Science & Technology

Synonymouswithscienceandtechnologygenerallyreferstoscienceandtechnology.

Meaning

1.Traditionally,scienceistheknowledgesystemaboutnature,society,andthinkingaccumulatedbyhumanbeings.

2.Whatwecall"science"referstothenaturalsciencesthatstudynaturalphenomenaandtheirlaws;technologygenerallyreferstotheproductionofpracticalexperiencebasedontheprinciplesofnaturalscience,andvarioustoolsthatarecoordinatedforapracticalpurpose.,Equipment,technologyandprocesssystem,butdoesnotincludetechnicalcontentcorrespondingtosocialsciences.

3.Scienceandtechnologyareadialecticalunity.Technologyproposestopicsandcompletesthemscientifically.Scienceisdiscoveryandthetheoreticalguidanceoftechnology;technologyisinventionandpracticalapplicationofscience.

Thesignificanceofscience:

Scienceandtechnologyaretheprimaryproductiveforces.

Lookingatancientandmoderntimes,athomeandabroad,everyprogressinhumansocietyisaccompaniedbyadvancesinscienceandtechnology.Inparticular,therapidadvancementofmodernscienceandtechnologyhasopenedupabroaderspaceforthedevelopmentofsocialproductiveforcesandhumancivilization,andhaseffectivelypromotedeconomicandsocialdevelopment.TherapidgrowthofChina'shigh-techenterprisessuchascomputer,communications,biomedicine,andnewmaterialshasgreatlyimprovedChina'sindustrialtechnologylevel,promotedasubstantialincreaseinindustrialandagriculturallaborproductivity,andstronglypromotedthedevelopmentoftheentirenationaleconomy.Practicehasprovedthathigh-techanditsindustrieshavebecometheleadingindustriesincontemporaryeconomicdevelopment.

Scienceandtechnologyarethehallmarksofhumancivilization.Theadvancementandpopularizationofscienceandtechnologyhaveprovidedmankindwithnewmeansofdisseminatingideologyandculture,suchasradio,television,film,video,andtheInternet,andprovidedanewcarrierfortheconstructionofspiritualcivilization.Atthesametime,itisofgreatsignificanceforenrichingpeople'sspirituallife,renewingpeople'sthinkingandconcepts,andbreakingupsuperstitions.

Theprogressofscienceandtechnologyhascreatedhugematerialwealthandspiritualwealthformankind.Withtheadventoftheeraofknowledgeeconomy,theendlessdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyanditsinfinitecreativitywillcertainlycontinuetomakegreatercontributionstohumancivilization.Asthemodernscienceandtechnologyknowledgesystemcontinuestogrow,thescienceandtechnologyphilosophy(dialecticsofnature),whichisthehighesttheoreticalsummaryofthechangesanddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,hasbecomeincreasinglyprominentagainstthedynamicsofmodernscienceandtechnology,andmodernscienceandtechnologyareincreasinglysocialized,systematicandcomplex.Modernizationmakesscienceandtechnologymustbeincludedinthescopeofphilosophyforinvestigation.Philosophyalsohasauniversalguidingroleinscientificresearchandengineeringpractice.Thepreviousviewthatexcludesphilosophyfromscienceandtechnologyshouldbecorrected.

Therelationshipbetweenscienceandtechnologyisdifferentfromhistoricalperiod,fromtechnologyleadingtoscientificleadingdevelopment,fromseparationoftechnologyandsciencetoprecisecombinationofscienceandtechnology,thedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologyhasmadebasicscientificresearchmoreThetimebetweenapplicationanddevelopmentoftechnologyisshortened,especiallythebirthofsystemscience,whichhasledtotherapidtransformationofautomation,computer,andcommunicationtechnologyfromtechnologytoindustrialization,andtheapplicationofsystemsciencetobiomedicinehasledtosystemsbiologyandsyntheticbiology.Thecouplingbetweenscienceswillquicklyleadtotheapplicationofsystemsmedicineandsystemsbioengineering,leadingtothebiomedicineandbioindustrialrevolutionofpersonalizedmedicine,translationalmedicine,andmedicalengineeringsystems,makingscienceandtechnologymoreandmoreprominentinsocialandeconomicdevelopment.productiveforces.

Modernscienceandtechnology

Humanknowledgewillgreatlyincrease,andnewinventionsthatwecan'tthinkofwillappearfrequently.SometimesIalmostregretthatIwasborntooearly,notknowingwhatisgoingtohappen.——BenjaminFranklin.

High-techislikeamessengerthatcommunicatesrealityandthefuture,guidingpeopletocontinuouslyexplorethespacefordevelopmentandmovetowardsanewanddynamicworld.

Thecontemporarytechnologicalrevolutioncenteredoninformationtechnologyisboomingaroundtheworld,markingahistoricleapfromanindustrialsocietytoaninformationsociety.Informationtechnologyincludesmicroelectronictechnology,optoelectronictechnology,computertechnology,communicationtechnology,imagingtechnology,displaytechnology,etc.Sincethe1990s,informationtechnologyhasdevelopedrapidlytowardsdigitalization,high-speed,networking,integrationandintelligence.Itsrapiddevelopmentanditswiderangeofapplicationshaveledtochangesinmanyhigh-techfields,formingamagnificentpictureoftechnologicalinnovation.

Thought

Essence

Theessenceofscienceandtechnology:discoveringorinventingtheconnectionbetweenthings,varioussubstancesformaspecificsystemthroughthisconnectiontoachieveaspecificFunction.

Waystoimplementfunctions

Trytobeassafeaspossible,aseasyaspossible,aslowaspossible,withhighoutput,asefficientaspossible,asstableaspossible,aspossibleaspossibletomonitor,asaspossibletobeadjustable.

Theconnectionofthings

Theconnectionofthingsisdividedintosystemconnectionandeventconnection.Systemconnectionisdividedintoupperandlowerlevelconnections(attributionrelations)andsamelevelconnections.EventconnectionsaredividedintoCauseandeffect,preconditionsandtriggerconditions,purpose.

Materialsarethebasisofevents,andeventsarechangesinmatter.Matteristhestructureofthesystem,andeventsarechangesinthesystem.

1.Theupperandlowerlevelsandthesamelevelofthesystem:

Forexample,thenucleuscontainsprotonsandneutrons,thenucleusistheupperlevel,andtheprotonsandneutronsare

Thelevelofthesystem(3photos)

Thelowerlevel,theupperlevelcontainsthelowerlevel,andtheprotonandneutronareatthesamelevel.

Forexample:thedigestivesystemandthestomacharetheconnectionbetweenthesubordinateandsubordinatethings,whilethestomachandthesmallintestinearetheconnectionbetweenthesamelevel.

2.Connectionsatthesamelevel:

(1)Connectionsbetweenthingsatthesamelevelaredividedintofunctions:accumulation,complementation,openingorenhancement,Turnofforweaken.

Accumulation:Substancesthatplaythesamerole,theeffectsofwhichareaddedtogether.

Forexample:thesamesmalllightbulbsformastrongflashlight.

Complementarity:Forexample,substanceswithdifferentfunctionscomplementeachotheranddependoneachothertorealizetheirfunctionstogether.

Forexample:anassemblyline,theworkersrequiredfordifferentprocessingsteps.

Thedifferencebetweenaccumulationandcomplementarity:Insomecases,accumulationisthejointeffectofthesamesubstance,andonlyonecanhaveaneffect,buttheeffectislow,andcomplementarityisthejointproductionofdifferentsubstancesthatcomplementeachotherandareinterdependent.Effect,onlyonemaynothaveaneffect.

Regulation:

Turnonorenhance:Forexample,onesubstanceactivatesorenhancesthefunctionofanothersubstance.

Turnofforweaken:Forexample,onesubstanceturnsofforweakensthefunctionofanothersubstance.

Forexample:theroleofthethreebladesofthefaniscumulative,theroleofthebladeandthemotoriscomplementary,thefanswitchcanturnonthefan,turnoffthefan,increasethespeed,andreducethespeed.

(2)Theconnectionofthingsatthesamelevelisdividedinto:sequence(linear),juxtaposition(parallel),circular(circular),tree-like,star-like,andnet-like.

Sequence:Forexample,passAfirst,thenB.

Parallel:Forexample,passingthroughAandBatthesametime.

Cycle:Forexample,fromAtoB,andthenfromBtoA,cycleinturn.

Tree:Forexample,AtoBandC,BtoDandE.AndCtoFandG.

Starshape:Forexample,Aisthecenter,andAissenttoB,C,D.(Astarshapeislikeastarray,astarshapeisaspecialtreeshape)

Netshape:Forexample,AtoB,C,D,BtoA,C,D.

3.Levelcorrespondence:

Forexample,XisdividedintoA,B,C,YisdividedintoD,E,F,thenXandYTherelationshipofisspecificallytherelationshipbetweenA,B,CandD,E,F.

Systemlevelcorrespondence(3photos)

4.Basiccharacteristicsofthesystem:

Integralcharacteristics:Thesystemasawholehasintegralcharacteristicsthatsurpasstheindividualsinthesystem.

