Precision guided weapon

Developmenthistory

1.Earlyguidedweapons

ThefirstappearanceofguidedweaponswasduringtheSecondWorldWar,whentheBritishAirForcefirstappearedonMay12,1943.Thedaily"Freedom"patrolbomberthrewasound-seekingtorpedoattheGermansubmarine.ItwastheGermanU456submarinethatsufferedseveredamage,whichopenedthecurtainforthedevelopmentofguidedweapons.ThefirstguidedweaponsintroducedbyGermanyinthewarwerethe1400kgFritzXmissileandtheHenschelHs293missile.TheFritzXmissilewasusedtosuccessfullydestroytheItaliancruiser"Rome".Earlyguidedweaponsweremainlyguidedbyradioandradar,andthetargetsofattacksweremainlyconcentratedinindustrialfacilities,ships,bridges,andarsenals.

2.Thebirthofmodernprecision-guidedweaponsAlthoughtheearlyresearchanddevelopmentofradioandradar-guidedweaponswerenottoosuccessful,suchastheBritishlong-rangeguidedaircraftwithbombsandtheLarynxprogramandtheUnitedStates’Thestrikerateofthe"RodettePlan"isnotveryhigh.Butthisprovidedthebasisforthedevelopmentofguidedweaponsinthefuture.Inthe1950s,somecountriesbegantodevelopequipmentforsurface-to-airmissilesandair-to-airmissiles,whichwereputintoactualcombatapplicationsinthemid-20thcentury.Theemergenceoflaser-guidedbombsinthelate1960scompletelychangedthesituationofprecisionstrikesonlandtargetsandopenedanewroundofprecisionstrikerevolution.In1972,theU.S.militaryused11F-4fighterjetstouselaser-guidedmissilestoblowuptheThanhHoaBridgeinNorthVietnam.Thelaunchoflaser-guidedmissilesmarkedtheofficialappearanceofprecisionstrikeguidedweaponsontheinternationalwararena.Ground,ground-to-ground,andair-to-surfaceguidedweaponshavealsodevelopedrapidly.

3.Laser-guidedweaponsandtheirlarge-scaleapplicationsintheGulfWar

In1962,theUnitedStatesfirstbeganthestudyoflaser-guidedweapons,andin1967itwentthroughaseriesofevaluationsAftertheimprovement,theworld'sfirstlaserguidedbomb-BOLT-117wascompleted.Theworkingprincipleofthesebombsistousealaseronthegroundoronanaircrafttoirradiateadesignatedtarget,andthenthelaunchedbombormissileusesaphotosensitivesensortotrackthetargettoachieveprecisestrikes.Thebiggestdisadvantageoflaserguidedweaponsisthattheycannotbeusedinharshweatherconditionsandwhenthelasertransmittercannotbeusedclosetothetarget.Thisisbecause:Firstofall,thelasersourcemaynotbeabletoilluminatethetargetunderharshenvironmentalconditionsandthustheweaponThelightsourcecannotbetracked;secondly,thelaserofthelaserguidedweaponisnotanordinarylaser,butaspecificencryptedpulse,soitisimpossibletoguideifitcannotgetclosetothetarget.Thepopularityoflaser-guidedweaponswasaftertheadventofmicroprocessors.Sofar,thetwosetsoflaser-guidedweaponsinserviceintheUnitedStatesarePavewayIIandPavewayIII.Thesetwogroupsoflaser-guidedmissileshaveverygoodaerodynamiccharacteristicsandhaveawiderange.Thedisadvantageisthattheyareexpensive.The500-poundPavewayIIisalightweightprecision-guidedweapon.Itismainlyusedtodealwithtankequivalenttargets.Onthecontrary,the2000-poundPavewayIIImissileismoresuitableforstrikingmoreimportanttargets.Themostwidelyusedlaser-guidedmissileinmodernwarfarewastheGulfWarin1991.AbouthalfoftheUSmilitary’sprecisionweaponsandequipmentuseguidanceprinciples,includingair-launchedmissilesandsea-launchedcruisemissiles.Ingeneral,laser-guidedbombswereusedinvariousplacesinthiswar,suchasbattlefields,airports,commandandcontrolandleadershiptargets,bridges,andrailways.Thiswarprovedthattheprecision-guidedbombhastheabilitytodestroyatargetwithoneshot.Inthesubsequentwars,laserguidedbombshavealsobeencontinuouslyapplied.

