Red Scarf Army Uprising

History Background

Yuan dynasty, the ruling class mainly as the Mongolian aristocrat is very cruel to the plunder and slavery of all ethnic groups, especially the Han people. They madly merged the land, turning the vast good fields into pastures, such as the Minister Bokey to reward the land of 2,000. The big landlord is dominated, "Zhao Tianlin Yuan" (Zhao Tianlin Yuanzhong is a five-year tempering: "Jiangnan Hao Min is widely agricultural land, driveing ​​into the people, the nok, and there is a Qunjun, no stainless festival There is a power of government "). Farmers lost their land to become slaves. The government's crosses, the names of miscellaneous taxes, and the national tax increased by 20 times.

Yuan dynasty ruler is unhappy, and you can search for folk treasures, and every day is for Buddha. The government is financially incorporated, and the currency, and the people of the country. In addition, the Yellow River is out of the year, and it is a lot of people. It is really a living. There is a living "the deceased is full of road, the life and ghost neighboring" (see Yuan · Zhang Yanghao "田 类 类 民" cloud: mourning people, "deceased It is full of road, living and ghost neighboring. ") The tragic situation. The rebellion is ignited in the hearts of the people. Society is circulating the song "three times a day, don't be refreshed" ("The end of the Yuan Directs, the Torture of the Torture, the village of the Tailong Tree": Tiaogao Emperor, the people are more Three times a day, don't re-refer to? By Huang Yan Fang Guzhen, there is a chaotic Jianghuai, red scarf all over the four squares. See Qing Sun Chengze "Chunming Dream" Volume 34).

The uprising has finally led to the end of the peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the end of the peasant uprising. This time the upscript is large, the time, the farmers who have mainly maintained the Red towel army heavy blow The rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the country has created a condition for Zhu Yuanzhang to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty.

to the four years (1344) in May, the Yellow River fell, the North Liudong Dike, the Golden Dike (now Northeast, Henan Lankang) In the first of the rumors, the people in the county, the plague, the people's death in the disaster areas. After the Yellow River decides, the Shandong salt field is risked, and the revenue of the government of the government is seriously affected. September in April, Shunji Lu is a book, the total governance, the government to prevent 150,000 people to open two hundred and eighty-tile new rivers, so that the Huanghe East is going to enter the sea, the time to force the workers, and supervise the bureaucrats of the river. "Hui". The rivers are hungry, and the group is indignant. At the end of the eleventh year, Yuan Shun Emperor decided to change the banknote (see the banknotes), the banknotes, resulting in inflation, the price of the price, the final, "all Important trade. The banknotes of public and private are not good. "" Open the river "and" banknotes "promote the contradiction between the ends and ends and the end of the world.

Jia Lu enjoys the river, the northern Bai Lian's leader Han Mountain children and their teenagers Liu Futong Decided to seize this opportunity and launch an armed uprising. They stepped up with "Maitreya Life", "Ming Wang is born", one side, "stone people, pitting the Yellow River in the world, and secretly chiseling a one-eyed stone People, buried on the river near Huanglinggang. After the one-eyed stone dug, the rivers are shocked, the news came out, the big Henan north, the rebellion suddenly ignited.

Liu Fu Tong is 颍State (now the first Anhui community), Han Mountain children are Hebei Yongnian. The two have been secretly taught in the northern region, the stone people dig out, the timing is mature. At the beginning of the eleventh, Hanshan children, Liu Fangtong gathered three thousand people On the state, killing the black bull, swearing the heavens and the earth, preparing the uprising. Liu Fangtong declared that Han Mountain children were the Song Huizong Eighthshow, as a Chinese master, and claimed to be the future generation of the Southern Song Dynasty. Three thousand, straight to the land of Yan Yan; Longfei Jiuyin, reopen the day of the big Song Dynasty ", said that overthrowing Yuan Dynasty, restoring the determination of the big broadcast. This uprising is blocked by the government, and Han Mountain children sacrificed. Wife, Han Lin, fled to Wu'an (now Jiangsu Xuzhou). After Liu Futong broke out the uprising the masses. He tacted the state (now Fuyang, Anhui). Due to the head of the army, he called "Red Scarf Army"; The insurgents are more than Bai Lian, burn incense, so it is also known as the fragrant army. After the Red Scarf Army occupied Zhangzhou, the Yuan Ting sent a pivoting hall with a school, baldness Angjun and Han army went to suppress, and was red towel. The army defeated. Then, the Red Scarf Army occupied Zhangzhou (now Anhui Luzhou Yucheng District), Xiangcheng (now Henan Xiangchengnan), Zhu De (now Henan Guanbei North). September, Kring House (now Henan Weinan) , Also Khaka (now Henan shackles), Guangzhou (now Henan Huangchuan), the number of people has reached more than 10,000. "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " "At that time, there was such a poem in the society:" The Tianzi Demon Jun is not flat, uneasy people kill people, unreasoning, killing, killing immortality. (See: Yuan Tao Zongyi "Nanyun Tilting" Volume 28 Tao In describing the Jiangyin place "big surname" Xu Jin son organizational righteous army cooperation with the official army to fight the red towel army and the Hangzhou Hu Zhongbin recruitment "evil boy" After the defending of the country, the red scarf "is the number of people who want to make the uncle to send to the official incident, and" this is description "This helper language, today is really" seems to be described at the end of the Yuan The situation of various evil spirits and mutually chaos) "reflects the social reality of class opposition and national oppression under the Yuan Dynasty, expressing the political ideals of the oppressed farmers. The Red Scarf Army is here, and the rice is opened. Help the poor, deep people's support. The masses have joined the Red Scarf Army, and the team has expanded to hundreds of thousands.