Individualcharacteristics:Individualsinthesystemaretheelementsthatmakeupthesystem.Withoutindividuals,thereisnosystem.

Relevancecharacteristics:Individualsinthesystemarerelatedtoeachother.

Structuralcharacteristics:Theinterconnectedindividualsinthesystemexistaccordingtoacertainstructuralframework.

Hierarchicalcharacteristics:Thetransmissionpathofthesystemandtheindividualsinthesystemishierarchical.

Modularitycharacteristics:Thesystemcanbedividedintoseveralsub-blocksinsidethemotherbody.

Independencecharacteristics:Thesystemasawholeisrelativelyindependent.

Opennesscharacteristics:Thesystemasawholewillinteractwithothersystemsandinfluenceeachother.

Developmentalcharacteristics:Thesystemmayevolveatanytime.

5.Eventconnection:

Causeandeffectistheessentialprincipleofchange,andthepreconditionistheconditionthatneedstobemetforchange,butthepreconditionisnotnecessarilyChangeswilloccur,andtriggerconditionsarealsorequired.

Forexample,event:fireburnspaperintoashes,cause-effectrelationship:duetooxidativecombustionreaction,sopaperbecomesashes,prerequisites:paper,fire,air,triggercondition:fireignitesthepaper.Thereasonistheessentialprincipleofchange.Ifthereasonisdescribedasasuperficialphenomenon,"Thepaperburnstoashbecausethefireignitesthepaper."Thenthereasonisthesameasthetriggercondition.Inordertodistinguishthecausefromthetriggercondition,thereasonisthecost-qualityprinciple.Thetriggerconditionisdescribedasasuperficialphenomenon.

Forexample,tosynthesizeaspecificbiomolecule,themutualattractionbetweenpositiveandnegativegroupsisthereasonforthechemicalreaction.TheappropriatetemperatureandpHvalueandtherequiredenzymearetheprerequisitesforthechemicalreaction.Conditions.Puttingvariousreactantstogetheristhetriggeringconditionfortheoccurrenceofchemicalreactions,andthepurposeofchemicalreactionsistosynthesizespecificbiomolecules.

6.Causality

Toputitsimply,thelogicofcausalityis:becauseofA,soB,orifthereisaphenomenonA,itmustbePhenomenonB(fullrelationship)willoccur.Thisisarelationshipbetweencausingandbeingcaused,andthecauseAisfirst,andtheresultBislater.

(1)Allsequentialrelationshipsarenotnecessarilycausal.Forexample,gettinguptowearclothesfirst,thenwearingpants,orbrushingyourteethandthenwashingyourface,thisisnotacausalrelationship.

(2)Notallnecessaryconnectionsarecausedandcaused.Onlywhenthereisanecessaryconnectionbetweenthecausedandcausedrelations,itisacausalconnection.

CausalCorrespondence:

(1)Onecause,oneeffect:Onecauseproducesoneresult.

(2)Multiplecausesandoneeffect:multiplecausesproduceoneresulttogether.

(3)Onecauseandmultipleeffects:Onecauseproducesmultipleresults.

(4)Multi-causeandmulti-effect:multiplereasonsproducemultipleresultstogether.

Inferenceisdividedintoforwardreasoningandreversereasoning.Forwardreasoningistoreasontheresultfromthecause,whilereversereasoningistoreasonthecausebytheresult.Inreasoning,notonlythereasonandtheresult,butalsothepremisemustbeconsidered.Conditionsandtriggerconditions,sometimesalsoconsiderthepurpose.

Positivereasoning:

Forexample:Britishballad:"Lostanail,loseahorseshoe;loseahorseshoe,breakahorseshoeWarhorse;awarhorseisbrokenandageneralislost;ageneralislostandawarislost;awarislostandanempireislost."

Reversereasoning:

Forexample:Atthattime,thedialecticalthinkinginGermanclassicalphilosophyhadbeenintroducedtoBritain,andFaradaywasinfluencedbyit,andbelievedthattheremustbeaconnectionbetweenelectricityandmagnetismandtheycanbetransformedintoeachother.Hethoughtthatsinceelectricalenergygeneratesamagneticfield,amagneticfieldcanalsogenerateelectricity.

7.Transmissionofmatterandinformation:

Theconnectionbetweenmanythingsisembodiedinthetransmissionofmatterorinformation.

(1)Divergenttransmission:Forexample,thingAtransmitssubstanceorinformationXtothingB,whichstimulatesBtoproducesubstanceorinformationA,B,andC.

(2)Integratedtransmission:Forexample,whenBreceivesA,B,andC,Xisexcited,andwhenBreceivesA,B,andD,Yisexcited.

(3)Transformationandtransmission:Forexample,AtransmitsXtoB,whichstimulatesBtoproduceY.

Conversionsaredividedinto:increase,decrease,andchange.

(4)Filtertransmission:onlypassthroughcertainconditions,forexample:AtoBtransmitsA,AcantransmittoB,AtoBtransmitsB,BcannotpassB,forexample:BreceivesA,AcannotpassB,andBreceivesAandBbeforeAcanpassB.Thereisa"screening"step,whichmeansthereisa"decision"step.

(5)Feedbacktransmission:Forexample,AtransmitsXtoB,inspiresBtofeedbackYtoA.AfterAreceivesY,itsuppressesorstrengthenstheXtransmittedfromAtoB.Ifitissuppressed,itisnegative.Feedback,ifitisstrengthened,ispositivefeedback.

8.Judgmentaftertheendofthestageandtriggeringinthestageprocess:

Someeventscanbedescribedintheformofstages.

(1)Afteronestageiscompleted,thenextstagemaybefixed,forexample:afterstageAiscompleted,proceedtostageB.

(2)Afteronestageiscompleted,thenextstagemaynotbefixed,whichistodecidethenextoperationaccordingtothestateafterthecompletionofastage,forexample:thestateafterthecompletionofstageA,ifIfcondition1,thenproceedtostageB,ifcondition2,thenproceedtostageC,ifnotmeet,thenproceedtostageD,whichisthejudgmentaftertheendofthestage.

(3)Insomecases,itisnecessarytojudgebeforethecompletionofthestage,thatis,tojudgeduringthestageprocess,whichisthetriggerduringthestageprocess,forexample:sometemperaturetriggers,Itisusedtopreventsuddenabnormalityofexcessivetemperatureinrealtime,whichneedstobejudgedduringthestage.Ifitisjudgeduntiltheendofthestage,themachinemaybeburnedout.

Itcanbeseenthatthejudgmentaftertheendofthephaseandthetriggeringduringthephasemustbecombined.

Phaseandtrigger

Judgmentmethod:

(1)Judgmentofwhetherornot:

Decidethecorrespondingnextoperationaccordingtowhethertheconditionsaremet.

Forexample:thevaluexintherightpicturecanbelevel,integral,etc.

(2)Multi-choicejudgment:

Inmultiplechoices,decidethecorrespondingnextoperationaccordingtooneoftheconditions.

Chooseonemorejudgment(3photos)

(3)Cyclejudgment:

DecidethecorrespondingaccordingtowhethertheconditionsaremetOperationandwhethertoloop.

(4)JudgmentofAND,OR,andNOT

LogicalAND:Alllimitedconditionsaremetbeforethespecifiedresultwillbeproduced.

LogicalOR:Aslongasanyoneofthelimitedconditionsismet,thespecifiedresultwillbeproduced.

Logicalnegation:Thespecifiedresultcanonlybeproducedifanyofthequalifiedconditionsisnotmet.

9.Substances,attributes,attributevalues,rules:

Thesystemiscomposedofmultiplesubstances,eachofwhichhasoneormoreattributes,Eachattributehasastatevalue,somearevariables,someareconstants,andsomeattributesaredividedintomultiplesub-attributes,andeachsub-attributealsohasastatevalue.Inlayman'sterms,theattributeisthenatureofthesubstance,andtheattributevalueisthesubstance.status.Rulesarehowvariousattributesinteract.Theyaredividedintotheinteractionofthesameattributeandtheinteractionofdifferentattributes.Theprocessoftheoccurrenceofaruleisanevent.Theruleisdescribedbycauseandeffect,preconditions,triggerconditions,andpurpose.TherulesstipulateHowthesubstance(system)changes.

Forexample:distanceequalsspeedmultipliedbytime.

Distance,speed,andtimeareallattributes,andthereareattributevalues,andrules(formulas)linkthesethreeattributestogether.

10.Systemdecomposition:

(1)Presslocationtodecomposethesystem:

Forexample:DividethepeopleinthevillageintofamilyAandfamilyB.

(2)Decomposethesystemaccordingtocharacter:

Forexample,dividethepeopleinthevillageintomenandwomen.

(3)Decomposethesystemaccordingtotheeffectofsystemcomponentsonthesystem:

Forexample:dividethepeopleinthevillageintovillageofficials,policeofficers,andteachers,Doctors,farmers,etc.

(4)Decomposethesystemaccordingtotheinteractionbetweensystemcomponents:

Forexample,dividethepeopleinthevillageintofamilyrelationships,teachersandstudentsRelationship,boss-employeerelationship,etc.(Buttherewillbeduplicationinthisway.Forexample,apersonisinbothafamilyrelationshipandateacher-studentrelationship.)

