriate.

InNovemberofthefourthyearofYuanfeng(1081),ZhongEledhisarmytoYanzhou.Theskyfellheavysnowandthearmywasnolongeravailable.DianzhiLiuGuirenledhis30,000peoplefledsouthandfloodedintotheYanzhoufrontierfortress.,Theborderresidentsweregreatlyafraid.SomepeoplesuggestedthatShenKuoclosethecitygatesandsendtroopstoconquer.ShenKuobelievesthattheseareelitetroopswhohavebeenbattle-tested.Theydesertedonlybecauseofhungerandcold.Sendingtroopstoconquerisacannibalism,whichwillonlyleadtoinstabilityofthemilitary.TheysentpeopletosetupcampsintheeasternoutskirtsofYanzhou,andthesoldiersfleeingfromtheirhardwork.Tendayslater,allthe30,000rebelswererecovered,andLiuGuirenwasalsobeheadedinfrontofthearmy,perfectlyhandlingtheissueofthearmy'srebellion.

Uniqueinsight

Accordingto"MengxiBiTan",ShenKuosawamuralbyGaoYiatXiangguoTempleinKaifeng.Thecontentwasplayedbymusiciansandwasveryartistic.However,peoplecriticizedthemusicianswhoplayedthepipaformisplacingthestrings.Thewindsplayedthe"four"sound.Theupperstringsofthepipawereplayed,butthelowerstringswerepluckedonthepainting.Aftercarefulobservation,ShenKuobelievesthatGaoYi'spaintingiscorrect.Hepointedoutthatstringmusicisdifferentfromwindmusic.Whenplayingwindmusic,thesoundisproducedatthesametimewhenthefingerispressedon.Thepipaisdifferent,onlywhenthefingerplucksthestring,thesoundwillbepronounced,andtheactionisearlierthanthesound.of.Becauseofthis,thefingersofthemusicianwhoplaysthepipaarenotontheupperstringofthe"four"sound,butonthelowerstring.Itshowsthatthepainteriscleverlyarrangedandingenious.

DefamationofSuShi

ShenKuoDaSuShiisfiveyearsold.InthesecondyearofZhiping(1065),SuShienteredtheHistoryMuseumandworkedatChongwenAcademywithShenKuoinZhaowenMuseum.InthesecondyearofXining(1069),ShenKuosupportedthereformandwasreusedbyWangAnshi;SuShi,togetherwithSimaGuang,etc.,opposedthereformistandtheconservatives.

AccordingtotheSouthernSongDynastyWangKui's"YuanyouSupplementaryRecord",inthe6thyearofXining(1073),ShenKuowasorderedtoinspectthefarmlandandwaterconservancyofZhejiangandZhejiang,andSuShiwasappointedasthejudgeinHangzhou.WhenShenKuoarrivedinHangzhou,hetalkedaboutoldfeelingswithSuShiandcopiedacopyofhisnewwork.Afterreturningtothecapital,ShenKuohandedthedetailed"comments"ofthepoemsthatwereconsidereddefamatorytotheemperorintheformofattachednotes,exposingthatSuShihad"fooledthecourt"and"hasnorighteousnessofemperorandminister"inhispoems.

InthesecondyearofYuanfeng(1079),YushiHeZhengchenandLiDingimpeachedSuShi,andtheWutaipoemcasebrokeout.Thefollowingyear,SuShiwasdemotedtoHuangzhou,involvingmorethan30relativesandfriends,involvingmorethan100poems.Ofcourse,ShenKuowasnotthemastermindoftheincident,butitissaidthatShenKuowastheinitiator.Inthismatter,LiTaoalsointroducedthe"ContinuedZizhiTongjianLongEdition",buthewasskepticalofitsauthenticity.

