power supply

Performanceindicators

High-qualitypowersuppliesgenerallyhaveFCC,U.S.UL,andChinaGreatWallcertificationmarks.Thesecertificationsareprofessionalstandardsformulatedbycertificationbodiesforpowersuppliesbasedontechnicalspecificationsintheindustry,includingproductionprocesses,electromagneticinterference,safetyprotection,etc.,productsthatmeetcertainindicatorscanonlyusecertificationmarksonpackagingandproductsurfacesaftertheyhavepassedthedeclarationandcertification.Hasacertaindegreeofauthority.

Workingprinciple

Thegeneratorcanconvertmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy,andthedrybatterycanconvertchemicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Thegeneratorandthebatteryarenotcharged.Theirtwopoleshavepositiveandnegativechargesrespectively.Thepositiveandnegativechargesgeneratevoltage(currentisformedbythedirectionalmovementofchargesundertheactionofvoltage).Thechargeconductorisinherentlypresent,anditneedstogeneratecurrent.Youonlyneedtoaddvoltage.Whenthetwopolesofthebatteryareconnectedwithconductors,thepositiveandnegativechargesarereleasedinordertogeneratecurrent.Drybatteries,etc.arecalledpowersources.Thedevicethatconvertsalternatingcurrentintodirectcurrentthroughatransformerandarectifieriscalledarectifierpowersupply.Theelectronicdevicethatcanprovideasignaliscalledasignalsource.Thetransistorcanamplifythesignalsentfromthefront,andtransmittheamplifiedsignaltothesubsequentcircuit.Thetransistorcanalsoberegardedasasignalsourceforthefollowingcircuit.Rectifiedpowersourcesandsignalsourcesaresometimescalledpowersources.

Thepowersupplyisadevicethatprovidespowertoelectronicequipment,alsocalledapowersupply,whichprovidestheelectricalenergyrequiredbyallthecomponentsinthecomputer.Thesizeofthepowersupply,whetherthecurrentandvoltagearestable,willdirectlyaffecttheperformanceandservicelifeofthecomputer.

Thecomputerpowersupplyisaclosedindependentcomponentinstalledinthemainbox.ItsfunctionistochangetheACpowerto5V,-5V,+12V,-12V,+3.3Vthroughaswitchingpowertransformer.AndotherstableDCpowersupplytosupplysystemcomponentssuchassystemversion,floppydisk,harddiskdriveandvariousadapterexpansioncardsinthemainbox.Inlayman'sterms,onepowersupplyisbroken,andanotherbackuppowersupplyreplacesitspowersupply.Theavailabilityofhardwarecanbeenhancedbyprovidingbatterybackupfornodesanddisks.HP-supporteduninterruptiblepowersupplies(UPS),suchasHPPowerTrust,canguardagainstinstantaneouspowerfailures.Theconnectionbetweenthediskandthepowersupplycircuitshouldbesuchthatthemirroredcopiesareconnectedtodifferentpowersources.Therootdiskanditscorrespondingnodesshouldbepoweredbythesamepowercircuit.Inparticular,theclusterlockdisk(usedasanarbiterwhenreorganizingthecluster)shouldhaveredundantpower,oritcanbepoweredbyapowersourceotherthanthenodesinthecluster.AnHPrepresentativecanprovidedetailedinformationaboutthecluster'spower,disk,andLANhardwarelayout.Manydiskarraysandotherrack-mountedsystemscontainmultiplepowerinputs.Theyshouldbedeployedasdifferentpowerinputsontheequipmentconnectedtoindependentcircuitequipmentwithtwoorthreepowerinputs,sothat,ingeneral,aslongasthereisafailureIfthereisnomorethanonecircuit,thesystemcancontinuetooperatenormally.Therefore,ifallhardwareintheclusterhas2or3powerinputs,atleastthreeindependentcircuitsarerequiredtoensurethatthereisnosinglepointoffailureinthecircuitdesignofthecluster.Generatorscanconvertmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy,anddrybatteriescanconvertchemicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Thegeneratorandthebatteryarenotcharged.Theirtwopoleshavepositiveandnegativechargesrespectively.Thepositiveandnegativechargesgeneratevoltage(currentisformedbythedirectionalmovementofchargesundertheactionofvoltage).Thechargeconductorisinherentlypresent,anditneedstogeneratecurrent.Youonlyneedtoaddvoltage.Whenthetwopolesofthebatteryareconnectedwithconductors,thepositiveandnegativechargesarereleasedinordertogeneratecurrent.Drybatteries,etc.arecalledpowersources.Thedevicethatconvertsalternatingcurrentintodirectcurrentthroughatransformerandarectifieriscalledarectifierpowersupply.Theelectronicdevicethatcanprovideasignaliscalledasignalsource.Thetransistorcanamplifythesignalsentfromthefront,andtransmittheamplifiedsignaltothesubsequentcircuit.Thetransistorcanalsoberegardedasasignalsourceforthefollowingcircuit.Rectifiedpowersourcesandsignalsourcesaresometimescalledpowersources.