(5)Accordingtothepositiveandnegativerelationshiptodecomposethesystem:

Forexample:dividethepeopleinthevillageintogoodpeopleandbadpeople.

(6)Decomposethesystemaccordingtochronologicalorder:

Forexample,dividethepeopleinthevillageintooldpeople,youngpeople,andchildren.

11.Opensystem,closedsystem,isolatedsystem:

(1)Opensystem:thereisexchangeofmaterialandenergybetweensystems,Theplacewherematterorenergyexchangesisthesysteminterface.Someopensystemsneedtobedynamicallymaintained.Oncethereisnomaintenance,thesystemcannotexist.

(2)Closedsystem:Thereisnoexchangeofmatterbetweenthesystems,butthereisanexchangeofenergy.

(3)Isolatedsystem:Thereisneithermaterialexchangenorenergyexchangebetweensystems.

12.Module:

Treatmultiplesubstancesinthesystemasawhole(smallsystem),andobservetheinput,processing,andoutputofthiswhole.

ConstraintsonContacts

1.Theformationofalinkissubjecttotheconstraintsofanotherormorelinks,whichmeansthatonerulewillbesubjecttoanotherormorerules.

2.Theformationoftiesisrestrictedbycontradictions.Theconnectionmayincludethecontradictionbetweenpositiveandnegative,thecontradictionbetweenpositiveandnegative,thecontradictionbetweenexistenceandnon-existence,thecontradictionbetweenrealityandvirtuality,thecontradictionbetweenopeningandclosing,thecontradictionbetweenstrengtheningandweakening,thecontradictionbetweenmovementandstatic,inandoutThecontradictionbetweenattractionandrepulsion,thecontradictionbetweenabsorptionandrelease,thecontradictionbetweenintegrationanddivision,thecontradictionbetweenheatandcold,thecontradictionbetweenlightanddarkness,thecontradictionbetweenbigandsmall,thecontradictionbetweenlongandshort,thecontradictionbetweenheavyandlight,Thecontradictionbetweentheinsideandtheoutside,thecontradictionbetweenthetopandthebottom,thecontradictionbetweentheleftandtheright,etc.

Peoplesometimesignoresomecontradictions.Forexample,acabinetcontainsmanycontradictions,thecontradictionbetweenthestaticcabinetandthemovabledoor,thecontradictionbetweentheinsideandtheoutsideofthecabinet,Thecontradictionbetweentheupperandlowerlevelsofthecabinet,thecontradictionbetweentheopeningandclosingofthecabinet,thecontradictionbetweentheleftdoorofthecabinetdooropeningtotheleftandtherightdooropeningtotheright,thecontradictionbetweenthefrontandthebackofthecabinetdoor,andthespaceoccupiedbythecabinet.Thecontradictionoftheunoccupiedspace,thecontradictionofthecabinetchangingfromnewtoold,asimplecabinetisformedundertheconstraintsofsomanycontradictions,itcanbeseenthatcontradictionsreallyrestrictthings.

Sometimeswehavetothink:

(1)Whatkindofcontradictioniscontainedinathing.

(2)Whatkindofoppositionandwhatkindofunitybetweencontradictions.

(3)Whetherthetwopartiesofthecontradictionarisetogetheroroneafteranother.

(4)Whatkindofrelationshipisbetweenthedifferentcontradictions?

(5)Knowasubstance,whetherthereisasubstancethatcontradictsit.

(6)Whetherthetwosidesofthecontradictionaremixedorneutralized(forexample:equalamountsofwhitepaintandblackpaintareneutralizedintograypaint,theoriginalwhitepaintandblackpaintarenolongerthere,butthesameamountThewhitesandandblacksandaremixedintoblackandwhitesand,theoriginalwhitesandandblacksandexist.)

Relatedlogic

1.Inductionandinterpretation

Relatedlogic

1.b>

Induction:Obtaingeneralrulesfrommultipleindividualthings.

Forexample,blackhorsesandwhitehorsescanbeclassifiedashorses.

Deduction:Contrarytoinduction,deductionistoderiveindividualrulesfromuniversalrules.

Forexample:ahorsecanbeinterpretedasadarkhorse,awhitehorse,etc.

2.AnalysisandSynthesis

Analysis:Analysisistodecomposethingsintoparts,aspects,andattributes,andstudythemseparately.Itisanecessarystagetounderstandthewholething.

Synthesis:Synthesisistoorganicallyunifythevariousparts,sides,andattributesofthingsintoawholeaccordingtotheirinternalconnections,soastograsptheessenceandlawsofthings.

Analysisandsynthesisaremutuallyinfiltratedandtransformed,integratedonthebasisofanalysis,andanalyzedundercomprehensiveguidance.Analysisandsynthesis,cyclically,promotethedeepeninganddevelopmentofunderstanding.

Case:Inthestudyoflight,peopleanalyzedthelinearpropagation,reflection,andrefractionoflight,thinkingthatlightisparticles,andpeopleanalyzedandstudiedtheinterference,diffractionphenomenonoflight,andotherparticlesthatcannotbeexplained.Phenomenonthatlightisawave.Whenpeoplemeasuredthewavelengthofvariouslightandproposedtheelectromagnetictheoryoflight,itseemsthatlightisakindofwave,akindofelectromagneticwave.However,thediscoveryofthephotoelectriceffectisinexplicablebythewavetheory,andthephotontheoryisalsoproposed.Whenpeopleintegratedtheseaspects,anewunderstandingcameintobeing:lighthaswave-particleduality.

3.AbstractionandGeneralization

Abstraction:Abstractionistoextractcommonandessentialcharacteristicsfrommanythings,anddiscardtheirnon-essenceCharacteristics.

Specifically,scientificabstractionmeansthatpeople,onthebasisofpractice,formconceptsandjudgmentsontherichperceptualmaterialsby"removingtheroughness,removingtheessence,removingthefakeandkeepingthetruth,fromheretotheother,fromtheoutsidetotheinside".,Reasoningandotherformsofthinkingtoreflectthenatureandlawsofthings.

Summary:Summationisathoughtprocessandmethodforformingconcepts.Thatistosay,theessentialattributesextractedfromsomethingswiththesameattributesinthemindareextendedtoallthingswiththeseattributes,soastoformageneralconceptaboutthiskindofthings.

Summarizationisanimportantmethodofscientificdiscovery.Becausegeneralizationisraisedfromasmallerrangeofknowledgetoalargerrangeofknowledge;itisthegeneralizationofknowledgeinonefieldtoknowledgeinanotherfield.

RelatedPhilosophy

1.InternalandExternalCauses

InternalCause:Itistheinternalbasisforthedevelopmentofthings.Internalcauseisthefoundationoftheexistenceofthings,theinneressenceofathingthatisdifferentfromotherthings,andthesourceandpowerofthemovementofthings.Itdefinesthebasictrendofthemovementanddevelopmentofthings.

Externalcause:Theexternalcauseofthechangeanddevelopmentofthings,thatis,theinterconnectionandmutualinfluencebetweenonethingandotherthings.Materialistdialecticsbelievesthatexternalfactorsareonlyconditionsforthedevelopmentandchangeofthings,andexternalfactorscanonlyworkthroughinternalfactors.

Example:Eggscanhatchchickens,butrockscannothatchchickens.Becauserockslackinternalfactors(thefunctionofgrowthanddevelopment),eggsinaboilingwaterpotcannothatchchickensbecauseofboilingwater.Theeggsinsidelackexternalfactors(appropriateincubationtemperature).

2.Phenomenonandessence

Fromobservingsurfacephenomenatodiscoveringessentiallaws.

Surfacephenomenaaretheexternalmanifestationsofthings,andtheessentiallawsaretheinternalmanifestationsofthings.

3.RelativeandAbsolute

Relativeandabsolutearetwodifferentphilosophicalcategoriesthatreflectthenatureofthings.

Relativereferstoconditional,temporary,andlimited.

Absolutelyreferstounconditional,eternal,andinfinite.

4.Stillnessandmovement

Motionistheinherentpropertyandmodeofexistenceofmatter,absoluteandunconditional,andstillnessisbasedonacertainrelationshipWheninvestigatingsports,thespecialsituationsthatsportsshowarerelativeandconditional.

Twosituationsofstillness:

(1)Althougheverythingisinmotionatalltimes,aspecificthingmaynothaveaspecificTheformofexercise.Asfarasitdoesnothavethisspecificformofmovement,itisstatic.

Forexample:abuildingonthegroundisstaticasfarasitdoesnotmakemechanicalmovementontheground,butthisstaticisonlythecasefromacertain"frameofreference".Other"referencesystems"seemtobemovingagain,suchasbuildingsrevolvingaroundthesunalongwiththeground,andrevolvingintheMilkyWayalongwiththesolarsystem.

(2)Althougheverythingisinmotionatalltimes,itdoesnotchangequalitativelyatalltimes.Whenathinghasnotundergoneaqualitativechange,thethingisstillitself,inthissenseitisstatic.