MiscommentofTangPoems

AttheendofthespringofthetwelfthyearofYuanhe(817),BaiJuyitraveledtoLushanwithfriendsandwrotealotofpoems,oneofwhichwas"DalinTemplePeachBlossom".WhenShenKuoreadthispoem,hewasverysurprised,andcommentedinasarcasm:"Since'Aprilisfullofflowers',howcan'thepeachblossomsbegintobloom'?Thegreatpoetalsowrotesuchacontradictorysentence,itcanbesaid'Awisemanisworried,theremustbealoss!"Afterspeaking,heforgotthematter.

Attheturnofspringandsummeroneyear,ShenKuowenttoamountainforinspectionandsawthewonderinBaiJuyi’spoem:Aprilweather,theflowersunderthemountainwithered,butthepeachblossomsonthetopofthemountainwerered,sohesuddenlywantedtogo.AfterBaiJuyi'spoemcame,herealizedthathehadwrongedthegreatpoet,andalsodiscoveredtheinfluenceofaltitudeontheseason:Duetothelowtemperatureonthemountain,thearrivalofspringwaslaterthanunderthemountain.

Later,hefoundBaiJuyi’spoemagainandfoundthattherewasaprefaceinfrontofit.Theprefaceread:"(DalinTemple)Themountainsarehighandthelandisdeep,andtheseasonisneverlate.,LitaoShihua,Jiancaoisstillshort.Thecharacterstyleisdifferentfromtheflatsettlement."Afterreading,ShenKuosaidwithemotion:"It'sallbecauseIdidn'tstudycarefullyandIhadtoolittleexperience!"

Thereareshrewsinthefamily

ShenKuo’ssecondwife,Zhang,isthedaughterofHuainanofficialZhangJian.Sheisarrogantandfierce.SheoftenscoldsShenKuoandevenfiststogether.WheninXiuzhou,Zhangoftenwenttothegovernment.Accusehim.Once,ZhanglosthistemperandpulledoffShenKuo'sbeardandbelt.Thesonsanddaughterscried,andbeggedtheirmothertocalmdowntheiranger.UnderZhang'sabuse,ShenKuofellillinthefourthyearoflivinginMengxiGarden.Afterthat,hisbodybecameweakerandweaker,andheoftensighedforawhile.

Zhangdiedofasuddenillness.FriendsallcongratulatedShenKuoandcongratulatedhimongettingridofZhang'storture.Atthistime,ShenKuowasinatrancealldaylong,andhisspiritwasonthevergeofcollapse.HecrossedtheYangtzeRiveroncebyboatandwantedtothrowintothewater.Fortunately,hewasblockedbyothers.Soon,ShenKuoalsopassedawayduetoillness.

Historicalrecords

Author

Booktitle

Title

Year
Song	LiTao	continuedLongCompilationofZizhiTongjian	Volume228——Volume333
元	脱脱	SongHistory	Volume331·BiographiesNinety
Clear	BiYuan	RenewedZizhiTongjian	Volumesixty-nine-volumeseventy-two,volumeseventy-six,volumeseventy-seven

Familymembers

Introduction

Generation	Relationship	Name
Elders	Greatancestor	ShenZengqing	FormerState-ownedfieldenvoyofWuyue,afterenteringtheSongDynasty,wenttoDaliTempletobecomeChengCheng
Grandfather	ShenEnglish	Deathearly,notofficial
Grandfather p>	XuZhongrong	FormerPrinceWashingHorse
Uncle	ShenTong	Hampingthree-yearscholar,TheofficialistoooftenQing,therearetwosonsZhenandFu
Father	ShenZhou	DazhongXiangfuhasbeenaJinshiforeightyears,andhehasservedin13positionsinhisentirelife.Heiscleanandself-disciplined,andhasagoodgovernance
Mother	XuFamily	SuzhouWuxian,daughterofXuZhongrong.Toactfilialpiety,tobeahusbandandtoteachason,quitevirtuous
Uncle	XuDong	ThewordDongtian,amilitarystrategistintheNorthernSongDynasty,hasservedasapushofficeroftheXiongwuArmy,Junzhoujoinedthearmy,andauthorof"TigerSealClassic",etc.
Spouse	Originalmatch	Unknown	ApproximatelydiedinZhipingthreeyears,lifetobetested
Jishi	Zhang'sfamily	HuainanRoadtransferagentZhangJia’sdaughter
Parents	Brother	ShenPi	FormercountymagistrateofNingguoCounty,Xuanzhou,deputyenvoytoappeasetheborderofHebei
eldersister	Unknown	ButIknowthatShenKuohasasister,whoselifeistobetested
Children	Son	ShenChong	Lifetobetested

