Production type
Type
Accordingtothecharacteristicsoftheproductionindustry
Accordingtotheindustrialcharacteristicsoftheproductionobjectintheproductionprocess,theindustrycanbedividedintocontinuityProductionanddiscreteproduction.Inthecontinuousproductionprocess,materialsmoveuniformlyandcontinuouslyinacertainindustrialsequence,suchaschemicalindustry(plastics,drugs,soap,fertilizer,etc.),oilrefining,metallurgy,filmprocessing,etc.,whicharealltypicalexamplesofcontinuousproduction.Becausethematerialcontinuouslypassesthroughtheproductionofeachprocessaccordingtoacertainprocess.Anothertypeofproducts,suchasautomobiles,dieselengines,televisions,washingmachines,etc.,areassembledfromdiscreteparts.Thepartspassthrougheachproductionlinkintheirownprocess,andthemovementofmaterialsisdiscrete,sotheItiscalleddiscreteproduction,becausethiskindofmanufacturedproductsareprocessedfirst,andthenthepartsareassembledintoproducts,soitisalsocalledprocessing-assemblyproduction.
Accordingtoproductpositioningstrategy
Accordingtotheuser'sdemandforproducts,accordingtotheproductpositioningstrategy,theproductiontypecanbedividedintostock-orientedproduction(Make-to-Stock,MTSforshort)andMake-to-Order(MTOforshort).
Stock-stockedproductionisthecompany'splannedproductdevelopmentandproductiononthebasisofmarketdemand(realisticdemandandpotentialdemand)research,andtheproductsproducedcontinuetoreplenishfinishedproductinventory,andmeetusersatanytimethroughinventoryDemand.Trucks,bearings,standardparts,refrigerators,televisionsandotherproductsaretypicalstock-typeproduction.Stockingproductionhasthefollowingcharacteristics:itisthefunctiondevelopmentanddesignoftheproductbytheproducer;itisgenerallyastandardproductorproductseries,andthevarietyislimited;thepriceoftheproductisdeterminedinadvancebytheproduceraccordingtothemarketsituation;theproductionvolumeoftheproductislarge.
Dividedbyproductionstrategy
Accordingtothedegreeofrepetitionofproductproductionandthedegreeofspecializationofwork,theproductionprocesscanbedividedintomassproductionandsingle-pieceproductionAndbatchproductiontype.
TheproductionprogramNofpartsiscalculatedbythefollowingformula:
N=Q·n·(1+a)·(1+b)
Intheformula:
Q-theannualoutputoftheproduct
n-asingleproductThequantityofthepartinthemiddle
a----Sparepartsrate,calculatedasapercentage
b----Scraprate,calculatedasapercentage
Accordingtotheannualproductionprogram,dividedProductiontype:
Productiontype:singlepieceproduction,smallbatchproduction,mediumbatchproduction,massproduction,massproduction
massproduction
annualheavyparts≤5>5~100>100~300>300~1000>1000
Productionofmedium-sizedparts≤20>20~200>200~500>500~5000>5000
Quantityofsmallparts≤100>100~500>500~5000>5000~50000>50000
Productiontype
EachIndustrialenterpriseshavetheirowndifferentproductioncharacteristicsintermsofproductstructure,productionmethods,equipmentconditions,productionscale,degreeofspecialization,technicallevelofworkers,andvariousotheraspects.Thesecharacteristicsarereflectedinallaspectsofproductionprocess,equipment,productionorganizationform,planningworkandsoon.Ithasagreatinfluenceonthetechnicalandeconomicindicatorsofenterprises.Therefore,eachenterpriseshouldestablishacorrespondingproductionmanagementsystembasedonitsowncharacteristicsandproceedfromreality.Inthisway,itisnecessarytodividetheproductiontypesofenterprises.
First,itisdividedaccordingtothesize,complexityandannualoutputoftheproduct.