4.Thedevelopmentofsatellite-guidedweapons

Ingeneral,theGulfWarwasavictoryforguidedweapons.Itmadeusrealizethevalueoflaser-guidedweapons,butitalsomadeusprofoundTherecognitionofthelimitationsoflaser-guidedweapons-laser-guidedweaponscanonlybeusedinaspecificvisualenvironmentorwhenairtargetsarevisible.Therefore,theUSAirForcelistedprecisionstrikecapabilityasoneofthesixessentialcorecapabilitiesforairoperationsinthe21stcenturyinthe"GlobalParticipationinthe21stCenturyAirForceConcept".ItpaidmoreattentiontoprecisionguidedweaponsandinvestedmoreFunds,anddevelopedtheJointDirectAttackAmmunition(JDAM)andJointOutsideDefenseWeapons(JSOW).ItusestheAmericanGPSpositioningsystemforguidance,andcanbeguidedatanytime,inanyplace,andinanyenvironment,withoutexternalauxiliaryequipment.Usingprecision-guidedweaponscombinedwithGPSandinertialguidancesystemstocompletethemostaccuratebombingcampaigninhistory-the1999NATObombingofYugoslavia.Inordertoimprovetheaccuracyofmissilestrikesandovercometheshortcomingsoflaserguidancesystemsthatareeasilyaffectedbytheenvironment,theUSmilitarysuccessfullyinstalledGPS/INScompositeguidancesystemsonTomahawkcruisemissilesandGBU-37missiles,whichisthenextgenerationofprecisionguidedweapons.Researchprovidesdirection.

5.Anewgenerationofprecision-guidedweapons-JointOff-DefensiveWeapons(JSOW)andJointDirectAttackAmmunition(JDAM)

Ithasdevelopedanewgenerationofair-to-groundprecisionguidedweaponswithstealthcapabilityanddistributableammunition.Ithasfoldablewings,modularpayloadsandaccurateglobalpositioningsystem/inertialnavigationguidancesystem(GPS/INS).TheJSOWprojecthasproduced3typesofammunitionsofar:AGM-154A(basictype),AGM-154B(anti-armor),andAGM-154C(unitblastingtype).Themaindifferencebetweenthese3differenttypesofammunitionisthattheycanbecarried.Thepayloadisdifferent.AGM-154Aenteredservicein1997,AGM-195Benteredservicein2001,andAGM-195Cdeliveredthefirstbatchofmissilesin2004.CurrentlyimplementingimprovementsareJSOWBlockIII(JSOW-C1),whichwasdesignedbyRaytheonCompany.ThemissileisbasedonAGM-154CwithLink-16weapondatabaselinkandmaritimemobiletargetcapturetechnology.Itisplannedfor2009Putintoproductioneveryyear.AlsoimprovedareAGM-154A-1andPoweredJSOWplan.JointDirectAttackAmmunition(JDAM)wasadirectproductofthefirstGulfWar.TheweaponloadedwithJDAMisaccuratelyguidedbyaglobalpositioningsystemsupplementedbyaninertialguidancesystem,andthetargetcancover28km.TheweightoftheweaponloadedwithJDAMrangesfrom227kgto907kg.ThecorecomponentsoftheJDAMweaponincludeacontrollableaerodynamictail,awarheadplusaglobalpositioningsystem/inertialnavigationguidancesystem(GPS/INS).IntheGulfin1999,theUSmilitary’sB-2fighterjetsusedJDAMforthefirsttimeandthrew900kg-classMk83andBLU-110armor-piercingbombsatthetarget,successfullybombingthetargetwithprecision.

