Quota

Citation explanation

⒈ The prescribed amount.

Tang Yuanzhen’s "Money and Goods Proposal": "Since the state has imposed two taxes, the world’s wealth is limited to three products. "Please reduce Su Song's excessively floating grains" Qing Feng Guifen: "Please follow the fixed amount at the time of perfection."

⒉ A certain amount; a prescribed amount.

"New Five Dynasties History · Miscellaneous Biography Ten · Liu Shenjiao": "There is a fixed amount for rent." Song Wang Anshi "Regulations on the Three Divisions of Beggar System": "There is a fixed amount for all the roads and years." The third and fifth chapters of "The Heroes of the Sons and Daughters": "Whenever there is an examination in an examination, you must take a few more books in addition to the quota." For example, he works hard and exceeds the quota every day.

Basic meaning

In the production process, in order to complete a certain unit of qualified products, a certain amount of labor, materials, machinery, equipment, and funds must be consumed. Since these consumptions are affected by technical level, organizational management level and other objective conditions, their consumption levels are not the same. Therefore, in order to uniformly assess its consumption level and facilitate business management and economic accounting, it is necessary to have a unified average consumption standard, so a quota has been produced.

According to the amount of labor and materials for each project, work out the combined price of labor and materials for each project, and summarize them into a book according to different categories, which is the fixed amount.

With the deepening and development of construction project management, quota has been mentioned as a very important position. The use of scientific pricing basis and advanced pricing management methods in all stages of construction projects is an important guarantee for reasonable determination of project costs and effective control of project costs. Quota belongs to the category of technical economy and is one of the basic tasks of scientific management.

For example, the quotas for concrete and mortar materials promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Communications of the People’s Republic of China>;

There are many types of project quotas, which can be Divided into 4 categories:

1. Divided by management level, national unified quota, professional general quota, local quota, enterprise quota and supplementary quota;

2, according to purpose For, budget estimates, construction quotas, budget quotas, budget estimates, investment estimates, etc.;

3. According to material content, it is divided into labor quotas, material consumption quotas, and mechanical shift quotas;

4. According to the nature of the cost, it can be divided into construction project quota, installation project quota, other cost quota, indirect cost quota, etc.

Forms of expression

Mainly include: ①The working hour quota expressed in time. That is, the time required to produce qualified products or to complete a certain job is stipulated by the production unit. ②The output quota expressed in terms of output. That is, the number of qualified products that should be completed in unit time. ③ The guarding quota expressed in terms of the number of guarding machinery and equipment. That is, a worker or a group of workers takes care of the number of machines and equipment at the same time per unit time. ④Service quota expressed in terms of service volume. That is to specify the number of service items that should be completed within a unit time. In order to meet the needs of production, labor quotas can take different forms according to different production characteristics and conditions.

Labor quota work is a basic work of an enterprise. The content of this work includes the formulation, implementation, statistical analysis and revision of labor quotas.

To correctly define the quota level, scientific methods must be adopted to formulate a technically based labor quota in a timely, accurate and comprehensive manner. This is the prerequisite for labor quota work. In the work of formulating labor quotas, it is necessary to correctly stipulate the level of labor quotas. The quota level is the requirement for the labor volume of the laborer, and it is also a comprehensive reflection of the enterprise's technical level and management level. It is the core of the quota work. If the quota level is too high, employees will not be able to reach it through hard work, which will dampen their enthusiasm and affect the implementation of the quota; if the quota level is too low, employees will easily exceed the quota without effort, and it will not promote production. Therefore, a reasonable quota level is a quota that can be reached or exceeded by most employees through hard work under normal production conditions. In order to formulate advanced and reasonable quotas, an appropriate method of formulating quotas must be selected. The current methods of Chinese enterprises include: ① Experience estimation method. It is estimated by the quota personnel according to the product drawings and process technical requirements, and considering the conditions of the equipment and tools used at the production site, and based on practical experience. ②Statistical analysis method. Based on the original records and statistics of the actual working hours or output of similar products or parts and processes produced in the past, and predict the changes in the production technology and organization conditions of the enterprise in the future. ③Comparative analogy. Based on the existing quotas of the same type of products, parts, and processes, after analysis and comparison, the quota of another product, part, and process is calculated. ④Technical measurement method. Through the analysis of the production technology organization conditions, on the basis of tapping the production potential and rationalization of the operating methods, it is formulated using analytical calculations or on-site measurement methods (including the use of photography, video, electronic computers, etc.).