5.Quantitativechangeandqualitativechange

Quantitativechange:Quantitativechangeisoften"gradual."Contrastwithqualitativechange.Referstotheincreaseordecreaseinthenumberofthingsandthechangeofplace,whichisacontinuous,gradual,andinsignificantchange.Materialistdialecticsbelievesthatquantitativechangeisoneofthebasicstatesofthemovementofthings.Itiscausedbytheunityandstruggleofallcontradictoryaspectswithinthings.Itisthecontinuouschangethatthingsareundergoingatalltimes.Therefore,ithasanobjectivecharacter.universality.

Qualitativechange:Thetransformationofthingsfromonequalitativestatetoanother.Oneofthebasicstatesofthemovementofthings.Thesameamountbecomesrelative.Qualitativechangesareoften"mutations".Thequalitativechangeoccursonthebasisofthequantitativechange,whichmarkstheinterruptionofthegradualprocessofquantity.

6.OrdinaryandSpecial

Intheinvestigationofsomethings,wemustconsiderthegeneralsituationandthespecialsituation,becausesomethingsThesepropertieswillonlybecomeapparentunderspecialcircumstances.

7.Realandimaginary

Realandimaginaryarecombined.

(1)Thevirtualcontainsthereal:

Thereisnocompleteandpure"virtual",becauseany"virtual"mustbebuiltonacertain"real"basis.

Forexample:thevirtualworldofthegameis"virtual",butthisvirtualworldneedstobebuiltonthebasisofelectronicequipment,andelectronicequipmentis"real".Inaddition,manylawsinthevirtualworldarealsoIntherealworld.

Forexample:themovie"TheMatrix"describesavirtualworld,everythingisinformation,butmostoftherulesofthisworldareestablishedbasedontherulesoftherealworld.

(2)Thereisfictitiousnessinreality:

Forexample:acomputervideochatisachatwitharealperson,butwhatyouseeishisimage,andtheimageisfictitiousThings.

Forexample:seeingaredapple,weknowfromphysics:theredofanappleistheimageformedbylightwavesofaspecificfrequencyreflectedbytheapplereachingthehumaneye,andthedifferencebetweenredandgreenisjustlightwavesThefrequencyisdifferent,sotheappleitselfhasnocolor.Theredyouseeisonlytheeffectofaspecificlightwavefrequencyonthehumanbrain,soitis"virtual".

8.Chanceandnecessity

Thedialecticalrelationshipbetweeninevitabilityandcontingency:

(1)NecessityreferstotheconnectionanddevelopmentofthingsAninevitabletrendthatmustoccurinthecountry.Chancereferstotheuncertaintrendintheconnectionanddevelopmentofthings.Necessityandcontingencyaretheunityofopposites.

(2)Thetwoareopposites.Theyaretwodifferenttrendsinthedevelopmentofthings,theircauses,andtheirpositionsandrolesinthedevelopmentofthingsaredifferent.

(3)Thetwoareunified,andtheirperformanceis:

First,inevitabilityisalwaysexpressedthroughalargenumberofcontingency,thusopeningupapathforoneself,withoutbreakingawayfromcontingencyThepurenecessity.

Secondly,contingencyisthemanifestationandnecessarysupplementofnecessity.Behindcontingencyliesinevitabilityandisrestrictedbyit,andthereisnopurecontingencythatisseparatedfrominevitability.

Thirdly,inevitabilityandcontingencycanbetransformedintoeachotherundercertainconditions.

(4)Theprincipleofthedialecticalrelationshipbetweennecessityandcontingencyisofgreatsignificanceforguidingscientificresearchandsocialpractice.

Forexample:whenEdisoninventedtheelectriclightbulb,hetriedthousandsofmaterialsbeforehefoundthetungstenwire.Onthesurface,Edisonfoundthatthetungstenwirewasaccidental.Infact,therewasno"workhard"forEdison.Theinevitablefactor,Edisoncouldnotfindtungstenwire,becausewithouttheinevitablefactorof"effort",Edisonmighttryhundredsofmaterials,andthenhewastootiredtodoit.

Relatedquotes

Theexplorationofextraterrestrialcivilizationisnotonlypartoftheexplorationoftheuniverse,butalsohasaprofoundimpactontheevolutionofhumansandthedevelopmentoftechnology.——ZhouHaizhong

Onlybyeffectivelyinheritinghumanknowledgeandatthesametimegettingtheworld’smostadvancedtechnologyknowledge,wecantakeahalfstepforwardandreachthemostadvancedlevel,Atop-notchscientist.——Weinberg

Thescienceandtechnologysystemitselfisamodernsocialorganization,anditmustuseamodernspiritualprincipleasthedrivingforceofthemovement.Onlyrelyingonincreasingcapitalandpersonnelinvestmentcannotachievewhatisexpected.Technologyisproduced.——HeJiadong

Method

Theformofdiscovery

1.Knowthereason,reasonforward,andgettheresult.Ifthereisnosufficientreasoningbasis,firstassumetheresult,Andthenprovethatthehypothesisiscorrect.

2.Knowtheresult,reversereasoning,andgetthereason.Ifthereisnosufficientreasoningbasis,firstassumethereason,andthenprovethatthehypothesisiscorrect.

Forwardreasoningandreversereasoningaremutuallycontained.

Thehypothesisisputforward

Whatisoftenencounteredinscience:seeaphenomenon,analyzehowmanyreasonscancausesucharesult(putforwardahypothesis),andthenconfirmwhichoneOrwhichreasons(whichhypothesisorhypotheses)arecorrect.

Theneedtoproposeahypothesis:(1)Existingbutinsufficientreasoningbasis(ifthereissufficientreasoningbasis,thereisnoneedtohypothesize,andthehypothesisisnottohypothesizewithouttheslightestreasoningbasis),(2)knowledgeandexperience,(3)logicalthinking,(4)imagination,(5)intuition.

Graduallynarrowthescopeofthinkingandeliminateunnecessaryinterference.

Proofofhypothesis

1.Directproof:findevidencetoprovecausality.

2.Indirectproof:Whenitisdifficulttoprovedirectly,youcanconsiderindirectproof.

Forexample:theearlyrefrigeratorfreezerusedfreon.Inordertocheckwhetherthereisatraceoffreonleakinginthefreezer,itisdifficulttofindoutbydirectobservation.Scientistsaddedluminoussubstancestofreon,andthenObservewhethertherearebrightspotsinthedarktodeterminewhetherthereisaleakofFreon.

3.Eliminationmethod:ThefamousdetectiveHolmesoncesaid:"Whenallotherpossibilitiesareeliminatedandoneisleft,nomatterhowimpossibleitis,thatisthetruth."

4.Methodofproofbycontradiction:amethodofprooffromthenegativeperspective,butonlysuitableforsomesituations.

Forexample:Step1:Assumethattheconclusionofthepropositionisnottrue,thatis,assumethattheoppositeoftheconclusionistrue.Step2:Startingfromthisproposition,thecontradictionisprovedbyreasoning.Thethirdstep:Judgingbythecontradictionthatthehypothesisisnottrue,soastoaffirmthattheconclusionofthepropositioniscorrect.

5.Aspectsthatneedtobepaidattentiontotoprovethehypothesis:

(1)Selectionofexperimentalsubjects:First,whethertheexperimentalsubjectsarerepresentative,andsecond,whattheexperimentalsubjectsrepresentWhat,isitpartorwhole?

(2)Thechoiceofexperimentalconditions:Somepropertiescanonlybereflectedinspecialorextremesituations.Ifyouchoosetostudyundernormalconditions,youmaynotgetresults.Onthecontrary,toknowaproperty,itisnecessarytoknowwhetheritisapropertythatismanifestedundernormalcircumstances,apropertythatismanifestedunderspecialcircumstances,orapropertythatcanbemanifestedinbothordinaryandspecialcircumstances.

Causeandeffect

1.Therelationshipofcauseandeffect:onecauseandoneeffect,onecauseandmultipleeffects,oneeffectandmultiplecauses,andmultiplecausesandmultipleeffects.

2.Accidentalorinevitable:Someresultsseemtobeaccidental,whichcontainsinevitablereasons.

ProbabilityandEquality

1.Probability:Therearemultipleresults,whethertheprobabilityofeachresultisthesame,ifnot,howmanyareeach,andwhatcausestheprobabilityofsometobehigh,Andsomehavealowprobability.

2.Equality:Onlyoneofthevariousequalchoicesmaybecomeafact,sotheremustbesomereasonforthechoice.

Combination,expansion,analogy

1.Functionalcombination:Combiningthepowergenerationfunctionofthesteamenginewiththewheelrotationfunction,inventedtheearlysteamcarsandsteamtrains.

2.Functionexpansion:Thefunctionofwoodfloatingisexpanded,andthewoodenboatisinvented.

3.Functionalanalogy:Humansinventedairplanesbyreferringtothewingsofbirds,andsubmarinesbyreferringtothestructureoffish.

