Pre-Qin

Historicalevolution

Pre-Qinperiod(8photos)

Duringthisperiodoftime,thebirthofkingsadoptedthe"concessionsystem",andfinallycametoEmperorYao.EmperorYaoChanwaslocatedinShunandEmperorShunChanwaslocatedinYu.AfterYudied,thesonofYuinitiatedtheestablishmentoftheXiaDynastyandended.Sincethen,"Xia"hasbecomeChina'sfirstdynasty.Therewereasmanyas"20,000princes"intheXiaDynasty.Morethan400yearslater(thatis,about1600BC),thelastXiaHou-XiaHouJietyrannicalandinnocent,ShangTangreplacedXia,andtheShangDynastywasestablished.

Xia-ShangPeriod

IntheShangDynasty,bronzecraftsmanshipwasverydeveloped,andtheoracleboneinscriptionswerealsoverymature.

TheXia-Shangperiod(approximately2100BCtoapproximately1100BC)(alsoknownastheShangDynastyortheShangandZhouPeriod)isalsoknownasthe"BronzeAge".Legendhasitthattherewere"threethousandprinces"intheShangDynasty.About1046BC,KingWuofZhouintheupperreachesoftheYellowRivercutdownonZhou.AfterthebattleofMuyewaswon,theWesternZhouDynastywasestablishedandthecapitalwasestablishedinHojing,andtheterritorygraduallyexpanded.AtthebeginningoftheZhouDynasty,therewereabout"eighthundredprinces".In841BC,the"nationalriots"rebelledagainstthetyrannyofKingZhouLi.Afterthat,theSixQingcollegiatewasimplemented,whichwascalledthe"RepublicAdministration"inhistory.ThiswasthebeginningofadefiniteyearinChinesehistory.In770BC,undertheinvasionofthenorthwestnomadictribeDogRong,thekingofZhouPingmovedthecapitaltoLuoyi,whichisknownastheEasternZhouDynasty.WiththedeclineofthepoweroftheZhouDynasty,theenfeoffedprincesformedmanyprincesandfoughtwitheachother.ThefamousfivehegemonsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheSevenHeroesoftheWarringStatesPeriodweresuccessivelycalledtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod.Finally,duringtheWarringStatesPeriod,theZhouDynastywasdestroyedbyQin.BeforetheSpringandAutumnPeriod,TianyiwasdominatedbyLu,andintheWarringStatesperiod,itwasdominatedbyphysicalobjects.TheShilusystemofXiaandShangnoblesislackinginrecordsanditisdifficulttoknowindetail.However,theyeachhaveacertainamountofland,andtheincomefromeatinglandiscertain.DuringtheWesternZhouDynastyandtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,theZhouroyalfamilyhadthousandsofmilesofland.Theprinces,princes,doctors,andscholarsalsooccupythelandindifferentlevels.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,"theteacherofthegreatcountry,thefieldofajourney".Onebrigadeconsistsoffivehundredpeople,eachofwhomcultivates100acresofland,andQing’sLutianisabout50,000acres.

"Mencius·Wanzhangxia"hasthesaying"juntenQinglu,Qinglufourdoctors,doctortimessergeant,sergeanttimessergeant,sergeanttimessergeant,sergeanttimescorporal",theactualsituationisprobablyimpossibleSoneat.Inadditiontooccupyinglandindefinitely,ShangandZhounoblesalsooftenobtainedtherightsandintereststooccupylandonaregularbasis.Forexample,theinscriptionoftheXiaochenFouintheShangDynastysaid:"WangYi(Xi)Xiaochenhasspentfiveyears."ItwastheShangWangwhorewardedXiaochenFoutocollectthecropsfromtheland,andthetimewaslimitedtofiveyears.

DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,duetochangesinthetaxationsystem,theGulusystemwasgraduallyimplemented.Forexample,ConfuciuswasLuSiKou,andhehad"Feng(senior)60,000yuan".Later,whenhewenttoWeiguotoserveasanofficial,healsohad60,000yuan.UntiltheWarringStatesperiod,allvassalstatesgenerallyimplementedtheGulusystem.WeiWenhouregardedWeiChengziashisprimeminister,"satisfyingathousandbells".KingYangavewaytoXiangGuoziandorderedtheofficialsealsofofficialswithanofficialsalaryofmorethan300shitobehandedovertoZizhi,whowouldthenappointofficials.TheofficialsalaryoftheQinStateis50shi,100shi,500shi,600shiandabove.ChuStateused"dan"tocalculatetheofficialsalary,andtherewereeventhosewith"luwandan".DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,theroyalfamilyhadnoblehonors,inadditiontotheofficialpostsandsalaries,therewerealsofeudalemperors;someofthefavoredkingsandqueensalsohadfeudalemperors.QiStateMengchangJunwasappointedastheprimeminister,inheritedhisfather'sfief,and"closedthousandsofhouseholdstoXue."