Theworkingprocessoftheswitchingpowersupplyisquiteeasytounderstand.Inthelinearpowersupply,thepowertransistorisoperatedinlinearmode.Unlikethelinearpowersupply,thePWMswitchingpowersupplyallowsthepowertransistortoworkonandoff.Inthesetwostates,thevolt-ampereproductaddedtothepowertransistorisverysmall(whenitisturnedon,thevoltageislowandthecurrentislarge;whenitisturnedoff,thevoltageishighandthecurrentissmall)/onthepowerdeviceThevolt-ampereproductofisthelossgeneratedonthepowersemiconductordevice.

Comparedwiththelinearpowersupply,themoreeffectiveworkingprocessofthePWMswitchingpowersupplyisachievedby"chopping",thatis,theinputDCvoltageischoppedintoapulsevoltagewhoseamplitudeisequaltotheamplitudeoftheinputvoltage..Thedutycycleofthepulseisadjustedbythecontrolleroftheswitchingpowersupply.OncetheinputvoltageischoppedintoanACsquarewave,itsamplitudecanbeincreasedordecreasedbythetransformer.Theoutputvoltagevaluecanbeincreasedbyincreasingthenumberofsecondarywindingsofthetransformer.Finally,aftertheseACwaveformsarerectifiedandfiltered,theDCoutputvoltageisobtained.

Themainpurposeofthecontrolleristokeeptheoutputvoltagestable,anditsworkingprocessisverysimilartothelinearcontroller.Thatistosay,thefunctionalblocks,voltagereferenceanderroramplifierofthecontrollercanbedesignedtobethesameasthelinearregulator.Thedifferencebetweenthemisthattheoutputoftheerroramplifier(errorvoltage)passesthroughavoltage/pulsewidthconversionunitbeforedrivingthepowertube.Switchingpowersupplieshavetwomainoperatingmodes:forwardconversionandboostconversion.Althoughthelayoutoftheirpartsisverydifferent,theworkingprocessisverydifferent,andeachhasitsownadvantagesinspecificapplications.

Powersupplyclassification

Ordinarypowersupply

Itcanbesubdividedinto:switchingpowersupply,inverterpowersupply,ACpowersupply,DCpowersupply,DC/DCpowersupply,communicationpowersupply,modulepowersupply,variablefrequencypowersupply,UPSpowersupply,EPSemergencypowersupply,purificationpowersupply,PCpowersupply,rectifierpowersupply,customizedpowersupply,heatingpowersupply,weldingpower/arcpowersupply,electroplatingpowersupply,networkpowersupply,electricoperationpowersupply,Adapterpowersupply,linearpowersupply,powercontroller/driver,powerpowersupply,othercommonpowersupply,parameterpowersupply,voltageregulatingpowersupply,transformerpowersupply.