Analysisofclassiccases

1.Einsteininventedthetheoryofrelativity:

Peoplecanseethingsbecauselightshinesonthings,andthentheyarereflectedintopeople’seyes.Ifthesunshinesontheclockandthenreflectsintotheeyesoftheperson,thepersonretreatsatthespeedoflight,thenthelightbehindcannolongerentertheeyes,thentheeyesofthepersonalwaysseethelightataspecificmoment,soseetheclockThepointerdoesnotgoaway,butstaysataspecificmoment.Onthebasisofthistheory,Einsteinputforwardthetheoryofrelativity.

Keypoints:First,somepropertiesofthingscanonlybemanifestedunderspecialcircumstances.Second,thematerialsaregood,andtheclocksthatexpresstimeareselected.

2.Newtondiscovereduniversalgravitation:

Newtonsitsunderanappletree,andanapplehitsNewton’shead.Newtonfeelsthatthefourdirectionsofup,down,leftandrightareinspace.Upisequal.Whydoapplesfalldowninsteadofup,ortotheleft,ortotheright,soIthinktheearthattractsapples.

Keypoints:First,amongthevariousequalchoices,onlyonemaybecomeafact,sotheremustbesomereasonforthechoice.Second,themethodofelimination,lookingdownatthesurroundings,theonlythingthatcanattractapplesistheearth.

3.Edisoninventedthelightbulb:

Inordertoselectthematerialofthefilament,Edisonexperimentedwithmorethan2,000substances,evenhisownhairfilament,andfinallyselectedtungstenfilamentasthefilament.

Keypoints:Themethodofeliminationistoexperimentwithallpossiblesubstances,andtheneliminatetheunusableones.

Classification

Philosophy

Itisthedoctrineofworldoutlook,thesystemofpeople’sfundamentalviewsonthewholeworld,includingnature,societyandthinking.ItisnaturalknowledgeandThehighestsummaryandsummaryofsocialknowledge.

Naturalsciences

Mathematics:Theresearchobjectofmathematicsisthequantitativerelationshipandspatialformintherealworld.Thepartthatstudiesquantitativerelationsornumbersbelongstothescopeofalgebra,andthepartthatstudiesspatialformsorshapesbelongstothescopeofgeometry.

Physics:Physicswasoriginallythegeneraltermfornaturalsciences.Sincematterandenergyarethebasicelementsofnature,physicsisthescienceofstudyingthestructureofmatterandenergychangesinnature.

Chemistry:Itisanaturalsciencethatstudiesthenature,compositionandstructureofvariousspecificsubstances,aswellastheirreactionsandchangesunderspecificconditions.

Astronomy:Astronomyisthescienceofstudyingthemotionandpropertiesofcelestialbodies.Broadlyspeaking,itstudiesthematerialstructureandenergychangesoftheuniverse.

Geography:Geographyistheabbreviationofgeography,includingtwodisciplines:geographyandgeology.Geographyisthescienceofstudyingtheearth'ssurface,thatis,thegeographicalenvironmentinwhichhumanslive.Itmainlyexploresthedistributionlawsandspatialrelationshipsofnaturalandeconomicgeographyelementsontheearth'ssurface.Therearesub-disciplinessuchasphysicalgeography,humangeography,departmentalgeography,andregionalgeography.

Biology:Thesciencethatstudiestheproduction,development,andlawsoflivingsubstances.Itisroughlydividedintozoology,whichstudiesanimallifehabits,andbotany,whichstudiesplanthabits.

Medicine:Thescienceofprotectingandimprovinghumanhealth,preventingandtreatingdiseases.

AgriculturalScience:Agriculturalscienceisthesciencethatstudiesagriculturalproductiontheoriesandtechnologies,includingcropcultivation,breeding,soil,meteorology,fertilizers,agriculturaldiseasesandinsectpests,etc.Itcanalsoincludeforestry,Livestockandaquaculture.

EnergyScience:Energyscienceisthescienceofstudyingvariousenergyphenomenaandthelawsofenergyexploration,developmentandutilization.

EnvironmentalScience:Itisanewcomprehensivesciencedevelopedinrecentdecades.Itmainlystudieshumanenvironmentalqualityandprotectionandimprovement.Ithasawiderangeoffields,notonlyincludingvariousnaturalfactors,Italsoincludescertainsocialfactors.Thissubjecttakesecologyandgeochemistryasthemaintheoreticalbasis,andmakesfulluseofscientificknowledgeandtechnologyinvariousfieldssuchaschemistry,biology,physics,geology,medicine,andengineering.Waitforenvironmentalissuestoconductsystematicresearch.

Humanities

Politics:Itisasciencethatsystematicallystudiesnationaldoctrines,politicaltheories,politicalsystems,andpoliticalthoughts.

Economics:Itisthesciencethatstudiestheeconomicrelationsandlawsofeconomicactivitiesintheproduction,exchange,distributionandconsumptionofmaterialmaterialsandtheirapplications.

MilitaryScience:Itisthesciencethatstudiesthelawsofwarfareandtheguidinglawsofwarandthelawsofarmybuilding,alsoknownasmilitaryscience.Militaryscienceisdividedintotwocategories:theoreticalscienceandtechnicalscience.

Laws:shortforlegalscience,itisanancientandindependentbranchofsocialsciencethattakeslawasitsresearchobject.Itmainlystudiesthenature,form,characteristicsandfunctionsoflaw;thelawofthegeneration,developmentandeliminationoflaws;thescope,formulationandimplementationoflaws.

LiteraryandArtStudies:LiteraryandArtStudiesisthecollectivetermforliteratureandart.Thescienceofstudyingvariousphenomenaofliteratureandarttoclarifyitsbasiclawsandprinciplesiscalledthescienceofliteratureandart.

History:Itisadisciplinetostudyandexplainthedevelopmentprocessofhumansocietyanditslaws.Itincludesthestudyofhumansocietyfromancienttimestothe21stcentury,dividedorclassified(suchasabriefhistoryofthedevelopmentofhumansociety,thehistoryoftheworld,thehistoryofnationsandgeneralhistory,thehistoryofdynasties,thehistoryofspecialization),andtoexplainthegeneralprinciplesandThehistoricalconceptofmethod,thehistoryofhistorythatexploresthehistoryofthedevelopmentofhistoryitself,thehistoryofthestudyofhistoricalmaterialsandthemethodsoftheiruse,etc.

Archaeology:Itisasciencethatexploreshumanhistorywithphysicalhistoricalmaterialsastheresearchobject.Itbelongstoadepartmentofhistory.

Linguistics:isthescienceofstudyinglanguagephenomenaandlanguagelaws.Itisalanguagetheorysummarizedandsummarizedfrompractice.

High-techcategory

Remotesensingtechnology:Thisisacomprehensivedetectiontechnologythatflourishedinthe1960s,anditwentfromfarawayTheimageofthesensorymovingsubstanceisreceivedandrecordedbytheelectromagneticwavesignalradiated(orreflected)bythedistantobjectwiththehelpofspecialoptical,electronicandelectro-opticaldetectionequipment,andthenprocessedintothehumaneyedirectly.Therecognizedimagerevealsthenatureandchanginglawsofthedetectedobject.

Superconductingtechnology:Atechnologythatusestheuniquepropertiesofsuperconductingmaterialsforscientificresearchandpracticalapplications,calledsuperconductingtechnology.

Microelectronicstechnology:Usethebasiclawsofelectronicstostudyvariouselectroniccomponents,devices,equipmentandsystems,whicharewidelyusedinvariousfieldsofnationaleconomy,nationaldefense,andscienceandtechnology.Technologyiselectronictechnology.Andmicroelectronicstechnologyistheminiaturizationdevelopmenttechnologyofelectronictechnology.

Microwavecommunication:Microwaveusuallyreferstoelectromagneticwaveswithawavelengthfrom0.3metersto10-3metersandafrequencyfrom109Hzto3x11-11Hz.Usingthepropertiesofmicrowaves,anantennasystemwithasmallsizeandextremelyhighdirectivitycanbemadeforlong-distancecommunication.Microwavescanpassthroughtheionospherewithouthindrance,andthequalityofcommunicationismuchhigherthanthatofshortwaves,providingbroadprospectsfortheresearchanddevelopmentofcosmiccommunications,navigation,positioning,andradioastronomy.

Ultrasonictechnology:Ultrasonicreferstovibrationwaveswhosefrequencyexceedstheaudiofrequencyrange.Ultrasonictechnologyhasbecomeaspecializedfieldforstudyingtheapplicationofultrasoundinproductiontechnologyandrelatedmeasurementtechnologyandequipment.Usingthechangesinthepropagationspeedofultrasonicwavesingases,liquids,andsolids,defectsinmaterialscanbedetected.Whenitisusedfordetection,inadditiontonoradiationhazardscausedbyX-raydetection,itcanalsoseethroughmoreclearlyandmoredeeply..

ArtificialIntelligence:Itisascientifictechnologythatuseselectroniccomputerstosimulatehumanintelligenceactivities.Theresearchresultsaremainlyreflectedintheprogressofelectroniccomputersandrobots.

