Psychology

Basic introduction

psychological school of anthropology, ethnology one of the schools of the United States. In the 1930s, the American school in the history of famous people, anthropologist R. Benedict, who, under the influence of Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud S. on human development and psychological dynamics theory, began to focus on psychological study of human behavior physiology, psychology, has attracted many American anthropologists. During World War II and the postwar years later, the school occupies a very prominent position in American Ethnology. Except for the main representative, Benedict, and Mead and M. A. Kadi Fresnel like. They human nature, personality and cultural change as the research theme, look for patterns of cultural interaction and mutual influence of individual personality and sociocultural formed.

Despite the different theories on the specific references between them, as Benedict "cultural model", Mead's "national character," Cady Bunnell's "basic personality" and so on, but they are explained by the psychological characteristics of people up cultural differences, the culture as a result of mental activity that psychological and cultural decision that determines his social status, national decision "advanced" and "backward." And declared that behind the "cultural model" nation advanced only in the "cultural model" of national aid, in order to change its backward "cultural model." For example, Benedict's "Chrysanthemum and the Sword" (1946), a book of the Japanese national character described as "insane person", the Japanese assertion inner world of consciousness is not entirely regulated. This provides a theoretical basis for long-term US military occupation of Japan at that time. Although criticism of racism on the surface of psychology school, but in essence it is put on the cloak of racism psychology. Therefore, this faction is also known as "ethnic psychology school." In 1952, scientists at the national meeting in New York on the theory of "ethnic psychology School" was severely criticized Asian countries as well as many European and American ethnologists. After that, the forces of the psychological school of declining.

Details

major works

psychology school are: Benedict's "cultural model" (1934), "Chrysanthemum and the Sword" Mead's "three primitive society sex and temperament" (1935), "men and women" (1949), Cady Bunnell and R. Linton cooperation "social psychology frontier" (1945) and so on.

the last 20 years, the United States and the rise of the revival movement of small-scale psychological anthropology.

the last 20 years, the United States and the rise of the revival movement of small-scale psychological anthropology. Renaissance under the influence of Freud on human development and psychological dynamics theory, the formation of a new school of psychology, its manifestations First, the so-called "anthropological knowledge", one further application in anthropology to psychology as a dynamic the focus of research methods. Currently, the school has a greater influence in the United States, there are two regular publications and hundreds of anthropologists and psychologists engaged in this study.

Since 1879, the whole psychology emerged in the past never had a warm prosperity of academic study. After the contents of the Wundt psychology, and one after another have appeared in another way or inheritance or against Wundt's theory, or, it is unique. Variety, large and small, hundreds of school psychology. These schools are widely distributed throughout the world.

schools

psychology history there have been 10 major genre, which sent both of its top ten psychology object, tasks, scope, methodology, and its size and spread to the field of view and objective role in promoting psychological research are enormous. They have all served as a psychological study of the protagonist, it has represented a psychological tendency of historical development period, objectively about history through the development of psychology. The main basic theory of contemporary psychology, is mainly draw upon the strengths of the top ten school doctrine, they learn valuable part of rational formed. Today, any one, "General Psychology" textbook we learn, the contents are actually the best part of ten schools were the result of collection is the main theory of crystallization Ten school. One of the main theories, concepts and rules can be traced almost to the top ten schools, to find the source there. Other schools in the history of psychology, also played a role, but in the end was ten inclusive school, absorption, drowned, naturalized. Some obscure, not widely spread and sympathy, did not play its due role.

For the same thing, since there will be a different experience, perspective and understanding of different views. Lead to different perceptions of different methodology. Therefore, I feel in a study developed to a certain stage, there is considerable disagreement even genre is normal. The emergence of the genre precisely that the study was a great development.

Whether it is the opposition between what subjects or ideas, as long as the school is still limited to criticism, controversy, since put on the splendor, did not evolve into a physical, mental limitations and injuries are to be promoted. People always like to emphasis biased or an idea a concept, and because of their believe and defend it. To defend the behavior is understandable, it should be. But if the theory of view and to use coercive means to be able to continue and develop, then this is very sad. From Galileo was imprisoned, Bruno was burned to death, "Origin of Species" published dare to die, and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, when the ideological oppression, without exception, people's idea of ​​being detained, and hindered the development of fusion between the school, the final will hinder the development of human knowledge and practice. In fact, the total opposite of play in exposing its drawbacks, find defects, inadequate important role. Human knowledge is growing, although it should stand on the shoulders of our predecessors, with its lessons and summed up the law of induction, accept its theoretical guidance, but after all the previous predecessors, their social and natural environment and now there is a big difference. Their personal knowledge limitations and the then ruling class need to decide their one-sided. Even in a completely open environment, people can not fully understand the world, to find the truth, not to mention the lower bound in the ruling class or ideological domination. From the perspective of psychoanalysis, even the fight against corrupt things, due to the presence of stress factors, and very easy to overkill. So for any theory, we can only learn from reference, and choose the good use.

For their own unique views and opinions, and do not think a perfect match. In later proposed a concept, should be strengthened by constant practice and theoretical research, improve it, analyze, draw the opposite advantages and strengths. This is not a compromise, but abandoned to itself, is the need for self-improvement. One needs self-confidence rather than superstition, superstition and superstition others are self-same mistake. Historically, many outstanding scholars in later years have found significant deficiencies and defects in its early theory, or the theory of basic structure of the system there are substantial errors, but because the relationship between life and energy, can no longer rebuild the system, and some avoid this talk about shortcomings and deficiencies, not self-denial, which is very regrettable. The purpose of development of human research is to improve human beings, specific to each scholar, should continue to promote and popularize his knowledge, thus promoting the development of human civilization, which is to improve their own personality. If the fear of damage to reputation, or fear of a wide variety of internal and external blow away cover up the truth, then he is the purpose of the study is questionable, and he himself also fall in the fame of personality defects. This requires us to reflect deeply on these scholars from time to time.