1,single-pieceproduction
2,massproduction
3,massproduction
2,Dividedbythesourceoftheproductionplan
1.Thewayoforderproduction.Itstartstoorganizeproduction,design,supply,manufacture,andleavethefactoryafterthespecificorderrequirementsputforwardbytheuser.Thefinishedproductsproducedaredifferentintermsofvariety,specification,quantity,quality,anddeliverytime,andtheyaredeliveredtousersontimeaccordingtothecontract,andthefinishedproductinventoryisverysmall.Therefore,thefocusofproductionmanagementistograspthe"deliverytime",organizetheconnectionandbalanceofeachlinkoftheproductionprocessaccordingtothe"time",andensurethatitisrealizedonschedule;
2.Inventoryproductionmethod.Itisbasedontheforecastofthemarketdemand,theproductionisplanned,andtheproducthasacertaininventory.Inordertopreventinventorybacklogandoutofstock,thefocusofproductionmanagementistograsptheconnectionbetweensupply,production,andsales,andorganizethebalancebetweenthevariouslinksintheproductionprocessaccordingto"quantity"toensurethattheplannedtasksarefullycompleted.
Three.Dividedaccordingtothedegreeofcontinuityofproduction
1.Continuousproduction.Itisalong-termcontinuousproductionofoneorafewproducts.Theproductsproduced,theprocessflowandtheproductionequipmentusedareallfixedandstandardized,andthereisnowork-in-processstoragebetweenprocesses.Forexample,oilextractionoperationsinoilfields,etc.;
2,intermittentproduction.Thevariouselementsinputtotheproductionprocessareintermittentlyinput.Productionequipmentandtransportationdevicesmustbesuitablefortheneedsofvariousproductprocessing,andacertaininventoryofproductsisrequiredbetweenprocesses.Forexample,machinetoolmanufacturingplants,locomotivemanufacturingplants,lightindustrialmachineryplants,etc.
Four.Dividedbyproductvarietyandproductionquantity
Dividedbyproductvarietyandquantityisalsoknownasdivisionofproductiontypesaccordingtothedegreeofspecializationoftheworkplace.Undernormalcircumstances,thegreatertheoutputoftheproductsproducedbytheenterprise,thefewertheproductvarieties,thehigherthedegreeofproductionspecialization,andthegreaterthestabilityandrepeatabilityofproduction.Conversely,thesmallertheoutputoftheproductsproducedbytheenterprise,themorevarietiesofproducts,thelowerthedegreeofproductionspecialization,andthelowerthestabilityandrepeatabilityofproduction.Itcanbeseenthattheproductoutput,productvariety,anddegreeofspecializationthatdeterminethetypeofproductionareinherentlyrelated,andthushavedifferentimpactsandrequirementsonenterprisetechnology,organization,andeconomy.
Five.Dividedbytheperspectiveofvarietyproduction
Dividedaccordingtotheperspectiveofvarietyproduction,theproductiontypescanbedividedintosmallvarietymassproduction,mediumvolumeproductionBatch)productionandlow-volumeproductionofmultiplevarieties.Inbatchproduction,itcanbedividedintomassproduction,mediumbatchproductionandsmallbatchproduction.Becauseofthesimilarcharacteristicsofmassandmassproduction,andthesimilarcharacteristicsofsingle-pieceandsmall-batchproduction,inactualwork,itisusuallydividedintolarge-scalemassproduction,batchproductionandsingle-piecesmall-batchproduction.Ingeneral,massproductionhasthecharacteristicsofstableproduction,highefficiency,lowcost,andsimplemanagement.Buttherearealsothecharacteristicsoflargeinvestment(specialfixturesandspecialmechanicalequipment),pooradaptabilityandpoorflexibility.Thiswillbringhugelossestoproductupgrades.Single-piecesmall-batchproduction,duetothecontinuouschangeofthejobsiteandfrequentchangesinjobpreparations,resultinginlowproductioncapacityutilization(peopleandmachineswaitingidle),poorproductionstability,lowefficiency,highcosts,andcomplexmanagementtasks.Therefore,wemustdoourbesttoprepareforthejob,assignthejob,planthejobschedule,andadjusttheschedule.Thecharacteristicsofmid-batchproductionarebetweentheabovetwo.
Typedetermination
Howtodeterminewhichproductiontypeanenterprise,aworkshopinanenterprise,orasectionofaworkshopbelongstoaccordingtothedivisionmark?Generally,itneedstogothroughtwosteps:Thefirstistodividetheproductiontypeoftheworkplace;
Thesecondistodividetheproductiontypeoftheworksection,workshopandenterprise.