Systemfeatures

1.Highhitaccuracy

Sofar,theshootinghitrateofprecision-guidedweaponshasgenerallyhoveredat50%,andsomeweaponscanreach80%.

Forexample,thelaser-guidedmissilehasaCEPof15m,andtheimprovedhitpierror(CEP)oftheTomahawkcruisemissilereaches3m,andthehitaccuracyofthefourth-generationlong-rangetacticalair-to-surfacemissileevenreaches1~3m.Thelaser-guidedbulletsdevelopedbytheUSmilitarycanevenaccuratelyhittargetsbeyond1,000meters.

2.Thepowerofdestructionisgreat

Inpastwars,themilitarycompletedthedestructionofdesignatedenemycomplexfacilities,whichrequiredlarge-scalecarpetbombingofthefacilities.Afterusingprecision-guidedweapons,themilitaryonlyneedstoaimatthedesignatedtargetthatneedstobehit,anduseaguidedbomborguidedbullettocompletethetask.AresearchreportoftheUSNavyshowsthat:toattackfixedtargetssuchasairports,weaponsdepots,factories,etc.,theratioofthenumberofprecision-guidedweaponstounguidedweaponsis1:10,whileattackingmobiletargetssuchasarmors,rocketlaunchers,andtanksrequiresTheratioofthenumberofthrownprecision-guidedweaponsandunguidedweaponsisabout1:20.Formosttargets,aprecision-guidedweaponisequivalenttoabout35unguidedweapons.

3.Long-rangestrikespossible

Comparedwithnon-guidedweapons,thebiggestadvantageofprecision-guidedweaponsliesintheredefinitionoftheconceptof"range-accuracy".Unguidedweaponswillreducetheirstrikeaccuracyastherangeincreases,whileprecisionguidedweaponswillnotbeaffectedbytherange.

4.Complexsystemcomposition

Eachprecisionguidedweaponiscomposedofamorecomplicatedcontrolandguidancesystem,whichrequiresveryhightechnicalsupportforeachguidedweapon.Andifanypartoftheguidedweaponfailsoralinkfailsduringoperation,itwillaffecttheeffectivenessoftheweapon.

5.Highoveralleffectiveness

Althoughprecision-guidedweaponsareexpensive,theyareusuallyusedtoattackimportanttargetswithhighvalueduetotheirhighhitrate.Forexample,intheGulfWar,theUnitedStateslaunchedalargenumberof"Tomahawk"cruisemissilestoIraqfrom1,000kilometersaway,accuratelydestroyinghigh-valuetargetsstrictlyguardedinBaghdad,makingtheIraqiarmybasicallyincapableofcombat.Theoverallperformanceofprecision-guidedweaponsisfarsuperiortoconventionalairstrikesbyordinarybombergroups.

6.Thesystemiseasytointerfere.

Theanti-jammingcapabilityofmodernprecision-guidedweaponsisconstantlyimproving,buttheanti-jammingmethodsofanyprecision-guidedweaponarelimitedandimpossibleEffectivelyresistallinterference.Foranewtypeofweapon,aslongastheopponenthasmastereditsmaintechnicalparameters,itcaninterferewithit,therebyeffectivelyreducingitscombateffectiveness.

7.Greatenvironmentalimpact

Whetheritisalaser-guidedweaponoraninfrared-guidedweapon,thereisaproblemofpoorall-weathercombatcapability.Theyareeasilyaffectedbysmokeandwatermist.Especiallyinbadweathersuchasrainyandcloudy,theoperatingdistanceofthesystemwillbegreatlyshortened,anditwillevenbedifficulttoworknormally.