About faction

10 large schools of psychology summarized

10 large schools of psychology, there is a sense from within to study, there are external behavior from research; there is research from the surface of consciousness, there is a deep study from consciousness; there is static, dynamic from there; there from biology, the number of science, geometry, physics, topology, ethnology, cultural studies, etc. other to study the different angles. All schools, including the schools inherited from each other, are both connections on their psychological study, scope, nature, content and methods, but also different. This is over a hundred years the pace of development of psychology and research, far more than the sum of all the results of research on the psychology of human history, the psychological phenomenon to explore the depth and breadth of the study, also reached an unprecedented level.

The main line runs through the history of psychology hundred years, is the history of the development of the Ten Schools.

The ten schools are: content psychology school, act psychology school, psychology school construction, functional psychology, behavioral psychology school, Gestalt psychology school, psychology school of psychoanalysis, Geneva school, humanistic psychology school, cognitive psychology school.

psychoanalytic school of psychology

This is a unique by the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) founded in the late 19th century practice in the treatment of mental diseases psychological theory. this theory system including subconscious theory, theory and personality theory of Pan, etc. the theory is that human consciousness and psychology can be divided into two parts subconscious, unconscious though not as conscious as I am, but it includes the original blind impulse , instinct and repressed desires, is an important aspect of the spiritual life of the people, once their disorder is the cause of mental illness. the theory also holds that people's life behavior of a sexual color, by the "libido" performance domination, and with the "libido" focused on the changes in the location of a body in an individual development process of the emergence of oral, anal, sexual and reproductive period with a period, a four stages of development. he put personality into this I, ego and superego three parts, this my birthright, that innate instincts and primal desire; this is between my self and external reality, and for this I am as a buffer regulation; superego is the "moral of the self." that the conscience and ego ideal two parts to guide themselves to limit the scope of my impulses. Freud's psychoanalysis was, although a number of objections, but have a profound impact in the world, particularly in psychiatric treatment the field of literature and art, religion, law, etc. the new developed after psychoanalysis of Freud's revised theory, says opposition instinct and pan-sexual theory, emphasizing the social and cultural factors influence the generation of mental illness and personality development. < / p>

behavioral psychology school

this is the American psychologist Watson (1879-1958) founded in the early 20th century, a main schools of Western psychology. its development has experienced two periods: the early behaviorism period (1913-1930) and the new behaviorism period (after 1930) the early behaviorism complete rejection of human psychology and consciousness studies introspect, advocate behavioral psychology to address environmental and human manipulation the relationship between the change of objective research, and the psychological phenomenon of over-simplified in order to stimulate - response pattern, ie, S-R mode due to the behavior emphasizes objectivity of the study, the methodology for behavior control have been developed to promote the psychological accuracy and empirical studies, and it has been most widely used in the field of psychology, but it ignores the organism due to internal processes to the extreme, gradually replaced by new behaviorism to the 1930s after the new behaviorism Fixed by S-R mode, between the S-R increases the internal O-- process variable representative of a reaction of an intermediary to form S-O-R mode.

the present school psychology

this is the American psychologist Maslow (1908-1970) and Rogers (1902-1987) in the 1950s created. it oppose psychoanalysis belittle human nature, the conscious experience reduced to the basic driving force, but also against the deputy phenomenon behaviorism seen as the conscious behavior, advocating the development of research potential and human values, is called . Humanistic Psychology highlighted as the third force in psychology, who at the time of the full potential of self-development, and strive to achieve a variety of needs of self in order to establish a sound self, and to pursue the establishment of an ideal self, and ultimately achieve self-realization. People in the win needed to satisfy the process can produce a rich inner happiness and a sense of humanity, giving the greatest joy, this feeling itself is the highest reward for man. from the perspective of people to explore and pursue the highest of human values ​​look psychology research should be changed to ordinary people or sick people, and to become research "healthy" people's psychology, reveals the creative motivation to develop people, to show the way human potential. humanistic methodology does not exclude the traditional scientific method, and is to expand the scope of scientific research to address the problem of human beliefs and values ​​in the past been excluded from the scope of the study of psychology. Humanistic psychology is a theory is still in development, the theoretical system is not yet complete, but it may represent a new direction of development of psychology.

cognitive Psychology school

this is a new genre of psychology in this century 1960s the rise of the West, and has been become the main direction of current research in psychology. in a broad sense, where the school of psychology research focuses on understanding the process of human cognitive psychology can be called the school, such as Piaget (1896-1980) is considered to belong to the school also recognized known psychological school. but most of the cognitive process refers to scientific point of view the study of the cognitive psychology of information processing with a narrow one by one in the West, which is also called cognitive processing psychology. Rather, it accepts research , coding, operation, and use of knowledge extraction process, that is perception, memory, idea, thought, speech and so on. it emphasizes the role of people have decided to cognitive structure of the current cognitive activity and brain of the computer and the human inter were kind of like the role of research as a computer program study the characteristics of people at all stages of information processing on a more abstract level, higher mental law to reveal the human brain activity. So bring some ideas about the preparation of human cognitive processes into a computer program, computer simulation experiments on the computer, has become an important research methods in cognitive psychology.