Specialpowersupply

Specialpowersupplycanbesubdividedinto:shorepowersupply,securitypowersupply,highvoltagepowersupply,medicalpowersupply,militarypowersupply,aerospacepowersupply,laserpowersupply,andotherspecialpowersupplies.

Specialpowersuppliesarespecialtypesofpowersupplies.Theso-calledspecialismainlybecausetherequirementsformeasuringthetechnicalindicatorsofthepowersupplyaredifferentfromthoseofcommonlyusedpowersupplies,whicharemainlybecausetheoutputvoltageisparticularlyhigh,theoutputcurrentisparticularlylarge,orthestability,dynamicresponseandripplerequirementsareparticularlyhigh,orthevoltageoutputofthepowersupplyisrequired.Orthecurrentispulseorsomeotherrequirements.Thismakesthedesignandproductionofsuchpowersupplieshavemorespecialandevenstricterrequirementsthanordinarypowersupplies.Specialpowersuppliesaregenerallydesignedforspecialloadsoroccasions,andithasawiderangeofapplications.Mainlyinclude:electroplatingelectrolysis,anodicoxidation,inductionheating,medicalequipment,poweroperation,powertest,environmentalprotectiondustremoval,airpurification,foodsterilization,laserinfrared,photoelectricdisplay,etc.Innationaldefenseandmilitaryaffairs,specialpowersupplieshavemoreirreplaceableusesthanordinarypowersupplies.Theyaremainlyusedforradarnavigation,high-energyphysics,plasmaphysics,andnucleartechnologyresearch.

1.High-voltagepowersupplyforradartransmitters

Inmodernradartransmitters,travelingwavetubes(TWT)areusedasmicrowavepoweramplifiers.Alargeproportion,asahigh-powerpart,itsreliabilityandtechnicalindicatorshaveadirectimpactontheradartransmitterandeventheentireradar.Thehigh-voltagepowersupply(system)supportingthetravelingwavetubeisevenmoreimportant.Switchingpowersupplytechnologyisahigh-frequency,high-efficiencypowerelectronictechnology.Withthecontinuousupdateofelectroniccomponentsandproducts,andtheupgradingofhigh-powerdevices,high-powerswitchingpowersupplytechnologyhasbeendeveloped.Thehigh-voltageswitchingpowersupplyforradartravelingwavetubecanadoptfull-bridgeresonancePWMmodulationmode.Thehigh-powerswitchingdeviceadoptsadvancedIGBTmoduleandadvancedandreliabledrivecircuit,whichmakestheoverallperformanceofthepowersupplygood,goodstability,andhasvariousprotectionfunctions.

Workingprinciple:Passthe50Hzthree-phase380Vthroughthegridfilter,rectifyandfiltertoobtainaDCvoltageofmorethan500volts,andsupplytheseriesresonantconverter.Sincetheoutputofthepowersupplyisashighas20kV,inordertoreducethedesigndifficultyofthetransformer,reducethewithstandvoltageofthehigh-voltagerectifierdiode,andimprovethereliabilityofthepowersupply,thetwosecondarystagesofthetransformerareusedforfull-bridgerectification,andthentheoutputissuperimposed.Thefull-bridgeconverterconsistsoffourIGBTs,ahigh-frequencytransformerandarectifiercircuit.Thecontrolcircuitprovidestwopairsofpulsesthatareinsulatedfromeachotherwithaphasedifferenceof180°andinputtotheIGBTdrivecircuittocontroltheonandoffoftheIGBT.TheDCvoltageistransformedintoanalternating20kHzpulsevoltage,andavoltageoftensofkVisobtainedthroughatransformerandafull-bridgerectifierandfiltercircuit.