Under the influence of the Red Scarf Army, farmers across the country responded. Number of people There is Xu Shouhui, which is 蕲水 (now Hubei), Sesame Lee, Xiaoxian (now Anhui), Nanyang (now Henan), the third, Jingfan's Meng Haima Minar, Yanyu (now Anhui Feng Yang)'s Guo Zixing Department, etc..

is the reactionary rule of the Empowering the Yuan Dynasty. The encouragement of the masses struggled to the feudal government. From the northern Red Towel Army, from the fifteen years (1355) began to attack. In February, Liu Fangtong welcomed Han Lin in Zhangzhou (now Anhui), and Han Liner as "Xiao Ming Wang", country No. "Da Song", "Dragon Phoenix", established the revolutionary regime of the Northern Red Towel Army. Liu Fangtong is a pivot section, soon, Ren Yugong.

Main characters

1351 On May 3 (Lunar New Year), Han Mountain Children Leading Hongjie Uprising. Han Mountain Tong, Zhaozhou Yucheng (Hebei Yucheng) people, born in a family of Bai Lian, and then moved to Yongnian. Han Mountain children use white lotus as a link, propaganda "Maitreya's birth", "Ming Wang is born", and met Liu Fu Tong, Fuyang, Anhui. (Hamantu): "The world is chaotic, Maitreya is born, the king is born. Henan Jianghuai people's letter". See Ming Chen Jian "Huangming General LCD full record "Volume 1) In 1351, Yuan Dynasty was to open up the north and north waterway, with 150,000 people to pick up the river embankment. Han Mountain children, Liu Fangtong believes that the time has arrived, edited" stone people, pitting the Yellow River "The folk songs, spread around. It is buried in the river, the stone man is carrying" Mo Dao Shi people, this thing is in the world. "Treat the stone people dig out, the news is not awkward At this time, Han, Liu took the opportunity to gather in the Hebei Yongnian County Baoluzhuang, kill the white horse, the cow, the alliance of the oath, the county order heard the news, and the thousands of military teams were encircled, Han Mountain children were captured, and the rotation was killed. Liu Fangtong highlighted the rest of the year, on May 3, in Anhui once again uprising. Because the insurgents wrapped in red towels, the history called "Red Scarf". In 1355, Liu Fangtong's son of Han Hansan children in Anhui Province "Xiao Ming Wang", the country "big Song". Restoring the red scarf recovered the big Song Dynasty, Ming Dynasty thought is caused by the Song Dynasty Renzheng's morality (the end of Han Mountain children, the grandfather is the Song Dynasty, the country ... other In the soldiers, they all have the words of Xing Song. The red scarf is safe with the sentence of the big Song Dynasty. Yuanyuan in the migration of the Song Dynasty, and his family members and Shazhou, fear of pushing. At this point, I see the Song Ren's thickness, and I will be deep. Although the surname is not yet, the Hantang has not yet. Seeing the "Two Mountain Tang" Volume 10 Jiajing 18 Years Mixed). Master-shifted in Henan. The Red Scarf Army insisted on the battle for 12 years, and he went to the Yuan Dynasty political power, and made a foundation for the establishment of the Ming Dynasty.

Three Road Northern Expedition

1357, Liu Fangtong divided into three ways. The East Road is led by Quality, and the Shandong, Hebei offensive. Mr. Zhongluan (ie Guan Tei), the head pan (ie Pancheng) is led, attacked Shanxi, Hebei, through the Datong Direct (now Northwestern Inner Mongolia, the northwest of the "Fuqui North" Mongolian Palace, continuing to move around the Liaodong; the West Road is routing the big knife, the white is not believed, Li Xi is led, and it will lead to the middle of the Xingyuan (now Nanxian County, Shaanxi), Fengxiang (Today, Shaanxi Fengxiang County), transferring Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia. The Peasant Uprising Force Festival victory, there is a great situation in the "official government four" and "the Red Army House".

At the same time, Liu Futong also started hitting at the beginning of the three arm army. For 18 years (1358) May, Liu Fangtong led the department to attack the beam (now Kaifeng in Henan), setting the Song Zhengquan City. At this time, the power of the Red Scarf has been "more than Qilu, the West, the West, the south, the north to the north to the Yan Yan", reached the ever.