LuBuweiwastheprimeministerinthefirstyearofKingXiangofQinZhuang,andhegaveWenXinhou,"Foodof100,000householdsinLuoyang"and"TwelvecountiesofLantian".ThefavoritesubjectsofKingChuQingxiangwereChuanhou,Xiahou,YanlingMonarch,andShoulingMonarch.TheQueenofQinZhuangxiangnamedLaiLaiasaHouofChangxinandgaveShanyangLand,andHexi(nowwestofthesouthernsectionoftheYellowRiverbetweenShaanxiandShanxi);TaiyuanCounty(nowthemiddleofShanxi)astheStateofLao.Butatthistime,theenfeoffmentofthemonarchgenerallyonlyeatstherentandtaxesofthetown,andthepeoplearenotallowedtooccupytheland.Theenfeoffmentsystemistheresidueoftheenfeoffmentsystem.Inthepre-Qinperiod,thosewhoservedthegovernmentwereonlytreatedasfood.Forexample,doctorsreceivedifferentfoodsaccordingtothetreatmenteffect.LeGongandBaiGongalsohavefood.

Mutualalliances

TheemperorofZhouintheWesternZhouDynastymetwiththeprincesandtheappointmentsbetweentheemperors,princesanddoctorsintheSpringandAutumnPeriodandthealliancesbetweenthem.

InthemiddleoftheWesternZhouDynasty,KingMumetwiththeprincesinTushan(nowsoutheastofHuaiyuan,Anhui),whichwascalledtheTushanMeeting.IntheearlyandmidSpringandAutumnPeriod,thepowerwastransferredfromthekingofZhoutotheprinces.Forexample,in561,QiHuangongmetwiththemonarchsofthesixkingdomsincludingLuandWeiinKuiqiu(nowKaocheng,Henan),andsignedatreatytoconsolidatethemarriagesystemanddevelopeconomicrelationsbetweentheHoustates.InthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod,somevassalsappearedunderthedictatorshipofdoctors,andsomemeetingsbetweenvassalswerepresidedoverbydoctors.Forexample,in517yearsago,theofficialsoftheninecountriesincludingJinZhaoyangdiscussedinHuangfu(present-dayBishuiCounty,ShanxiProvince),andthefollowingyear,theZhouprincedynastywasdrivenoutoftheroyalcityandsentbacktotheroyalcapital.FromthelateWesternZhouDynastytotheSpringandAutumnPeriod,vowswereoftenusedtoadjustandconsolidatetheinternalhierarchicalrelationshipofthenobility.Thevowsofthealliancehavecertainrituals:thevowsofthealliancefirstdigthegroundasaridge(acupoint),killthematthesacrificeofcattle,sheeporhorses,cutofftheleftearoftheanimaltoholdit,andtakeitsbloodtothrive.Readthebookofthealliance(ancientlycalledthebook)totellthegods,andthentaketheoathofthealliancetodrink(drink)blood.Aftertheblood,theoriginalfranchiseagreementwassacrificedandburiedinthehurdle,andthecopywaskeptinthecollectionofthealliance.

IntheWesternWeekendperiod,ZhouYouwangsummonedtheprincestoformanallianceintheTaishi(nowSongshan,DengfengCity,HenanProvince).DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,therearemanykindsofpledges:①ThepledgeoftheHouState.Therearealliancesbetweenmonarchs.Forexample,in632yearsago,themonarchsofQi,LuandotherninecountriesparticipatedinthealliancetoconfirmthehegemonyofJinWengong;therewerealliancesbetweendoctors.Forexample,in546beforeBingcovenant.

②Themonarchandthedoctorvowed.Asin543yearsago,Dr.Zhenghadarebellion,andJianGongandthedoctorformedanallianceatthetemplewhereJunHuanGongwasfirstsealed.

③Hou'sdomesticdoctorspledged.Asintheprevious548years,QidoctorCuiZhukilledZhuangGongandformedanalliancewiththedoctorinthetemplewheretheemperorTaiGongwasfirstsealed.

④Theoathofanalliancewithintheclanofthedoctor.

Inthepre-Qinperiod,theunpaidlaborserviceperformedbythegeneralswasexpropriated.LiZhanYiwasfirstseeninthe"ConquestofLiZhan"in"Mencius:UndertheHeart".Itsscopeisverywide,includinglarge-scalelaborsuchasbuildingcitiesandrepairingroads,openingriversanddikes,andtransportingmaterials,aswellasfieldhunting,chasingbandits,lookingafterthieves,funerals,andsacrificialservices.Basedonthepre-Qinliterature,thelawofmilitaryservicehasthefollowingregulations:①Numberofpeople:afamilywithsevenpeoplewillservethreepeople,sixpeoplewillservefivepeopleintwofamilies,andfivepeoplewillservetwopeople.Whenenlistingalarge-scalemilitaryservice,onlyonepersonfromeachfamilyisenlisted,andtheothersareYuFu(reserve).Whenhuntinginthefields,chasingbandits,andhuntingthieves,allthoseservinginthemilitarymustbedispatched.