Biotechnologyhasachievedunprecedenteddevelopmentinthe20thcentury.Inparticular,thediscoveryoftheDNAdoublehelixstructureandtheimplementationoftheHumanGenomeProjecthavemadebiotechnologythemainstreamofhigh-techtechnologiesinthe21stcentury.Sincebiotechnologycanrevealthesecretsofbiologicalstructureandgenetics,itplaysamajorroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofpopulationandhealth,agriculturalhigh-tech,ecologicalenvironment,foodandchemicalindustries,andthereforehasbroaddevelopmentprospects.

Spacetechnologyisacomprehensiveengineeringtechnologyforexploring,developingandusingspaceandcelestialbodiesotherthanEarth.Mankindentersthespace,conductsscientificresearchthere,developsunlimitedspaceresources,settlesdown,travels,andevenestablishesspacecivilization.Thishasalwaysbeenthedreamofmankind.Therealizationofthisdreamwilldependontheadvancementofspacetechnology.Fornearlyhalfacentury,withthedevelopmentofaerospacetechnologyandthewideapplicationofvariousapplicationsatellites,mankindhascreatedunprecedentednewareassuchassatellitecommunications,satellitebroadcasting,satellitemeteorology,satellitenavigation,satellitesurveying,spacescience,andmilitaryapplications.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyhasexertedbenefitsandfunctionsthatcannotbeachievedbytraditionalmethodsforradioandtelevision,long-distancecommunication,weatherforecasting,resourcesurveys,navigationandpositioning,agriculturalproduction,disasterrelief,environmentalmonitoringandscientificresearch.

Thebasicpointofmultidimensionalspacetechnologyisthatspaceismultidimensional.GermanphysicistBuckhardHeimproposedthatiftherearemorespatialdimensionsintheuniverse,spacecraftcantravelthroughitandachieveextremespeeds.

Role

Socialprogress

Theproductivitydevelopedbyscienceandtechnologyhascreatedahighlydevelopedmaterialcivilization,buttheimproperuseofscienceandtechnologyhastriggeredtheworldExtremelyseriousenvironmentalproblemswithinthescope.

EconomicDevelopment

China’slaborproductivityisonly1/40ofthatofdevelopedcountries.Oncescienceandtechnologyaretransformedintoproductivity,itwillgreatlyimproveproductionefficiencyandthuspromoterapideconomicdevelopment.Itsrolegreatlyexceedsthetransformationaleffectsofcapitalandlaborontheeconomy.

Militarycombateffectiveness

Intoday'sworld,peaceanddevelopmentarethethemesofthetimes.However,the"ColdWar"mentalitystillexists,andhegemonismandpowerpoliticsarestillthemainsourcesofthreatstoworldpeaceandstability.Scienceandtechnologypowerhasbecomethecommonchoiceofmoderncountries.

Politicalinfluence

Thelevelofmodernscienceandtechnologyhasbecomeabargainingchipintheinternationalpoliticalstruggleandasymbolofthestatusofamajorcountry.DengXiaopingoncepointedout:"IfChinahadnothadanatomicbomb,ahydrogenbomb,orlaunchedsatellitessincethe1960s,Chinawouldnothavebecomeamoreinfluentialpower,andwouldnothaveitscurrentinternationalstatus."

Physics

1.Theexistenceoftheuniverseismeaningful

Wearefortunatethattheuniversecanproducelife,anditcanproducebeautifulemotionsandlives.Iftheuniversedoesnothavethefunctionofproducinglife,anditdoesnotproducebeautyThefunctionofemotionandlife,thenthisisasadthing,andtheexistenceoftheuniverseismeaningless.

2.Time,space,life

Asingularityproducesauniverse,butinaninfinitetotalspace,theremaybemorethanonesingularity,sothereismorethanoneuniverse.

Whydidthesingularitywithinfinitedensitysuddenlyformtheuniverseatacertainmoment?Whatpromptedthisbehavior?Isitinternalorexternal?Theseareallunsolvedmysteries.

Thetimeoftheinfinitetotalspacehasnobeginningandnoend,soatthismoment,infiniteyearshavepassed.Atthismomentafterinfiniteyears,thereisstilllife,thentheremayhavebeenlifeintheuniverse,andtherehavebeenaninfinitenumberoflife.

3.Everythingyouseeisthepast

Theeyeseesanobjectbecausethelighthitstheobject,andthenitisreflectedintheeye,butthelightisreflectedtotheeyeIntheprocess,thesubstancehaschangedagain.

Forexample:Isawapersondrivingacar10metersaway,butwhentheeyesreceivedthisreflectedlight,thecarmayhavedrivenafewnanometersforwardintheveryshorttimeforthereflection,solookThescenethatarrivedisactuallythescenethathasjustpassed.

Thefartherthedistance,thelongerthelightreflectionconsumes,thenthethingswesee5metersawayarethepastthings,andthethings10metersawayatthesametimearethepastpast.

4.Thecolorlessuniverse

Thereasonwhywecanseecolorsisbecausethelightofaspecificwavelengthisreflectedintheeyes,andthematteritselfhasnocolor.WeseeThecolorsarejustthedifferentresponsesofthebraintodifferentwavelengthsoflight.

5.Isthecompositionanddecompositionlimited?

Everythingweseemaybeonlyapartofacertainmatterinalargerspace.Inaddition,protonsandneutronsareinquantumphysics,Youcanalsocontinuetodecompose,perhaps:tothebig,infinitecomposition,tothesmall,infinitedecomposition.

Atdifferentlevels,therulesaredifferent,andthemacroscopicclassicalmechanicstheoryisinvalidatedatthemicrolevel(quantumlevel).

6.Infiniterepetition

Ininfinity,nomatterhowsmalltheprobability(aslongasitisnotinfinitelysmall)isinfinite.Forexample:Onepartpertrillionofinfinityisstillinfinite.

Then:Intheinfinitetotalspace(notjusttheuniversecreatedbyasingularity),thereareinfinitelymanyplanets.Amongtheseplanets,therearealsoinfiniteplanetswithlife(withasmallprobability),Amongthelivingplanets,thereareinfiniteplanetswithintelligent,limbed,anduprightcreatures(withaverysmallprobability).Amongtheseplanets,therearealsoinfiniteplanetswiththesamecreaturesashumans(withaverysmallprobability).Amongsuchplanets,therearealsoinfiniteplanetswiththesamegeographicstructureastheearth(withaverysmallprobability).Thereasoningcontinues.Therearealsoplanetswiththesamegeographicstructure,populationandappearance,andallthepropertiesoftheearth(withasmallprobability).Unlimited.

7.Matterandenergy

Theessenceofmatterwethinkofmaybeenergy.Afterall,mattercanbecontinuouslydecomposedintosmallercomponents,andperhapsitwillcontinuetodecompose.ThefinaldiscoveryisEnergy,perhapswhentwoobjectscollideandbounceback,isjustarepulsiveforcegeneratedbytwoenergies.

8.Matteranddarkmatter

Darkmattermayalsoformaworld,theremaybemanyplanets,andtheremayevenbelife.

9.Iftheuniversecanbeexplainedbycontradiction

Iftheuniversecanbeexplainedbycontradiction:everythinghascontradictions,therefore:ifthereisinanimatelife,theremustbesomethingopposite:Inlife,iftherearelowercreatures,theremustbetheopposite:highercreatures.Withbirth,theremustbetheopposite:death.

10.Moveallthetime

Motionistheessentialattributeandwayofexistenceofthings.Movementisabsolute,whilestillnessisrelative.

Whydoesn’ttheuniverseleteverythingstandstill?

LifeScienceandMedicine

1.Ychromosome

MalesareXYchromosomes,andfemalesareXXchromosomes.Infact,the"incense"forinheritanceistheYchromosome,because:First,theYchromosomeisonlytransmittedtomales,nottofemales.Second,allhomologouschromosomeswillhaveaunion(thechromosomefromthefatherandthechromosomefromthemotherwillexchangegenefragments),andtherewillalsobeaunionbetweenXX.Thenthegenesofthechromosomeswillchange.OnlytheXYchromosomeswillnotjointogether.Therefore,theYchromosomeofthesonisexactlythesameastheYchromosomeofthefather,andtheYchromosomeofthefatherisexactlythesameastheYchromosomeofthegrandfather.Betweengenerations,onlytheYchromosomedoesnotchange.

2.Heterozygotes

Homozygotes:allelesofhomologouschromosomesarealldominant(AA)orallrecessive(aa),heterozygotes:homologouschromosomesOneoftheallelesisdominantandtheotherrecessive(Aa).Inheterozygotes,thedominantgenehidestherecessivegene,andtheheterozygotebecomesdominant.Thenthequestionarises.Howdoesthedominantgenecovertherecessivegene?Sexgene?Becausetheproteinexpressedbythedominantgenenotonlyhasthephysiologicalfunction,butalsohasthefunctionofinhibitingtheproteinexpressedbytherecessivegene.