Guidancemethod

Homingguidance

Homingguidanceistorelyonon-boardequipmenttoreceivetargetradiationorreflectedenergy(infraredradiation,opticalradiation,radioWaves,soundwaves,etc.),determinethetargetpositionandmotioncharacteristics,andautomaticallycontrolthemissiletoflytothetarget.Itincludesactivehomingguidance,semi-activehomingguidanceandpassivehomingguidance.Thecommonlyusedseekersforhomingguidanceincludemicrowave(millimeterwave)radarseekers,infraredseekers,television(visiblelight)seekersandlaserseekers.Thehomingguidanceaccuracyisveryhigh,buttheoperatingrangeisshort,soitismostlyusedforterminalguidance.Thehighprecisionofprecisionguidedweaponsismainlyguaranteedbyterminalguidance.Long-rangeprecisionguidedweaponshaveterminalguidance,andmostoftheterminalguidanceuseshomingguidance.

Activeseek-theenergyonthemissileilluminatesthetarget,andthereceivercompletesthecapture,trackingandattackonthetargetaccordingtotheechosignal.

Semi-activehoming—energyirradiationcomesfromthecommandstation,andthemissilereceivestheechosignal,automaticallytracksandattacksthetarget.

Passivehomingisthatthemissileautomaticallytracksandattacksthetargetbysensingtheenergyofthetarget(suchasthethermalradiationofanaircraftengine).

Thebiggestfeatureofhomingguidanceisthatithasveryhighaccuracy.Butitsrangeofactionisrelativelyshort,anditsabilitytoidentifyfriendorfoeispoor.

Inertialguidance

Inertialguidanceisanautonomousguidancemethodthatonlyreliesontheinertialpartsonthemissiletoprovideguidancedatawithoutrelyingonexternalinformation.

Inertialguidancetechnologyismainlyusedforballisticmissiles.Itusesinertialelementssuchasgyroscopesandaccelerometerstomeasureanddeterminethemovementparametersofthemissileandcontrolthemissile'sflight.Itsaccuracydecreaseswithincreasingrange,soaweaponequippedwithaninertialguidancesystemcannotbecomeaprecisionguidedweapon.Butthebiggestadvantageofinertialguidanceisthatitisnotinterferedbytheoutsideworld.Aslongasitsaccuracycanensurethattheguidedweaponcanbeguidedtotherangeoftheterminalguidancesystem,itisasimpleandreliablemid-sectionguidancemethod.

Satelliteguidance

Itreferstoaguidancemethodinwhichguidedweaponsreceivenavigationsignalsbroadcastbysatellitesintheglobalpositioningsystemtoachievethree-dimensionalprecisepositioningandobtainspeedandtimeinformation.

InstalltheGPSreceiverontheprecisionguidedweapon,youcanaccuratelymeasureyourownspacepositionandflightspeedduringtheflight,whichcanbeusedtocorrecttheerrorsofinertialguidance.Althoughitsroleissimilartothatofterrainmatchingguidance,thepre-attackpreparationsaremuchsimpler.Therefore,theuseofGPSguidanceinsteadofterrainmatchingguidancecanimprovetheperformanceoflong-rangeprecisionguidedweapons.

Matchingguidance

Matchingguidancesystemsareusuallyusedtocorrecttheerrorsoflong-rangeinertialguidance.Itincludesterrain(height)matchingguidanceandscene(gray)matchingguidance.Beforelaunching,pre-storethegroundfeaturemapsofcertainareasunderthemiddleandendsectionsoftheselectedflightrouteintothecomputeronthemissile.Whenthemissilefliestotheseareas,thegroundimagemeasuredbythedetectoron-siteisthesameasthepre-storedgroundimage.Thegroundimageisusedforrelativecomparison,theflighterrorofthemissileiscalculated,andthecontrolcommandisformed,andthemissilecanbecontrolledtoflytothetargetalongthepredeterminedroute.Thegroundimagestoredonthemissileispre-measuredbythereconnaissancesatelliteorreconnaissanceaircraft,processedandconvertedintodigitalinformationandthenstoredinthecomputeronthebomb.

Becausethesameareahasdifferentgroundcharacteristicsforvisiblelight,microwave,infrared,andlowlight,itcanformavarietyofmapmatchingguidance,suchasmicrowaveradarimagematchingguidance,visiblelightTVcameramatchingguidance,Lidarimagematchingguidance,infraredimagingmatchingguidance,etc.Theguidanceaccuracyofmatchingguidancehasnothingtodowiththerange,whichcanenablemissileswitharangeofseveralthousandkilometerstoachievehigherhitaccuracy.