②Age:"Guoren"from20to60yearsold,"Savage"from15to65yearsold.Attheageoffifty,youdon’thavetoserve.③Numberofdays:"Withthepowerofthepeople,theageisnotmorethanthreedays."However,thenumberofdaysofactiveserviceisalsodeterminedbytheageofabundance.Threedaysinagoodyear,twodaysinamiddleage,onedayina(famine)year,andincapableoffightinginayearoffierce(famine)andZa(plague).

④Exemption:"ZhouLi,LocalOfficials·TownshipDoctors"said:"Thenobles,sages,publicservants,theelderly,andthesickareallgivenup(immunization)."

CriminalLawNorms

Thelegalnormsconcerningcrimesandpenaltiesinthepre-Qinperiod.

Accordingtolegend,beforetheestablishmentofXia,thefirstdynastyinChinesehistory,YuandShunhadcriminallaws.GaoTaowasonceappointedbyShunastheofficialinchargeofcriminallaw."ZuoZhuan"inthefourteenthyearofZhaogong:"XiaShu"said:'Faint,ink,thieves,killing.'Gaotao'spunishmentisalso."

ThecriminallawoftheXiaDynastyiscalled"Yu'spunishment".".Theso-called"YuXing"isthegeneraltermofXiaDynastylaws,anditisnotnecessarilyformulatedbyYuShi.Ancientbooksrecord:"Xiahouhasthreethousandmeats","Xiahouhasfivepunishments,threethousandpenalties","threethousandpenaltiesinXia",etc.,whichmaybespeculatedbyfuturegenerations,butnotenoughtorelyonfaith.Inordertostrengthenthedeterrentforceofthecriminallaw,therulersoftheXiaDynastyoftenpunishtheminthenameof"heaven",theso-called"heavenseeks"and"heavenpunishment".Penaltieswereharsheratthattime,andtheywereoften"punished","killed"orpunishedasslaves.Forexample,forthosewhodisobeymilitaryordersandrefusetofight,notonlypunishthemselves,butalsokilltheirwivesandsons.

ThecriminallawoftheShangDynastyhasanewdevelopmentcomparedwiththatoftheXiaDynasty."ZuoZhuan"publishedinthesixthyearofZhaogong:"ShangDynastyhaschaoticpolitics,sosouppunishment."TangwasthefounderoftheShangDynasty.Thenameissoup.AsthelawoftheShangDynastyhadbeguntotakeshape,theZhouDynastyalsoemphasizedtheuseofYinlawtoruletheShangsurvivorsatthebeginningofthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.TherulersoftheShangDynastyseverelypunishedtheactionsthatendangeredthesocialorder.Judgingfromtheoracle-boneinscriptionsintheYinRuins,theShangDynastyseemstohavefivepunishmentssuchasMo,劓,剕(刖),Gong,andDaPi.Ink,alsoknownastattoo,immediatelypiercestheskinandfillsinink.Somepeoplethinkthatthe"■"fromthewords"concubine"and"tong"intheoracleboneinscriptionsislikethetorturetoolusedininkpunishment.劓,thatis,cuttingthenose.Oraclehastheword"■"."Zi"isintheshapeofanelephant'strunk,and"■"isaknifefromsince,whichsymbolizescuttingthenose.Tosing(刖),thatis,tobreakthefoot.Oraclehascharacterslikecuttingoffhumanfeetwithasaw.Palace,themanhadhisgenitalscutoff,andthewomanwasclaustrophobic.Oraclehascharacterslikecuttingoffthegenitalswithaknife.

Dailyopening,namelykillingandcutting.Theword"cut"intheoracleboneinscriptionsislikecuttingtheheadwithGe.AttheendoftheShangDynasty,therulersalsoimposedotherbrutalpunishments.KingZhousetupa"fire-burningmethod",thatis,oilingthecopperpillarsandburningthemwithcharcoaltomakethecriminalsgoupandfallintothecharcoalfire.TheShangrulersalsosetupprisonsinvariousplacesanddetainedprisonerswithtortureequipment.The"Han"fromwhichthewords"zhi"and"圉"intheoracleboneinscriptionscomefromistheword"梏"intheancientliterature,whichmeansatorturetoolforholdinghands."ZhouLi·Prisoner"ZhengXuan'snote:"Theshackleisinthehand,andtheshackleisinthefoot."

Systemimprovement

IntheWesternZhouDynasty,thestatesystemwasfurtherimprovedandthelegalsystemwasalsonewdevelopmentof.LegendhasitthatwhentheWesternZhouDynastywasfounded,nine"BooksofPunishment"weredrawnup,andLuHou,thekingoftheZhouDynasty,wrote"LuXing".InviewoftheseverepunishmentinthelateShangDynastythatarousedstrongresistancefromthepeople,theZhourulersrealizedthatrelyingonviolentsuppressionalonecouldnotmaintaintheirrule,sotheyputforwardthepropositionof“definitelyandprudentpunishment”,andthepurposeofpenaltieswastopreventcrimes.Inthecriminallaw,thedistinctionbetweendeliberate(non-final)andnegligent(non-final),consistent(onlyfinal)andaccidental(non-final)ispreliminarilydividedinthecriminallaw.