3.Growthandaging

Oxygenfreeradicalscausehumanaging.Inthemitochondriaofthecell,protonsdriveATPsynthasetoproduceATP.ATPistheenergysourceofthehumanbody,whichenablesthehumanbodytogrowanddevelop.Theoppositeofprotonsiselectrons(protonsarepositivelychargedandelectronsarenegativelycharged).Theoppositeconceptofgrowthanddevelopmentisaging.Theelectronchaininthemitochondrialeaks,andthefreeelectronscombinewithoxygenmoleculestoformoxygenfreeradicals,therebymakingthehumanbodyaging.Itcanbeseenthatthesubstancestriggeredbyprotonsmakepeoplegrowanddevelop,andthesubstancestriggeredbytheoppositeprotons(electrons)makethehumanbodyaging.OxygenproducesenergysubstanceATPthroughcellrespiration,whichmakespeoplegrowanddevelop.Atthesametime,oxygenisthefactorthatcauseshumanaging(Oxygenandelectronscombinetoformoxygenradicals).

4.Theswitchofbiochemicalreactions:enzymes

Almostallbiochemicalreactionsofthehumanbodyneedenzymestocatalyze,sogenerallyspeaking,enzymesaretheswitchesofbiochemicalreactions.

5.TheCityofCells

Acellislikeacity.Thecityissmallandsmall(smallinsize),butlargeandlarge(withmanycontents).Thecellmembraneislikeacitywall,DNAislikethepersonwhoputsforwardthetheoryofproduction,mRNAislikethepersonwhospecificallydirectstheproduction,andtheribosomeisliketheproductionfactory,tRNAislikethetransporteroftherawmaterial,aminoacidisliketherawmaterial,theendoplasmicreticulumislikethetransportationcompany,andtheGolgibodyislikeForprocessingcompanies,mitochondriaarelikepowerplantsthatprovideenergy,extracellularfluidsarelikeopenspacesbetweencities,andbloodvesselsarelikehighwaysbetweencities,transportingoxygenforcellrespirationandcarbondioxide,whichisexcrementforcellrespiration.

6.Genediagnosisandgenetherapy

Genediagnosis:Genechiptechnologycanquicklydiagnosegenes.

Genetherapy:theintroductionofexogenousnormalgenesintotargetcellstocorrectorcompensatefordiseasescausedbygenedefectsorabnormalities.

Genetargetingtechnology:Eliminatespecificharmfulgenes.

7.Geneengineeringtomakeenzymes

Genesexpressproteins,andenzymesareproteins(exceptforribozymes),whichexpressspecificenzymesthroughspecificgenes.

8.Chemicalsynthesisandbiopharmaceuticals

Differentfromchemicalsynthesis,biopharmaceuticalsaremethodsthatuselivingorganismstoproducedrugs,andmostantibioticscomefrommicroorganisms.

9.Transgenictechnology

DNAfragmentsaretransferredintospecificorganisms,recombinedwiththeirowngenomes,andthenartificiallyselectedfromtherecombinantforseveralgenerationstoobtainIndividualswhostablyexhibitspecificgenetictraits.Thistechnologycanincreasethenewtraitspeopleexpectfromrecombinantorganismsandbreednewvarieties.

10.Cloningtechnology

Takeclonedsheepasanexample:takeoutthenucleusofthemammarycellofsheepA,removethenucleusoftheeggcellofsheepB,andtheninsertthenucleusofsheepA,AnearlyembryoisformedandplacedintheuterusofCsheep.CsheepgivesbirthtoareplicaofAsheep.

11.Stemcellsandorgantransplantation

Stemcellshavethepotentialtoregeneratevarioustissuesandorgansandthehumanbody.Inthefuture,stemcellswillbeseparatedandculturedinvitrotobreedtissuesororgansinvitro.Andfinallythroughtissueororgantransplantation,thetreatmentofclinicaldiseasesisrealized.

12.Monoclonalantibodies

Bcellsinlymphocytescanproducesingleandspecificantibodies,buttheycannotsurviveandcultureinvitroforalongtime.Myelomacellscansurviveinvitroforalongtime.Andculture,sothefusionofthesetwokindsofcellscannotonlyproduceantibodies,butalsocansurviveandcultureinvitroforalongtime.

13.Bacteriathatdecomposegarbageanddisposeofsewage

Throughgeneticengineering,producebacteriathatcandecomposegarbageanddisposeofsewage.

Inaddition,theUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngelesannouncedinDecember2009thatgeneticallymodifiedcyanobacteriathatconvertcarbondioxideintoliquidfuels,whichconvertcarbondioxideintoisobutanolthroughphotosynthesis.

14.Computersimulationofsomechemicalreactionsandsomechemicalexperiments

15.Thecontradictionoforganicmatter

Thecontradictionbetweentheelectron-donatingfunctionalgroupandtheelectron-withdrawingfunctionalgroupispositiveThecontradictionbetweenthesexgroupandthenegativegroup,thecontradictionbetweentherelativestabilityofthecarbonskeletonandtherelativeinstabilityofthefunctionalgroup.

16.Thecausalityofbiochemicalreactions

Biochemicalreactionsembodyphilosophicalcausality.Thereactantisthecause,theproductistheresult,andtheresultmaybethecause(reactant),Producethenextresult(product),thusformingacausalchain.

Electronics,machinery,construction

1.Robotsreplacehumanmanuallabor

Futureintelligentrobotsareresponsibleformining,production,processing,transportation,construction,cleaning,etc.Manuallabor,inthefuture,thebrick-movingrobotwillmovebricksandbuildhousescompletelyautomatically,oruseacomputer-controlledremote-controlrobottomovebricksandbuildhouses.

2.Brainwavecontrolcomputer

Differentthinkingproducesdifferentbraincurrents,differentbraincurrentsproducedifferentbrainwaves,brainwavescontrolthecomputer,replacingthekeyboardandmouse.Thistechnologyhasachievedsomeresults.Inthefuture,humanscancommunicatewithideas:ideasaretransformedintobrainwaves,andthereceiveroftheotherpartyconvertsthebrainwavesintosound,whichistransmittedtotheheadset.

3.Electricandself-drivingcars

Thistechnologyhasachievedsomeresults.

4.Air-conditioningsuits

Theair-conditioningsuitsofthefuture,liketheclothesofastronauts,aresealed,airtight,andheat-insulatedexceptforthemouth.Theairconditionerissmallandlight.Youcanwearthiskindofclothesforshoppinginthesummer.Chefsandsteelworkersneedthiskindofclothesmost.

5.Ecologicalbuilding

Dividedinto:parkinglayer,residentiallayer,plantinglayer,solarpanellayer.

Forexample:floors1-5areparkinglots,floors6-20areresidentialfloors,floors21-40areforcrops,andfloors41-60arecoveredwithsolarpanels.Thecroplayerandthesolarpanellayerarerequiredtotransmitlightwell,sotheyshouldbemadeintoringsorstripswithoutshadingwallstoallowlighttopassthroughthegaps.Inthefuture,citiesandruralareaswillbefullyintegrated,andtherewillnolongerbeadistinctionbetweencitiesandruralareas.

Memorabilia

HumanGeneResearch

1.OnDecember1,1999,aresearchteamcomposedofscientistsfromBritain,theUnitedStates,andJapanannouncedthatithadbeentranslatedThefirstgeneticcodeofhumanchromosomesisanothermajorbreakthroughinthefieldofhumanscience.TheHumanGenomeProjectisoneofthethreemajorscientificprojectsinhumanhistorythatareasfamousastheManhattanAtomicBombProjectandtheApolloMoonLandingProject,butitsvalueandimpactonhumansocietywillfarexceedtheprevioustwoprojects.

2.OnJune26,2000,thefirstdraftofthegenomeinhumanhistorywasfinallycompleted.Chinesescientistsparticipatedinandcompletedhigh-qualitysequencingofonepercentofthedraftofthehumangenome.ThemissionshowsthatChinesescientistshavetheabilitytorisetotheforefrontofinternationalscienceandmakeimportantcontributions.

3.OnFebruary12,2000,scientistsfromsixcountriesparticipatingintheHumanGenomeProjectjointlyannouncedthehumangenomemapanditsanalysisresults.Thecompletedmapofthehumangenomewillbedrawn.Drawacompletemapofthehumangenomeanddecipherallhumangeneticinformation.Theimplementationofthisplanwillprovideabasisforthediagnosisandpreventionofhumandiseases,bringimmeasurablechangestothepharmaceuticalindustry,andpromotethedevelopmentoflifesciences,informationsciencesandanumberofhigh-techindustries.

Aerospacetechnology

Beidousatellitenavigationsystemschematicdiagram(3photos)

1.OnDecember21,2000,China’sself-developedsecondThe"BeidouNavigationTestSatellite"wassuccessfullylaunched.Itandthefirst"BeidouNavigationTestSatellite"launchedonOctober31,2000constitutedthe"BeidouNavigationSystem."ThisindicatesthatChinawillhavethefirst-generationsatellitenavigationandpositioningsystemindependentlydeveloped.Afterthissystemiscompleted,itwillmainlyprovidenavigationservicesforroadtransportation,railwaytransportation,maritimeoperationsandotherfields,andwillplayapositiveroleintheconstructionofChina'snationaleconomy.