(ReferencesourceforShenKuo’sfamilyinformation:ZhouShengchuni>"ShenKuo'sKinshipTest",ZuHui"ShenKuoCriticBiography"etc)

CommemorationofLaterGenerations

MengxiGarden

ShenKuo’soldresidence,MengxiGarden,islocatedatNo.21,MengxiyuanLane,ZhenjiangCity.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,Theoriginalareaof​​MengxiGardenisabouttenacres,andtherearebuildingssuchasAnLaotang,Xiaoxiaotang,Kexuan,Shenzhai,Yuanting,CangxiaPavilion,andastreamflowingthroughthegarden.ShenKuolivedhereforeightyearsandwasburiedinHangzhouafterhisdeath.MengxiGardenwasgraduallydeserted.DuringtheNingzongperiodoftheSouthernSongDynasty,XinQijiwasrenovatedandmaintainedwhenhewastheprefectofZhenjiang.AftertheHoumengxiGardenchangeditsowners,theoriginalappearancehasdisappeared.

In1985,themunicipalgovernmentinitiallyrestoredMengxiGardenneartheoriginalsite.Afterrestoration,itoccupiesanareaof​​2acresandconsistsoftwobluebrickcottagesandacourtyard.Thefrontbuildingisaflat-tilehousewithahardmountaintopbuiltintheQingDynasty.Itfaceseastandwest.Theupperdoorisembeddedwithamarblebannerof"MengxiGarden"inscribedbyMaoYisheng,withafrontportraitofShenKuo,arubbingofShenKuo'scliffinscriptionand"Mengxi""Ancientstele.ThebackbuildingisaQing-stylehall,sittingnorthfacingsouth,andinthemiddleisaseatedstatueofShenKuo.Onbothsides,therearerecordsofgeomagneticdeclination400yearsearlierthanWesternEurope,aswellasobjectsandpicturesreflectingShenKuo'sscientificachievementsthroughouthislife.

ShenKuo'sTomb

Accordingtothe"QiantangCountyChronicles","HangxianChroniclesDraft"andotherdocuments,ShenKuo'stombislocatedatthefootofTaipingMountaininAnxiTownship.In1983,asurveyofculturalrelicsinYuhangCountyrevealedthatShenKuo'stombwasfoundatthesouthernfootofTaipingMountain.ThetombismadeofbricksandcontainsNorthernSongceladonflowerbowlsandcoinsofXining,Yuanfeng,andYuanyou;30meterssouthofthetombaretwostatuesofShiWengzhong,oneupsidedownandonestandingupsidedown,holdingawat,buttheheadhasbeendestroyed;Therearealsotombpassagesandtombstoneheads.

In1986,ShenKuo’sTombwaslistedasakeyculturalrelicprotectionunitinYuhangCounty,andin1989itwaslistedasakeyculturalrelicprotectionunitinHangzhouCity.InSeptember2001,ShenKuo'stombcompletedthefirstphaseoftherepairproject.Thetombwasrebuilt,tombstoneswereerected,andtombpassageswerelaid.InadditiontotheoriginalWengzhong,Shima,Shiyangandotherfacilitieswereadded.

ShenKuoxing

In1979,thePurpleMountainObservatoryoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesnamedanasteroid2027discoveredin1964as"ShenKuoxing"incommemorationofShenKuo.