Fordeliberateandconsistentcrimes,evenminorcrimescanbepunishedseverely;negligenceandaccidentalcrimescanbecommutedevenifthecircumstancesareserious.Atthattime,aclearerconceptofconvictionwasalsoputforward,suchas"destroyingathief,concealingathiefandbriberyasathief,andstealingaweaponasatraitor".Advocatingconvictionforconvictionmustbebasedonfacts.Thelitigationregardingthefivepenaltiesmustalsobeverifiedandverifiedtobecrediblebeforethepenaltiescanbeimposed.Questionsthataredifficulttodeterminemustbehandledwithcaution.IntheWesternZhouDynasty,somecriminallawprinciplesestablishedonthebasisofthethoughtsof"clearvirtueandcautiouspunishment"and"prisongeneralcaution"wereahugedevelopmentofancientChinesecriminallawtheory.IntheWesternZhouDynasty,inordertostrengthenthedominanceofthemonarch,anyviolationofthemonarchwasregardedasthemostseriouscrimeandwaspunishedwiththeheaviestpunishment.Inordertomaintainthehereditaryruleofthenobilityandstrengthenthepatriarchalhierarchy,theWesternZhouDynastyalsoappearedas"notfilialpiety","failure","disharmony","unmarried","disrespecttotheancestor"andothercharges."Thereisnoevilandnomercy."Inordertoprotecttheprivatepropertyofnoblesfrominfringement,theZhouDynastyCriminalLawincreasedthepunishmentforinfringementofprivateproperty."ShangShu·FeiOath":"Ifyoudon'tdaretofightagainstothers,gooverthewall,stealhorsesandcows,lureyourconcubines,youwillhavenormalpunishment."

Accordingtotheliteratureandbronzeinscriptions,weknowthattheWesternZhouDynastyInadditiontothe"fivepunishments",therearepenaltiessuchaswhipandredemption.Whip,accordingtolegend,wasestablishedasapenaltybeforetheZhouDynasty.Theinscriptions"■■"onthebronzesofthelateWesternZhouDynastyinclude"WhipRuqian"and"WhipRuFiveHundred",etc.,confirmingthattheWesternZhouDynastyactuallyusedflogging.Redemptionistheuseofpropertytooffsetthepunishmentofphysicalordeathpenalty."Shangshu·LuXing"includes:"Mopenisesdoubtsandpardons,andfineshimahundredsalaries",and"granulatespardonsandpardonsmisgivings,andfineshimthousandsofpenalties.""■■":"Todayamnestywomen(ru),then(whip)women(ru)fivehundred,punishwomen(ru)threehundred爰(锾)",whichisconsistentwiththerecordinthe"LuXing"chapter.

Newsituation

IntheearlySpringandAutumnPeriod,thevassalstatesbasicallyfollowedthelawsoftheWesternZhouDynasty.Afterthemiddleperiod,theprofoundsocial,politicalandeconomicreformspromotedchangesinthelegalsystem.Therulersoftheprincelystatesadaptedtothenewsituationandsuccessivelypromulgatednewstatutorylaws."ZuoZhuan"Zhaogong'sSixthYearRecord:"Zhengpeoplecastthepenaltybook",Du'snote:"castthepenaltybookinthetripod,itisthenormallawofthecountry."Inthefollowingthirtyyears,inordertoimplementhisownpropositions,Dr.Zheng,Dr.DengXi,revisedtheoldlawbyhimselfandcompiledaseparatepenaltybook.Becauseitwaswrittenonbambooslips,itwascalled"bamboopunishment"inhistory.LateradoptedbyZhengGuo.FollowingZheng'spenalbook,in513BC,JinZhaomingandXunYinalsocastthelawsformulatedduringFanXuanzi'sadministrationonthetripod,whichwascalledthe"XingDing"inhistory.

The"XingShu","BambooPenalty"and"XingDing"arenothandeddowntotheworld.However,judgingfromthepoliciesimplementedbylegislators,thenewlawspromulgatedbyvariouscountriesintheSpringandAutumnPeriodareundoubtedlybeneficialtothedevelopmentofsociety.Moreover,thepromulgationofthestatutorylawitselfbreaksthroughtheoldtraditionof"punishmentisunknowable,buttheprestigeisunpredictable",anditisaheavyblowtothenobles'monopolyoflegalprivileges.DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,followingthetrendofpromulgatingstatutorylawssincethemiddleoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod,thevassalstatessuccessivelyenactedlawsthatwereessentiallyautocraticcountries.The"FaJing"writtenbyLiTiaoinWeiWenhouisamasterpieceoflegislationinvariouscountriessincetheSpringandAutumnPeriod.The"Law"isdividedintosixchapters:thieves,prisoners,arrest,miscellaneous,andtools.Thefirstfourchaptersare"rightlaws".Variouscrimesandpenaltiesotherthan"thief"and"thief"."Lawreduction"isarulethataggravatesormitigatespunishmentaccordingtodifferentcircumstances.