OnJanuary10,2001,China'sself-developed"ShenzhouII"launchedattheJiuquanSatelliteLaunchCenterinChinaandsuccessfullyenteredthescheduledorbit.OnJanuary16,the"ShenzhouII"unmannedspacecraftreturnedaccuratelyandlandedsuccessfully.ThisisthefirstlaunchofChina'sspaceflightinthenewcenturyandthesecondflighttestofChina'smannedspaceproject.ItmarksanimportantstepforwardforChinatorealizemannedflight.

3.OnOctober15,2003,theShenzhouVmannedspacecraftsentastronautYangLiweiintospace.ThissuccessfullaunchmarksChina'sbecomingthethirdcountrycapableofsendingpeopleintospaceaftertheformerSovietUnion(Russia)andtheUnitedStates.

4.OnSeptember25,2008,ShenzhouVIIlaunchedtheastronautsZhaiZhigang,LiuBomingandJingHaipengintospace.ZhaiZhigangwasoutofthecabinforoperations,andLiuBomingassistedintheorbitalmoduletorealizethefirstspacewalkinChina'shistory,makingChinaacountrycapableofspacewalking.

5.OnDecember14,2013,theChang'e-3probesuccessfullylandedonthelunarsurfacepre-selectedlandingarea,markingthatmycountryhasbecomethethirdcountryintheworldtoachieveasoftlandingonextraterrestrialcelestialbodies.

6.Chinesescientistsareattheforefrontofinternationalscienceandtechnologyinnanotechnologyresearch.Inthemostrecenttime,Chinesescientistsdirectlydiscoveredthesuperplasticductilityofnano-metalforthefirsttimeintheworld.Nano-coppercanextendmorethan50timesatroomtemperaturewithoutbeingindomitable.Abreakthrough,itshowedforthefirsttimehowvoid-freenanomaterialsdeform."Onthewhole,Chinaranksfourthintheworldinthetotalnumberofnano-relatedpapers,andhastakenaplaceintheworldinthefieldofnanomaterialsresearch.

7.Supercomputerintelligence.OnNovember29,2000,Chinaindependentlydevelopedthefirsthumanoidrobotwithhumanappearancecharacteristicsthatcansimulatehumanwalkingandbasicoperatingfunctions.Theuniversitydebuted.TheadventofhumanoidrobotsmarksthatChina'sroboticstechnologyhasenteredtheinternationaladvancedranks.

OnMarch8.2001,thestateheldthe15thAnniversaryAchievementExhibitionofthe"863"ProjectattheBeijingExhibitionHall.Sincethe"863"planwasimplementedinMarch1986,ithasobtainedmorethan2,000domesticandforeignpatents,publishedmorethan47,000papers,createdacumulativenewoutputvalueofmorethan56billionyuan,andgeneratedindirecteconomicbenefitsofmorethan200billionyuan.Theoveralldistancebetweentheresearchanddevelopmentlevelinthehigh-techfieldsupportedbythe863Programandtheworldadvancedlevelhasbeensignificantlyreduced,andithasbeguntooccupyaplaceintheworldhigh-techfield.Morethan60%ofthetechnologyhasbeendevelopedfromscratch,andnowithasenteredorapproachedtheinternationaladvancedlevel.Another25%stilllagsbehindtheinternationaladvancedlevel,butithasmadegreatprogressontheoriginalbasis.

OnJanuary7,2016,ProfessorPanJianweioftheUniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChinaandhisteamwonthefirstprizeofthe2015NationalNaturalScienceAwardfor"MultiphotonEntanglementandInterferenceMeasurement".PanJianweisaidthatin2016,awide-areaopticalfiberquantumcommunicationnetworkconnectingBeijingandShanghaiwillbebuilt,anda"quantumscienceexperimentsatellite"willbelaunchedtoinitiallybuildawide-areaquantumcommunicationsystembetweentheskyandtheearth.Facing2030,inaeroengines,quantumcommunications,cyberspace,intelligentmanufacturingandrobotics,deep-seaanddeep-spaceexploration,keynewmaterials,brainscience,independentinnovationintheseedindustry,andhealthprotection,wewillpromptlyselectandlaunchabatchofnationalstrategicintentions.Majorscientificandtechnologicalprojectsandprojects.

China'sdeep-seatechnology

In2002,theMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofChinalistedthedevelopmentofdeep-seamannedsubmersiblesasamajorprojectoftheNationalHigh-TechResearchandDevelopmentProgram(863Program),andlaunchedthe"Jiaolong"carrierSelf-designandindependentintegratedresearchanddevelopmentofhumansubmersibles.

From2009to2012,the"Jiaolong"successfullyachieved1,000-meter,3,000-meter,5,000-meter,and7,000-meterseatrials.

OnJune30,2012,the"Jiaolong"mannedsubmersiblesuccessfullycarriedoutthelastdivetestofthe7000-meterseatestintheMarianaTrenchtestarea,withamaximumdivedepthof7,035meters.Thefourth,fifth,andsixthdivetestsofthe"Jiaolong"7000-meter-classseatrialallexceeded7,000meters,andthemaximumdivedepthreached7062meters.Itcanbesaidthatthisseatrialwasacompletesuccess.The"Jiaolong"mannedsubmersibleisamajorprojectofthenational"863"plan.TheChinaOceanicAssociationundertheStateOceanicAdministrationorganizedanumberofscientificresearchunitstojointlyundertakethedevelopmenttasks.Asacoreunit,morethan100scientificresearchandproductiondepartmentsanduniversitiesintheUnitedNationshaveovercomeaseriesofgapsandkeytechnicalbottlenecksthatChinafacesinthefieldofdeep-seatechnologyduringthe10-yearresearchandtestingprocess.

PrincipalScientist

IsaacNewton(1642-1727)Britishscientist,founderofmodernphysics,Newton’sfirstlaw,thelawofuniversalgravitationandotherdiscoverieshavefar-reachinginfluence.

WernervonSiemens(1816－1892)Germanengineerandentrepreneur;inventorofelectricmotors,generators,tramsandcompasstelegraphs,improvedsubmarinecablesandproposedopen-hearthfurnacesThesteelmakingmethodrevolutionizedthesteelmakingprocess,thefounderofSiemens.

JosephJohnThomson(1856—1940)Britishphysicist.In1897,thefirstelementaryparticleinthestructureofmatter,anelectron,wasdiscovered.

Fulton(1765-1815)Americaninventor.In1807,Fultonmadeasteamship.

KarlFriedrichBentz(1844—1929)Germanengineer.In1868,theworld'sfirstthree-wheelinternalcombustionenginecarwasmade.

Volta(1755-1829)Italianphysicist.In1800,hemadeavoltaicstackandsooninventedavoltaicbattery,whichenabledpeopletoobtainastableandcontinuouscurrentforthefirsttime.

NicholasAugustOtto(1832—1891)Germanengineer.In1876,thefirstfour-strokecyclegasinternalcombustionenginewasbuilt.Makestheadventofcarsandsubsequentairplanespossible.

Daimler(1834—1900)Germanmechanicalengineer.Thefirstgasolineenginewasbuiltin1883,andtheworld'sfirstfour-wheelinternalcombustionenginecarwasbuiltin1886.

TalcottParsons(1854-1931)Britishinventor.In1884,thefirstmulti-stagereactionsteamturbinewasmanufactured.

RudolfDiesel(1858-1913)Germanengineer.Thefirstdieselenginewasmanufacturedin1897.

Bessemer(1813-1898)Britishengineer.In1856,theconvertersteelmakingmethodwasinvented.

ThomasAlvaEdison(1847-1931)Americaninventor.Hecompletedmorethan1,300inventionsinhislifetime,whichhadahugeimpactonmankind.In1897,hesuccessfullydevelopedanincandescentlamp.

Morse(1791-1872)Americaninventor.In1837,thetelegraphwasinvented,andonMay24,1844,theworld'sfirsttelegraphwassentout.

AlexanderBell(1847-1922)Americaninventor.Thetelephonewasinventedin1876.

GalilmoMarconi(1874-1937)Italianengineer.Wirelesstelegraphywasinventedin1895.OnMarch28,1899,hesuccessfullyrealizedradiocommunication.

The20thcenturyscientificmasterAlbertEinstein(2photos)

AlfredBernhardNobel(1833-1896)Swedishchemist,

Engineersandindustrialists.In1866,NobelmadesafetyexplosivesandcreatedtheNobelPrize.

MaxPlanck(1858.4.23.-1947.10.3.)Germanphysicist,thepioneerandfounderofquantumphysics,andthewinneroftheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1918.Sincethen,thedominanceofclassicalphysicshasended.

AlbertEinstein(March14,1879-April18,1955)isaworld-famousGerman-Americanscientist,aJew,thefounderandfoundationofmodernphysicsMan,theproponentofthetheoryofrelativity,the"mass-energyrelationship",andthedefenderofthe"deterministicinterpretationofquantummechanics"(vibratingparticles)-Godwhodoesnotrollthedice.

NikolaTesla(NikolaTesla,1856-1943),bornonJuly10,1856,isaworld-renownedinventor,mechanicalengineerandelectricalengineer.

JamesWatt(January19,1736-August19,1819)wasafamousBritishinventorandanimportantfigureintheIndustrialRevolution.

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