Determinationofthetypeofproductionattheworkplace
Themainindicatorofthetypeofproductionattheworkplaceisthedegreeofspecializationoftheworkplace.Therearetwowaystomeasurethedegreeofspecializationofaworkplace:oneisthenumberofprocessesthatarefixedwithinacertainperiodoftime(ayear)accordingtotheworkplace;theotheristhelargenumberofcoefficientsofprocesses.
1,ProcessNumberMethod
Thismethodistodeterminetheproductiontypeoftheworksiteaccordingtothenumberofprocessoperationsundertakenbytheworksite.
2,Masscoefficientmethod
Thismethodistodeterminetheproductiontypeoftheworksiteaccordingtothelargenumberofcoefficientvaluesoftheprocess.Theso-calledlargenumbercoefficientreferstotheratiooftheaverageproductioncycleofthechildbearingagepartsrequiredtocompleteacertainpartprocessingprocedure.Themasscoefficientmethodisessentiallythesameasthenumberofprocessesmethod.ThereferencedataoftheprocessmasscoefficientmethodisshowninTable2above.
Determinationoftheproductiontypeofworkshopandenterprise
Inaworkshop,theproductiontypeofeachworksitecannotbethesame,butitmustbeThereisalargerproportionofthedominantproductiontypeofworkplace.Thesameistrueforaworkshopandanenterprise.Themethodofdecidingthetypeofworksection,workshopandenterpriseproductionistoadopttheprincipleofthelargestproportionandthemethodofdeterminingstepbystepfrombottomtotop.Thatis,theproductiontypeoftheworkshopisdeterminedaccordingtotheproductiontypeoftheworkplacewiththelargestproportion;theproductiontypeoftheworkshopisdeterminedaccordingtothetypeoftheworkshopwiththelargestproportion;theproductiontypeoftheenterpriseisdeterminedaccordingtotheproductiontypeoftheworkshopwiththelargestproportion.Inactualwork,sometimestheproductiontypeisdeterminedaccordingtoacertainoutputindex.
Changetheway
Differentproductiontypeshaveasignificantimpactontheproductionandmanagementofenterprisesandvariouseconomicandtechnicalindicators.Differentproductiontypeshavedifferenteconomicbenefits.Thecostofmass-producedproductsislowerthanthecostofsingle-pieceandbatch-producedproducts.Therefore,large-scalemassproductionisasuperiortypeofproduction,followedbymassproduction,andsingle-piecesmall-batchproductionistheworst.Therefore,animportanttaskforthereproductionorganizersishowtoorganizeproductionaccordingtothemassproductionmethodinsingle-pieceandsmallbatchproductionthroughallpossiblemeasuresandmethods,andtoorganizeproductioninmassproductionmodeinbatchproduction.,Therebyimprovingthetechnicalindicatorsoftheenterprise.Practicehasprovedthatthefollowingmethodscanbeusedtoexpandproductionbatchesandincreasethedegreeofspecializationofworksites,therebychangingthetypeofproductionofenterprises.
1.Undertheprincipleofcomprehensiveplanningandoverallarrangement,activelydevelopprofessionalcollaborationinindustrialproduction,includingproductspecialization,partsspecialization,processspecializationandauxiliaryproductionspecialization,andcorrespondingVariousformsofproductioncollaborationcreateconditionsforreducingrepetitiveproduction,increasingtheoutputofsimilarproducts,simplifyingtheproductionstructureofenterprisesandincreasingthelevelofspecialization.
2.Intermsofproductdesign,conductproductstructureanalysis,improveproductdesign,strengthentheserialization,standardizationandgeneralizationofproducts,andwidelyusestandardpartsandcommonparts.
3.Intermsofproductionorganization,grouptechnologyisusedtoorganizethecentralizedprocessingandgrouptechnologyofthesametypeofparts.
4.Intermsofplanningwork,strengthenplanningwork,reasonablymatchproductvarieties,andreducethenumberofproductvarietiesproducedinthesameperiod.
5.Intermsoflabororganization,increasethenecessaryequipmentandworkerstorelativelyreducethenumberofprocessesthateachjobsiteisresponsiblefor.