Theappearanceof"TheBookofLaw"isamajordevelopmentinthehistoryofancientChineselegalsystem.Intermsofstyle,the"BookofLaw"takesthecrimeastheoutline,theso-called"systemofallcrimes."Comparedwiththepreviouscensorshipofcrimes,thecrimesofthesamepenaltywillbeincludedinthesamechapter,whichismorescientificandamajorchangeinthecodificationofthecode.The"LawJing"ismainlybasedoncriminallaw,mixedwithprocedurallawandotherlegalcontents,whichhasaprofoundinfluenceonthelegislationoffuturegenerations.LegendhasitthattheYu,Xia,Shang,andThudynastiessetupschoolsatalllevels,includingHsiang,Xu,school,elementaryschool,anduniversity,inthetownshipandcountry,respectively,toimplementethicaleducationforthechildrenofthenoblesandeventhecommonpeople.ThisisprobablytheidealoftheConfucianscholarsintheWarringStatesPeriodandtheQinandHanDynasties.Infact,therearenoreliablematerialstoexplaintheschooleducationbeforetheShangDynasty.

SchooleducationintheSpringandAutumnPeriodoftheWesternZhouDynastyfocusedontheSixArts.Theso-calledsixartsareritual,music,shooting,imperialism,book,andnumber.Etiquetteandwillingnesstocultivatemoralsentiment;shootingandimperialismaremilitarytraining;bookandnumberaretheskillsneededforgoverningthepeopleandpoliticalaffairs.TheinscriptionsofMaiZunandJingguionthebronzesoftheWesternZhouDynastymentionedthattheroyalfamilyhaduniversitiescalledPiyongandXuegong,whichtaughtarcherytothechildrenofthenobles,andheldshootingactivitiesinwhichthekingofZhouhimselfparticipatedintheassessment,andrewardedofficialsresponsibleforteachingarchery..TheelementaryschoolsmentionedintheinscriptionsofYuDingandShiGuiarealsoplacestotrainthenobles’childreninpolitics.The"BookofRites·KingSystem"statedthatwhenthekingofZhousenttroops,hehadto"successthroughlearning"andwinthebattle.Itcanbeseenthattheschoolisalsotheplacewherethewarplanwasmadebeforethewarandthecelebrationceremonywasheldafterthewar.Ithasacloserelationshipwithmilitaryactivities.Accordingtotherecordsof"ZhouLi·ShiShi",thechildrenofthenoblesintheChinesestudieswerealsotheguardsoftheZhoukings,andtheywereresponsibleforguardingandguardingthemanytimeandanywhere,indicatingthattheChinesestudieswerenurturingvigorouswarriors.ThelocalHouandXualsomainlyteacharchery,andareplacesforlocalsacrificesandsocialactivities.

Classicalliterature

IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,ZhengRendiscussedpoliticalaffairsatthetownshipschool,andhisenlightenedrulingsonsevenregardedthispublicopinionasagoodteacher.EvenConfuciushimselfonceconfessedtoshootingdefense.Confuciandiscipleswereabletodefendthecountryandkilltheenemy.RanYouwaspraisedbyConfuciusforleadingthetroopstodefeattheinvadingQiarmy.ButtheprivateschoolinitiatedbyConfuciushasradicallychangedtheancientschools.Sincethen,therehasbeenascribegroupfocusingonstudyingculturalclassicsandengaginginpoliticalactivities.TheSixArtshavealsobeentransformedintoclassicssuchas"Poetry","Book","Ritual","Yue","Yi",and"SpringandAutumn".literature.

Privateschooltrainstalentswhoare"political","rulingfu"and"usingtheQuartet"togovernthecountryandthecountry.Itrecruitschildrenfromallwalksoflife,andisthedevelopmentofbureaucraticpoliticsandthestateofaffairs.Theconditionsareprepared,andtheimpactgoesfarbeyondthescopeofschooleducation.ThesuccessiveWarringStatesscholarswerealsomastersengagedineducation.MoziandMenciushadhundredsofstudents,andXuXing,whodidnotseekprofit,alsohaddozensofdisciples.EvenLaoziandZhuangziwholivedinseclusionhadtheirownOwnstudents.Theseprivateschoolshaveexpandedthefieldofteachingandpromotedthecontentionofahundredschoolsofthought.Onthisbasis,somemonarchsestablishedacademicactivitycenters,suchasXiheintheWeiStateandJiXiaintheQiState.Theyallhiredmastersfromvariousschoolsto"discussindiscriminately"andgivelecturesanddebatestoattractscholarsfromtheQuartet.Goingtoisanewtypeofuniversity.