RemoteControlGuide

Theremotecontrolguidedeterminestherelativepositionofthetargetandtheguidedweaponthroughaguidancestationsetoutsidetheprecisionguidedweapon,andthenguidestheprecisionguidedweapontothetarget.Itincludestwocategories:commandguidanceandbeamguidance.

Thecommandguidancesystemconsistsofaguidancestationandcontrolequipmentmountedonprecisionguidedweapons.Theguidancestationcalculatesthecontrolcommandbasedontheerroroftheguidedweaponinflight,andthecommandistransmittedtotheguidedweaponinawiredorwirelessform.Thewiredcommandguidancesystemismainlyusedforanti-tankmissileswitharangeofseveralkilometers.Thecommonformofwirelesscommandguidanceismicrowaveradarcommandguidance.Theguidanceradarmeasuresthepositionandspeedofthetargetandthemissile,calculatesthecontrolcommandbasedonthesedata,andthensendsoutaradioremotecontrolcommandtocorrectthemissile'sflighterroruntilithitsthetarget.Thiskindofguidancemethodhasalongerrange,lowercostofonboardequipment,butissusceptibletointerference,andthelongertheguidancedistance,thelowertheaccuracy,soitissuitableformid-stageguidance.

Thebeamguidancesystemconsistsofacommandstationandacontroldeviceonaprecisionguidedweapon.Afterthecommandstationfindsthetarget,itautomaticallytracksthetargetandirradiatesthetargetwitharadarbeamoralaserbeam.Whentheprecision-guidedweaponentersthebeam,thecontroldeviceautomaticallydetectstheangleanddirectionofitsdeviationfromthecenterofthebeam,andcontrolstheprecision-guidedweapontoflyalongthecenterofthebeamUntilithitsthetarget.Thecontroldeviceofthebeamguidancesystemisrelativelysimpleandlowincost,andcansimultaneouslyguideseveralprecision-guidedweapons,andbecausethecontroldevicedirectlyreceivesthebeamenergy,itisnotsusceptibletointerference.Thedisadvantageofthisguidancemethodisthatduringtheentireattackprocess,thecommandstationmustcontinuouslyirradiatethetargetwithbeams,whichwillmakethecommandstationandthecarriervulnerabletoattackbytheopponent.

Thecharacteristicsoftheremotecontrolguideare:Themissileiscontrolledbythecommandstation,sothetrajectorycanbechangedwiththemovementofthetarget,whichissuitableforattackingthemovingtarget.However,thiskindofguidancemethodismoresusceptibletointerference,andthewiredguidanceislimitedbythelengthandstrengthofthewire,andtheoperatingdistanceisshort.

Compoundguidance

Guidewithmorethantwoguidancemethods.Itcancomprehensivelyusetheadvantagesofseveralguidancemethods,makeupforweaknesses,andimprovehitaccuracy.

Classification

Precisionguidedweaponsaremainlydividedintotwocategories:precisionguidedmissilesandprecisionguidedmunitions.

1.Precisionguidedmissile

Amissileisaweaponthatispropelledbyitsownpowerdeviceandisdetected,processed,guided,andcontrolledbyaprecisionguidancesystemtohitthetarget.Missileisamodernweaponwiththemosttypesofprecisionguidedweaponsandthemostwidelyused.

2.Precisionguidedmunitions

Accordingtodifferentprinciplesofaction,precisionguidedmunitionscanbedividedintotwotypes:

(1)equippedwithhomingguidancedevicesItiscalledterminal-guidedmunitions,suchasguidedprojectiles,guidedexplosives,guidedlandmines,etc.;

(2)Thoseequippedwithsensorsarecalledterminal-sensitivemunitions,becausethesensorscannotcontroltheflighttrajectoryoftheammunition,sotheterminalSensitiveammunitionisnotoriginallyaguidedweapon,butbecauseitssensitivedevicecanachievehighaccuracythroughtheclevercooperationwiththewarheadattheendoftheflight,itiscustomarytoclassifyterminalsensitiveammunitionasaprecision-guidedweapon..Thesetwotypesofammunitionhavenopowerdevicethemselvesandneedtobethrownwiththehelpofartilleryandaircraft.