Throughtheabove-mentionedvariousmeasures,theproductiontypesofenterprisescanbeupgradedtoacertainextent,alargenumberoffactorsofmassproductioncanbeincreased,andtheeconomiceffectsofproductionandoperationofenterprisescanbeimproved.Butitneedstobepointedoutthatchangingthetypeofproductionisnotanunlimitedincreaseinproduction.Thetypeofproductionofanenterprisedependsonthenumberofproductsandthestabilityandrepeatabilityofproduction.Whatkindofvarietyrotationmethodisadoptedtodeterminethebatchsizeofeachproductisamatterofthespecificwayandmethodoforganizingproduction.
ERPmatching
Designbyorder
1.Designbyorder(EngineerToOrder,ETO)orDesignbyProject(EngineerToProject)Underthistypeofproduction,aproductislargelybasedonacertainItisdesignedaccordingtotherequirementsofaspecificcustomer,soitissaidthatsupportingcustomizeddesignisanimportantfunctionandpartoftheproductionprocess.Becausemostproductsaretailor-madeforspecificcustomers,theseproductsmayonlybeproducedonceandwillneverberepeatedinthefuture.Inthistypeofproduction,theproductionvolumeoftheproductissmall,butthedesignworkandthefinalproductareoftenverycomplicated.Intheproductionprocess,eachjobmustbehandledspecially,becauseeachjobisdifferent,theremaybedifferentoperations,differentcosts,anddifferentpersonnelarerequiredtocompleteit.Ofcourse,somepartsthatarefrequentlyusedandlargeinbatches,suchasrawmaterials,canbeexcluded.
Accordingtotheorder(project)productiontypeisthemostcomplicatedoneofthesixproductiontypes.Itincludesalllinksfromreceivingcustomerproductrequirementstodesigningthefinalproducttothecustomer.Therefore,forERPThesoftwarealsohasveryhighrequirements.TheERPapplicationsoftwareusedinthisindustryhasthefollowingrequirementsonthemainmodulesandcapabilities:itmusthaveahighlycomplexproductconfigurationfunction,beabletosupporteffectiveparallelproduction,supportsubcontractmanufacturing,haveworkshopcontrolandcostmanagementfunctions,andadvancedProcessmanagementandtrackingfunctions,multi-factoryschedulingfunctions,computer-aideddesignandcomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAD/CAM),integratedfunctionsandlimitedschedulingfunctions.
Assemblebyorder
2.AssembleToOrder(ATO)orMakeToOrder
Inthistypeofproduction,customershaverequirementsforcertainconfigurationsofpartsorproducts,andmanufacturersprovidecustomizedproductsforcustomersaccordingtocustomerrequirements.Therefore,themanufacturermustmaintainacertainnumberofpartsinstock,sothatwhenthecustomerordercomes,theproductcanbequicklyassembledaccordingtotheorderandsenttothecustomer.Tothisend,itisnecessarytousecertaintypesofconfigurationsystemstoquicklyobtainandprocessorderdatainformation,andthenorganizetheproductionandassemblyofproductsaccordingtocustomerneedstomeetcustomerneeds.Manufacturersmustpreparedifferentpartsandpreparemultipleflexibleassemblyworkshopsinordertoassembleawidevarietyofproductsintheshortesttime.Theproductsthatbelongtothistypeofproductionare:personalcomputersandworkstations,telephones,engines,housedoorsandwindows,officefurniture,automobiles,certaintypesofmechanicalproducts,andmoreandmoreconsumerproducts.ERPsoftwarethatmeetsthistypeofproductionmusthavethefollowingkeymodules:ProductConfiguration(ProductionConfiguration),subcontractproduction,workshopmanagementandcostcontrol,advancedprocessmanagementandtrackingfunctions,distributionandinventorymanagement,multi-factoryscheduling,Designinterface,andintegratedmodules.
MakeToStock
3.MakeToStock(MakeToStock,MTS)
Inthemake-to-stockproductiontype,customersbasicallyhavenosuggestionsorrequirementsforthedeterminationofthefinalproductspecifications,andtheirinvestmentisverysmall.Theproductsproducedbythemanufacturerarenotcustomizedforanyparticularcustomer.However,thevolumeofproductsproducedduringmake-to-stockproductionisnotaslargeasthetypicalrepetitiveproduction.Usually,thebillofmaterialsofthiskindofproductionsystemhasonlyonelayer,andtheproductionbatchisstandardized,soastandardizedcostcanbecalculated.Theactualcostcanbecomparedwiththestandardcost,andthecomparisonresultcanbeusedforproductionmanagement.Typicalproductsthatbelongtotheinventoryproductiontypeare:furniture,filingcabinets,smallbatchesofconsumergoods,andcertainindustrialequipment.Themake-to-stockproductiontypeisthetypicalproductiontypethatmostMRPIIsystemsareinitiallydesignedtohandle,sothereisbasicallynoneedforaspecialmoduletohandleit.