Implementation

After the labor quota is established, it must be organized and implemented in production, and relevant technical organizational measures, such as competitions, technical training, action analysis, Quota assessment, etc., to help employees reach and continuously break through the current labor quota. Perform a statistical analysis of the quota according to the situation of the employees completing the quota, so as to find and solve the problems in the quota management. By comparing with the historical level of the company and the level at home and abroad, find out the gaps, analyze the reasons, and actively make improvements.

With the continuous development of enterprise production technology, scientific progress, improvement of management level, improvement of production organization and labor organization, and improvement of employees’ ideological awareness, cultural and technical level and proficiency, the original formulation The quota of labor will lag behind the needs of production development, which requires regular or irregular revisions to the labor quota. In order to promote the balance and improvement of the quota level, it is conducive to keeping up with the advanced, shortening the time for quota formulation, avoiding contradictions in the revision of the quota, and improving the quality of the quota. All departments and industries must formulate unified quota standards and gradually realize labor quotas. Standardization.

Characteristics

The characteristics of the quota are determined by the nature of the quota. The characteristics of socialist quotas have the following four aspects:

A certain amount of legality

The construction project quota is a kind of legality organized, compiled and issued by the state or its authorized agencies. Within the scope of implementation, any unit must strictly abide by and implement the indicators. Without the approval of the original formulation unit, the content and level of the indicators should not be changed arbitrarily.

The mass nature of the second quota

The formulation and implementation of the quota must have a broad mass basis. Its formulation usually uses a combination of workers, technicians, and full-time quota personnel. The proposed quota can be based on reality, reflect the actual level of people under construction and installation, and maintain a certain degree of advancement. The implementation of the quota can only be completed by the production and practice activities of the masses.

The relative stability of the three quotas

The relative stability is generally maintained between 5 and 10 years.

The pertinence of the four quotas

The role of the enterprise

Mainly: ①An important basis for rational organization of labor. Modern production requires that everyone’s activities be coordinated in time and space, and the production cycle is shortened. There are strict time requirements for the completion of each product or each job. Only when enterprises have advanced and reasonable labor quotas, can they be reasonably equipped with labor. Ensure that production is carried out in a coordinated manner. ②The foundation of plan management. Labor quotas are the basis for calculating output, cost, labor productivity and other economic indicators and preparing production, operations, costs, and labor plans. ③ Implement comprehensive economic accounting and improve the tools of the economic responsibility system. Labor quota is a standard for calculating and comparing people's labor consumption and labor results in production. Implementing labor quotas and increasing the completion rate of quotas means reducing the consumption of living labor in products, saving manpower, and increasing production. Through labor quota accounting and accurate stipulation of contract base and share ratio, the production tasks are broken down and implemented into workshops, teams and individuals, and the economic responsibilities assumed by the supervision and supervision are clarified and supervised, which is conducive to the improvement and implementation of the corporate management responsibility system. ④ Conditions for implementing the principle of distribution according to work in the enterprise. The labor quota is a measure of the amount of labor paid and contribution of laborers in production. When assessing the wages of employees, in addition to technical and business capabilities, the degree of completion of the quota is one of the assessment conditions. With an advanced and reasonable labor quota, the quantity and quality of labor can be calculated, and a certain amount of labor can be guaranteed to receive a certain amount of remuneration. ⑤Important means to carry out labor competitions and continuously improve labor productivity. Implementing advanced and reasonable labor quotas not only facilitates the promotion of advanced experience and operating methods, but also facilitates the development of advanced learning and ultra-advanced competitions.

Basic role

The basic role of construction quota in enterprise management is mainly manifested in the following aspects:

⑴Construction quota is the basis for enterprise planning management

The role of construction quota in the management of enterprise plans is manifested in that it is not only the basis for the preparation of construction organization design, but also the basis for the preparation of construction operation plans.