Inthepre-Qinperiod,thevariousproductsonthelandexpropriatedbytheemperor,princes,princes,doctors,etc.fromthepublic,commonpeopleandotherproducers,andtheincomeofindustry,commerce,balance,andYu,Theancestraltemple,theworshipofahundredgods,theemperor'ssupport,thefoodfortheofficials,andtheexpensesofgeneralaffairs".BeforetheSpringandAutumnPeriod,theemperor,theprinces,andthedoctorshadhereditaryownershipoftheland.Theycollectedrentsandtaxesfromthelaborersonthesurpluslaborproducts,andimplementedthesystemoftribute,assistance,andthoroughness.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod,whilemaintainingtheformofminefields,thereformoftaxationforacreswascarriedout.AfterShangYang'sreform,thepeoplehadtobuyandsellland,andtheprivatelandsystemwasestablished,andrentandtaxwereseparated.

Thetaxisformedbytheendofprimitivesociety,aftertheindividualfamilybecameaproductionunit,theleaderofthecommuneinvadedtheharvestonthe"publicland"orthelandoccupiedbythemembersontheirbehalf,andgraduallybecamearegularcontribution..

YuXia,ShangandZhouDynasties

Accordingtolegend,thereweretributefusinYuandXiaShi."HistoricalRecords·XiaBenJi"said:"SinceYuXia,tributefuhasbeenprepared."ThereisnolegendaboutYu'stribute.ThetributeintheXiaDynasty,"Mencius·TengWengong"saidthat"Xiahoufamilyfiftytribute".Thatis,50acresoflandwillbeallocatedtoeachfamily,regardlessofage,one-tenthoftheaveragenumberofharvestsovertheyearswillbecontributed.Inaddition,therearealso"borrowing"directlyderivedfromthecommonpeople'sfarming.TherearerecordsofinscriptionsonoraclebonesintheYindynastythatcommandpeopletofarmfortheking."Mencius·TengwenGongshang"said:"TheYinpeopleareseventytohelp","onlyhelpisforpublicland","helpers,borrowalso",thatis,thelandisdividedinto"publicland"and"privateland"andallocatedtoEach"privateland"70mu,letthemcultivatethepubliclandtogether."BookofRites·TheSystemoftheKing"said:"Theancientsborrowedthepubliclandwithouttax."Thismeansthattheharvestofthe"publicland"isdedicatedtotheking,marquis,anddoctors,andtheprivatelandisnolongertaxed.RegardingtherentandtaxintheZhouDynasty,"Mencius·TengWengong"said:"ThepeopleofZhouareabletobethorough"and"AlthoughZhoualsohelps",itcanbeseenthat"Tru"isasystemsimilarto"assisted".

However,becauseMenciussaid"Toruistheonewhoistore,"itisimpossibletoknowitsexactmeaning.Therefore,therehavebeendivergentopinionsoverthepasttwothousandyears.Mencius,inviewoftheZhoudynastynationalsservingmilitaryservice,barbariansdidnotperformmilitaryservice,thestateandtheoppositionimplementedtwodifferentsystems,andstatedtoTengWenthatthesystemthatshouldbeimplementedwas"nationaltithesself-delivered"and"wildpeopleassistedbyone."Inthe"national"areasinthesuburbs,100muoflandisallocatedtoeachfamily,andeachonepaysone-tenthofthelandharvestasa"militarygift";inthe"savage"areasinthesuburbs,100muisallocatedtoeachfamily,andeightfamiliesInthesamewell,atotalof100acresof"publicland"iscultivated,andtheharvestonthe"publicland"isusedasthetaxtobepaid.

Inthemid-WesternZhouDynasty,accordingtotherecordsofWeiZhen,WeiDing,andGerberGui,thenoblesexchangedandpledgedlandduringthetimeofKingMuandtheCommunistKingofZhouDynasty.Thiswasachangeinthesystemoftheformerking’s"Funinthefield"Thefirstsign.InthelateWesternZhouDynasty,because"thepeoplerefusedtodotheirbestinthepublicland",KingZhouXuanhadto"notborrowathousandacres"andabolishedtheborrowingofthepublicland(thatis,Jitian)whichwasharvestedbytheemperorandusedtosacrificetoghostsandgods.Theabolitionoftheborrowingofgiftsistheabolitionofthesystemthatenablesthepeopletocultivatethepublicland.Thereplacementtaxsystemisdifficulttoknowbecausethereisnocleardocumentinhistory.However,accordingto"ZhouLi·Diguan·XiaoSitu":"JingMuhasitsfields,ninehusbandsarewells",ithaschangedfrom"eightfamilieswiththesamewell"to"ninehusbandswiththesamewell".",thatis,intheoutskirtsofthe"savages"areas,theassistancelawwasabolishedandchangedto"taxesforacres."Asforthetaxreformsofthevariousprinces,itisestimatedthatitwillbelaterthanthecentralareaof​​theZhouDynasty.