Yuan dynasty, like the ants, panic, first sent back to the army, after the Han army defeated, and sent Yu Shi Dafu, and the fungus took a suppression, and the result was defeated. The military weapon is almost light. Yuan Dynasty rulers collected all reactionary power, is alone, from all walks of life.

Red towhe army, brave resistance to officers and soldiers and landlords. Due to the dispersion of the force, the three-way army flows, there is no consolidated base, and the lack of careful combat plan is often lost. The three major army's Northern Expedition has been defending, and the situation reverses. The two militaries that Champion Tumer and Rumorum were led by the branch of the Song regime. In August 19, Liu Fangcheng broke, Liu Fangtong protect Han Liner to rush out, and escaped. Anfeng. To the twenty-third year, I have already occupied Zhang Shicheng, Zhangzhou (now Fengyang), and Anfeng (now Anhui Shou County) emptying machine, send Lu Zhen to break the Anfeng (now Anhui Shou County) . Liu Fangtong, Yijun Leader, killed, and the red towel army in the Zhongyuan area was suppressed by the landlord armed. In 1363, the Han Song regime established by the Red Scarf Army was over.

and in the south, Zhu Yuanzhang's uprising army has developed rapidly. Zhu Yuanzhang was born in the poor farmers' family. It was originally the left deputy chief of the Guo Zixing Red Towel Army. She was appointed Zuo Xiang, who was appointed by Xiao Ming Wang. The latter tree banner, betrayed the peasant army, became an agent of the landlord. In the first month of 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang called the emperor in Nanjing, Jianyuan Hongwu, and the country Daming. The Yuan Dynasty finally destroyed under the hit of the peasant army.

Although the Red Towel Army failed, but the peasant army adhered to the fight for 13 years. After the "size hundred wars", the wavest and half of China, the rule of the disintegration and overturning the Yuan Dynasty made a decisive role.

Red Towel Army

Red Towel Army, also known as the Red Army, is the main thing for the Yuan Dynasty to the end of the Yuan Dynasty, which was originally teaching, Maitre, Bai Lian The folk religion is started, because the red flag, the head of the red scarf is called "red towel" or "Red Army", but also known as the incense.

Under the influence of the Red Scarf Army, farmers across the country responded. There is a lot of people in the number of people (now Hubei 浠水), Xiaoxian (now northwest of Anhui Xiaoxian), Nanyang's Bulunan, Jingfan's Meng Haima Min, Tonashui (now Anhui Guo Zixing, which is Fengyang East).

The background of the Red Scarf Army, from the end of Yuanshun Emperor, political corruption, taxation, plus natural disasters. The Red Scarf Army initially started from the north, with Han Mountain, Liu Fangtong, etc., promotes the teachings such as the world of Maitre, to the eleventh year (1351), Yuanshun Emperor, with the Jauban, the use of a large number of people, causing dissatisfaction Han Mountain Tong and others decided to launch things in May, but the people who have been killed, and Liu Fangtong took the son of Han Lin in Han Lin, occupying the Yingzhou. Many people have added, in Henan, and other things in the north For example, Xuzhou's sesame plum, Peng Da, and the Guo Zixing, who are in Xu Zi, have a red towel uprising.

Failure Cause

The last end of the farmers war, the Northern Red Towel Army is unified, mainly the lack of unified command, the army of all the roads are uncoordinated, there is no clear strategic thinking . In addition, the main force is far from the Central Plains, the rear is empty, and the beam is the Yuan army strikes, so that the situation is sharply entered the low tide. Although Liu Fangtong's leadership did not achieve the purpose of admissibility, but its horizontal rule of the northern region, he grabbed the main force of the Yuan army, and established and laid conditions and foundation for the development of the South of the South, and finally overturned the Yuan dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang is tired of the Northern Red Scarf Army, and there is a series of effective measures, and gradually develops. Take the strategy of the western future, first strong, weak, in the specific combat, steadily advancement, concentrate the strength of the force, first tweak the leaves, and then shake the fundamental, thus shaking the group and is unified, and it has laid a strong substance in the north. Foundation and military foundation.

Northern Uprising Army is failed. However, the South Zhu Yuanzhang's renovation army has not failed. At that time, the two major forces were the main forces in the south. No matter who the overcomings will be the south, the South of the South is in the northern part of the Northern Nationality, which will be unified, and Zhu Yuanzhang Victory is a military tactical problem. Original Zhu Yuanzhang only in Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangsu, but defeated Chen Youyi, two lakes in his hand, he was a soldier, now the food is also enough, the south is already in his hand, then grasping the timing, take the north of the Yuan army inside That is, the prostitute Shandong, directly in most water to the stream, this is a big reason, the South is already the center of gravity of China, including Jianghuai in Zhu Yuanzhang, the Yuan army has no source of food, especially the Ming army It has already had a firearm and a large number of cavalry, and the most favorable cavalry advantage of the South is no longer existed. In addition, the contradiction between the nation, the destruction of the Yuan Dynasty is inevitable.