Repeatedproduction
4.Repetitive
Repetitiveproductionisalsocalledmassproduction.Thetypeofproductionthatproduceslargequantitiesofstandardizedproducts.Themanufacturermayberesponsiblefortherawmaterialsoftheentireproductline,andtrackandrecordtheuseofrawmaterialsontheproductionline.Inaddition,manufacturersmustpayattentiontoqualityissuesforalongtimetoavoidthegradualdegradationofthequalityofacertaintypeofproduct.Althoughinthecontinuousproductionprocess,variouscosts,suchasrawmaterialcostsandmachinecosts,overlapandaredifficulttodistinguishclearly,itisstillrequiredtodistinguishclearlyformanagementneeds.
RepetitiveproductiontypesoftenuseBackflushtocalculatetheuseofrawmaterials.Theso-calledbackflushingmethodistodeductthequantityofpartsorrawmaterialsusedfortheassemblyorsub-assemblyfromtheinventorybyexpandingthebillofmaterialsbasedontheoutputoftheassemblythathasbeenproduced.Itisbasedoncalculatedaveragevalues,notactualvalues.Repetitiveproductiontypesneedtoplanproductionbatchesandleaveappropriateintervalsinordertorepaircertainequipment.
Productsbelongingtothetypeofrepetitiveproductioninclude:pens,devicesforfixingobjects(suchaszippers),tires,paperproducts,andmostconsumerproducts.AnERPsystemsuitableforrepetitiveproductiontypesneedstohavethefollowingkeymodulesorfunctions:repetitiveproduction,backflushingmethodtomanagerawmaterials,advancedinventorymanagement,trackingmanagementandelectronicdatainterchange(EDI).Inaddition,companiesthatproducehealthandsafetyproductshavehigherrequirements,andmayneedtotrackandmanageinformationsuchasthesourceofrawmaterials,theuseofrawmaterials,andthepurchasersoftheproducts.
Massproduction
5.Batchproduction(Batch)Inthemassproductiontype,Productsintheinitialstagesofthelifecyclemayvarygreatly.Inpurelydiscreteproduction,productsareassembledaccordingtothebillofmaterials,whileinmassproduction,productsaremanufacturedaccordingtoasetofrecipesorrawmateriallists.Theformulaoftheproductmaybechangedduetoequipment,rawmaterials,initialconditions,etc.Inaddition,thecompositionandchemicalpropertiesoftherawmaterialsmaybeverydifferent,sotheremustbeasetofdifferentrecipesformakingaproduct.Moreover,themanufacturingmethodofsubsequentproductsoftendependsonhowthepreviousproductsweremanufactured.Afterseveralbatchesofproduction,itmaybetransferredtoarepetitiveproductiontype.Typicalmass-producedproductsare:medicine,foodandbeverage,paint.AnERPsystemsuitableforthistypeofproductionmusthavelaboratorymanagementfunctionsandtheabilitytoallowchangesinproductmanufacturingprocessesandrawmaterialsused.Thekeymodulesare:concurrentproducts(co-products)andby-products(by-products),continuousproduction,recipemanagement,maintenance,marketingplanning,multipleunitsofmeasurement,qualityandlaboratoryinformationmanagementsystem.
6.Continuous
Continuousproduction
Inthecontinuousproductiontype,theproductionofasingleproductneverstops,Machineryandequipmenthavebeenrunning.Continuouslyproducedproductsaregenerallyrawmaterialsfromotherfactorieswithintheenterprise.Theproductisbasicallynotcustomized.Suchproductsmainlyinclude:petrochemicalproducts,steel,andinitialpaperproducts.ThekeymodulesofanERPsystemsuitableforcontinuousproductionare:concurrentproducts(co-products)andby-products(by-products),continuousproduction,recipemanagement,maintenance,andmultipleunitsofmeasurement.
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