Protectingminefields

FromthelateWesternZhouDynastytotheShangyangReform,thetaxreformwascarriedoutundertheformofprotectingtheminefieldsystem,andcarriedoutthereformof"taxeswhileperformingacres".Thecontentof"Taxonacres"isbrieflyrecordedin"GuanZi".ItwasQithatfirstreformedthetaxsystemamongtheprinces.InthenineteenthyearofQiHuangong(668before),headoptedGuanZhong’ssuggestionandimplementedthe"requestforlandandland"underthewell-fieldsystem,thatis,abolishingpublicland,usingJiufuasawell,andexpropriatinglandbasedonthebeautyandevilofthelandandtheapocalypseoftheyears.taxi.Afterwards,theJincountrywas"madeafieldofland"inthe6thyearofJinHuigong(before645).Yan,Yialso,themeaningofchange.Somepeoplethinkthatworkingasafarmlandislike"taxingthefarmland"likeQi.Inthefifteenthyearofthepromulgationof"SpringandAutumn"(594before),LuStateimplementedthe"preliminarytaxpermu"reform.

Sincethen,Chu,Zhengandothercountriesseemtohavecarriedoutsimilarreforms.Thesocio-economicdevelopmentoftheQinStatewasrelativelyslow.IntheseventhyearofQinJiangong(thefirst408),the"firstrentedgrains",thatis,theamountofincomefromthefieldandcollectedtaxes.DuringthereformofShangYang,inthetwelfthyearofGongXiaogong(thefirst350years),“thesystemofyin(tongyan)fields”and“thetaxationofthemillets”wasestablished,thatis,thesystemwasestablishedtocalculatetheamountofgrainincomeandleviedtaxes.Atthesametime,theabolitionofminefieldsallowspeopletobuyandsellland.AfterQinShihuangunifiedChina,inthe31styear(first216),"theheadofGuizhouwasbroughtfromtherealland"andorderedtheheadofGuizhoutodeclaretheamountoflandoccupied.Theprivatelandsystemwasconfirmednationwide,andthetaxationdevelopedintotwoformsoflandrentandtaxation.

Attheendofprimitivesociety,partofthepubliclyownedindustryandcommercewasgraduallyinvadedbythecommuneleadersandevolvedintogovernmentindustryandcommerce,whichdirectlyproducedandboughtgoodstomeetthespecialneedsofthemonarch;theotherpartevolvedinto"commonlaborEasythings,withtheenvy(excess)tomakeupforthedeficiencies"ofthecivilindustryandcommerce.Thepubliclyownedmountainsandforestsandriversalsoevolvedintothemonarch’sprivateproperty,andthewealththatcameoutofitbecamethemonarch’swealth.WhenZhouWenwangruledQi,officialsweresetuptomanageGuanshiandthemountainsandforestsandChuanzewithouttaxation.AftertheWesternZhouDynasty,theGuanshiandthemountainsandforestsandChuanzeweretaxedinkind,thatis,"theworkshouldbeusedformaterialsandutensils;businessshouldbeusedforcityaffairs.Tributegoodsandbribes;...RenHengpaystributetohisthingswithmountainthings;RenYutributeshisthingstoZethings".

TheFuofGuanshiwasmainlyusedtoprovidetheking’sfoodandclothing,butitwasalsousedforotherpurposes.Forexample,theJinpingPublicShuofuwasusedasanexpensetosupportthediners;LiMuwasabletobuylocalofficialscheaplyandchargecityrentsagainsttheXiongnu.Expensesforsoldiers."Shanze'sFu"ismainlyusedforfunerals.Thetaxrate,accordingto"Guanzi·Youguan",is"CityFutakestwofromahundred,GuanFutakesonefromahundred";"DaKuang"alsosaid:"Fiftyisforthetaxationofthecity,andthetaxisone".IntheopinionofloweringthetaxrateofSekishi,theactualtaxrateshouldbehigherthanthisnumber.AsforShanze'staxrate,thereisnospecificrecord.

HundredSchoolsofScholars

Confucianism

Confucius(MidSpringandAutumnPeriod)"TheAnalectsofConfucius"(ConfucianclassicscompiledbyConfuciandisciplesandreposteddisciplesbasedonConfucius’wordsanddeeds,OneoftheFourBooks);

ZengZi(LateSpringandAutumnPeriod),"TheDaxue"(OneoftheFourBooks);

ZiSi(EarlyWarringStatesPeriod),"TheDoctrineoftheMean"(OneoftheFourBooks);

Mencius(MidWarringStatesPeriod)"Mencius"(oneoftheFourBooks);

Xunzi(LaterWarringStatesPeriod)"Xunzi".