Themaindifferencebetweenthemisthatthemissilehasapowerdevice,whichisguidedbytheguidancesystemduringtheflighttothetarget;whiletheguidedmunitionhasnopowerdeviceandnofull-courseguidancedevice,onlyattheendoftheflight.Functionalhomingdeviceorsensor.

Futuretrends

Withtherapiddevelopmentofanumberofhigh-techtechnologiessuchasmicroelectronics,computertechnology,automaticcontroltechnology,andmaterialscience,precisionguidedweaponshavealsocontinuedtoincreaseatanalarmingrate.improvedramatically.Fortheincreasinglyharshcombatenvironment,therequirementsofguidedweaponscanignoretheimpactoftheexternalenvironmentandachieveprecisionstrikesall-weather.

1.Improvedrange.Thewaytoimprovethesurvivabilityofweaponlaunchplatformsistoincreasetherangeofprecision-guidedweapons,whichmakesout-of-defenseoperationsextremelyimportant.Inordertomeettheneedsoffuturehigh-techlocalwarsandairdefensesystems,itisreasonableandreasonabletoincludeacombatdepthof3,500kmwithinthedefensezone.Forexample,theUnitedStates"UnitedAir-to-GroundDefenseMissile"AGM-158hasarangeof450km,andthe"EnhancedResponseAreaGroundAttackMissile"AGM-84Hhasarangeof275km;theBritishCASOMhasarangeof250~500km;Germany's"Taurus""Therangeof350km,etc.,canmeettherequirementsofthisindicator.

2.Improvedguidanceaccuracy.Thekeyfactoraffectingtheaccuracyofstrikesistheguidanceaccuracyoftheweapon.Therefore,thebestwaytoupgradeweaponsistocontinuouslyimprovetheguidanceaccuracyofweapons.Sofar,mostguidedweaponshaveadoptedGPS/INSforguidanceontheway,whichmakestheweaponssuitableforall-weather,dayandnightoperations.Ingeneral,theguidanceaccuracyofmilitaryGPSis9-12km,whichisnotaffectedbyweatherandbattlefieldconditions.IftheguidancesystemusesadifferentialGPSsystem,theaccuracyinvolvedcanbefurtherimproved.

3.Combatinvisibility.Theinvisibilityofprecision-guidedweaponscannotonlyeffectivelyimprovethesurvivabilityofthelaunchplatform,butalsoimprovethepenetrationcapability.Aftersuppressinginfraredradiationandreducingtheradarcross-sectionalareaof​​precisionguidedweapons,thedetectableprobabilityofguidedweaponsisgreatlyreduced,andtheweapon'sattackandpenetrationcapabilitieswillbegreatlyenhanced.

4.Multipurpose.Adoptingthemodeof"multipleplatformsforoneload"or"multipleloadsforoneplatform"canincreasetheuseofguidedweapons,enablingthemtoachieveintegratedoperationswithcorrespondingaircraft,warshipsandothercarrierplatforms,formingareliableoffensiveanddefensivesystem.

5.Supersonicspeed.Thepremisethatprecision-guidedweaponscanstrikelong-distancetargetsistoshortentheflighttimeoftheweaponintheair.Atpresent,themissileflighttimerequiredbytheUSNavydoesnotexceed15minutes,andtheidealflighttimeisabout1000mwithin8minutes.Otherwise,whenthemissilereachesthetargetposition,thetargetisalreadyfaraway,sothedevelopmentofsupersonicguidedweaponsisthegeneraltrend.Supersonicmissilesusingramjetandscramjetenginescaneffectivelyhitmovingtargets.