The construction organization design is a technical and economic document that guides the construction preparation and construction production of the proposed project. Its basic task is to determine an economical and reasonable construction plan according to the provisions of the bidding document and contract agreement. Make the best arrangements for the proposed project in terms of material resources, time and space, technology and organization.

The construction operation plan is prepared according to the company’s construction plan, the construction organization design of the proposed project, and the actual situation of the site. It is a specific execution plan for the purpose of realizing the company’s construction plan, and it is also carried out by the team and group. Basis for construction. Therefore, construction organization design and construction operation plan are indispensable links in enterprise planning management. The preparation of these plans must be based on the construction quota.

⑵Construction quota is an effective tool for organizing and directing construction production

The enterprise organizes and directs construction teams and groups to carry out construction. It is to issue construction tasks and quotas according to the operation plan. Single to achieve.

⑶The construction quota is the basis for calculating workers’ labor compensation

⑷The construction quota is the target condition for the enterprise to motivate workers

⑸The construction quota is conducive to the promotion of advanced technology< /p>

⑹Construction quota is the basis for compiling construction budgets and strengthening enterprise cost management and economic accounting

⑺Construction quota is the basis for compiling engineering construction quota system

There are problems

(1) The project cost management system is not sound and there is multiple management

As far as the project quota is concerned, it can be divided into: national unified quota, industry unified quota, Regional unified quotas, enterprise quotas, supplementary quotas, etc. The regional provincial quotas are compiled and issued by the provincial quota station and implemented uniformly throughout the province. The municipal projects invested by the government are also issued by the government. The requirements and standards of the two departments are different. , In the process of implementation, there are often conflicts, causing the quota users to be at a loss, and it is difficult for the relevant competent authorities to arbitrate.

(2) The pricing method is backward and does not adapt to the development of the construction market economy

Currently, the project cost calculation model used in the bidding and bidding of construction projects in China is still based on the fixed price The main planned economy model. The quota always wants to cover everything, but it is always impossible to cover everything, because society is progressing and technology is developing. The more comprehensive the quota is, the more it goes against the expectations, and it is difficult to achieve the desired goal. Time lag and rigid content often make people in a dilemma and embarrassment when using quotas. In addition, the project budget quotas and related costs and corresponding prices issued by the current construction administrative departments in China are compiled according to the social average level, and the project cost formed on this basis is basically the social average price. This average price can be used as a reference price for market competition, but it cannot fully reflect the actual consumption and technical management level of the participating companies, which limits the fair competition of the companies to a certain extent.

(3) Lack of full-process monitoring of project cost management

Unfair competition in the current construction market transactions is still very serious. It does not follow the rules, blindly lowers the cost, shortens the construction period, and The phenomenon of non-valuation of prices, advance construction, and default in project payments is quite common, causing many construction projects to be of poor quality, long construction period, over-budget, low efficiency, waste of people, etc., and even party A, party B, and consulting intermediary agencies collude , Deliberately increasing the project cost in order to seek profit, the consequences are very bad. For example, designers manually change designs and raise standards are often seen; and due to insufficient precision and depth, there are many designs that are frequently changed during construction; investors only want to bid at low prices, but they often neglect to bid for construction units or The qualification review of material suppliers has led to subcontracting behavior. Contractors often adopt the method of “winning bids at low prices and claiming profits” to “make money” by relying on contract loopholes and ineffective monitoring, resulting in passive project cost management.

(4) Irrationality in the conversion of quotas

Due to the continuous emergence of new technologies, new structures and new materials, the quota lacks or needs to be supplemented items and content are also increasing . However, due to the lack of surveys and reliable first-hand data, there are more irrationality in the determination of the quota or the supplementary quota; secondly, the phenomenon of overestimation and fraudulent calculation is more common in the settlement. Starting from the aspects of improving business management, improving project quality, and creating social reputation, it uses methods such as multi-calculation of project quantities, high set of fixed unit prices, and cleverly established names to artificially increase project costs. In addition, due to the large number of engineering cost components and frequent changes, the calculation procedure is complicated, and the calculation basis is not uniform, etc., which are easy to cause errors.