Taoism

LaoZi(earlySpringandAutumnPeriodorMidSpringandAutumnPeriod)"TaoTeJing(LaoZi)";

ZhuangZi(MidWarringStatesPeriod)"ZhuangZi(SouthChinaScripture)".

Legalists

ShenBuhui(MidWarringStatesPeriod)"ShenZi"(mostlyscatteredandlost);

ShangYang(MidandLateWarringStatesPeriod)"BookofShangMonarchs""

HanFei(LateWarringStatesPeriod)"HanFeizi".

MohistSchool

Mozi(Mid-lateSpringandAutumnPeriod-EarlyWarringStatesPeriod)"Mozi"

ClassicWorks

"Mandarin":BiographyWrittenbyZuoQiuming.

"ChunQiuZuoShiChuan":writtenbyZuoQiuming.The"SpringandAutumn"writtenbyConfuciusisaclassic,andthisbookisabiography,anditismutuallyverifiedwiththecontentof"Guoyu".

"BookofChanges"(ZhouYi):BiographyiswrittenbyKingZhouWen.(OneoftheFiveClassics)

"BookofRites":BiographyforConfucius.(OneoftheFiveClassics)

"TheArtofWarbySunTzu":editedbySunTzu,"TheSaintofSoldiers".

"LuShiChunQiu":compiledbyLuBuweiconvenedbythedoor.

"BookofSongs":Confuciuscollation.(OneoftheFiveClassics).

"LiSao""NineSongs":QuYuan.

Kings

Threeemperors,fiveemperorsandYanemperors(atotalofninemonarchs):thelegendarymonarchs,openedthe"remisesystem".

Yu:MingSiWenming,legendhasitthat"DaYugovernedthewaters"wasthelasttriballeaderofthe"ConcessionSystem"andestablishedtheXiaDynasty.

XiaQi:MingSiqiendedprimitivesocietyandbeganslavery.

Shaokang:FamousSiShaokang,thelordoftheXiaDynastyZTE.

XiaJie:Heisfamousandlicentious,butheisintellectandpower.HeisthelastkingoftheXiaDynasty.

ShangTang:MingZilu,thefirstkingoftheCentralPlainsthatwasverifiedtoexist,foundedtheShangDynastyanddestroyedtheXiaDynasty.

Pangeng:NamedZixun,hemovedthecapitaloftheShangDynastyto"Yin",theresurgentoftheShangDynasty;laterShangDynastywascalled"YinShang".

Wuding:MingZizhao,thelordofZhongxingintheShangDynasty.

ShangZhou:NamedZishou,thelastkingofYinandShangDynasty,hewasdesolateandinnocent,andhewascalled"JieZhou"togetherwithXiaJie.

ZhouWenwang:ThenameJiChang,thefatherofZhouWuwang,iscalledthe"sage".Accordingtolegend,hewrote"TheBookofChanges"andruledthecountrywisely.

TheKingofZhouWu:ThefamousJiFa,theexterminationofShangZhou,thefoundingofZhouDynasty.

QiHuangong:NamedJiangXiaobai,theleaderofQiState'sprosperity,oneofthefivetyrantsintheSpringandAutumnPeriod.

SongXianggong:ThenameZifu,oneoftheFiveSpringandAutumnHegemonies,isthemonarchoftheSongDynasty,reignedfrom650BCto637BC.

JinWengong:MingJiChong'er,oneofthefivetyrantsintheSpringandAutumnPeriod.

QinMugong:MingYingRenhao,reignedfrom659BCto621BC,oneofthefivetyrantsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod.

TheKingofChuzhuang:Afamousbeartour,oneofthefivetyrantsintheSpringandAutumnPeriod.

ZhengZhuanggong:MingJiMaosheng,agenerationhegemon.

WuWanghelu:ThefamousJiGuang,agenerationhegemon.

WuWangFucha:Afamoushusband,agenerationhegemon,butbecauseheletgoofGoujian,hewassubjugatedbyGoujian.

TheKingofYueGoujian:FamousSiGoujian,annihilatingWu,agenerationhegemony.

WeiWenhou:NamedWeiSi,thefoundingmonarchofWeiintheearlyWarringStatesperiod,andthefounderofWei'shegemonyforahundredyears.

QinXiaogong:MingYingQuliang,usingShangYangReform,laidthefoundationforQin'sunificationofChina.

KingofQiWei:MingTianYinQi,agenerationhegemon.

WeiHuiwang:NamedWeiFeng,agenerationhegemon.

ZhaoWulingKing:HisnameisZhaoYong,agenerationhegemon.HuFuridingandshooting.

QinZhaoxiangKing:FamousYingze,aYingji,agenerationofoverlord.

QinWangYingzheng:259BC-210BC,sonofKingXiangofQinZhuang,afamouspolitician,strategist,andreformerinancientChina.Afterunifyingtheworld,hebecameQinShihuang.ItlaidthepoliticalstructureofChinaformorethan2,000years,andwashailedas"oneemperorthroughtheages"byLiZhi,athinkerintheMingDynasty.