2.High-powerhigh-voltagepowersupplyforelectronbeamweldingmachine

Becauseelectronbeamweldingdoesnotrequireweldingrods,itisnoteasytooxidize,theprocessrepeatabilityisgood,andthermaldeformationIthastheadvantagesofsmallquantityandiswidelyusedinmanyindustriessuchasaerospace,atomicenergy,nationaldefenseandmilitaryindustry,automobilesandelectricalandelectricalinstruments.Thebasicprincipleofelectronbeamweldingisthatthecathodeintheelectrongunemitselectronsduetodirectorindirectheating.Theelectronscanformanelectronbeamwithextremelyhighenergydensityundertheaccelerationofthehigh-voltageelectrostaticfieldthroughthefocusingoftheelectromagneticfield,andusethiselectronbeamtobombardFortheworkpiece,thehugekineticenergyisconvertedintoheat,whichmeltstheworkpieceattheweldingplaceandformsamoltenpool,therebyrealizingtheweldingoftheworkpiece.

High-voltagepowersupplyisoneofthekeytechnologiesoftheequipment.Itmainlyprovidesaccelerationvoltagefortheelectrongun.Itsperformancedirectlydeterminestheelectronbeamweldingprocessandweldingquality.Comparedwithothertypesofhigh-voltagepowersupplies,thehigh-voltagepowersupplyforelectronbeamweldingmachinehasdifferenttechnicalcharacteristics.Thetechnicalrequirementsaremainlyripplecoefficientandstability.Theripplecoefficientisrequiredtobelessthan1%,andthestabilityis±1%,evenripple.Thewavecoefficientislessthan0.5%,thestabilityis±0.5%,andtherepeatabilityisrequiredtobelessthan0.5%.Theaboverequirementsaredeterminedbytheelectronbeamspotandweldingprocess.Theoperationofthehigh-voltagepowersupplyoftheelectronbeamweldingmachinemustbeinterlockedandprotectedwithrelatedsystems,mainlyincludingvacuuminterlocking,cathodeinterlocking,gatevalveinterlocking,focusinterlocking,etc.,toensureequipmentandpersonalsafety.Thehigh-voltagepowersupplymustcomplywithEMCstandardsandhaveasoft-startfunctiontopreventtheimpactofsuddenclosingonthepowersupply.

Becauseofitshighpower(upto30kW),highoutputvoltage(150kV),andhighoperatingfrequency(20kHz),thistypeofpowersupplyhashighrequirementsforstability,ripple,andvoltageregulation.Chooseadvancedthree-phasefullcontrollablecontrollablerectifiertechnology,high-powerhigh-frequencyinverter,andusenewpowerdeviceIGBTaspowerswitch.Thethree-phasefully-controlled,controllablerectifierandinvertereachadoptanindependentcontrolboard,andtheIGBTdriveadoptsanimportedthickfilmdrivecircuit,plusafiltercircuitcomposedofaninputgridfilterandasmoothingreactorandacapacitor.Thepowerconversionpartofthepowersupplyhasbettertechnologicaladvancementandgoodpowerconversion.

High-voltagepart:Themagneticcoreofthehigh-voltagetransformeradoptsthelatestamorphousmaterial,adoptsauniquehigh-frequencyandhigh-voltagewindingprocess,anddoublehigh-voltagetransformersworktogether.Advancedrectifierandreasonablevoltagedoublercircuitandhighvoltageequalizationtechnologyensurethatthehighvoltagepartofthehighvoltagepowersupplyisstableandreliable.Feedbackandhighvoltageindicationsignalsuseaprecisevoltagedivider,whichisdirectlysampledfromthehighvoltageoutputterminaltoensurethatthepowersupplyhasahighvoltagestabilization.Accuracy,voltageadjustmentrateandaccurateandreliablehigh-voltagemeasurementaccuracy.Usereasonablehigh-voltagefilteringtechnologytoensurethatthepowersupplyhasgoodripple.Thehigh-pressurepartisplacedinafueltank.

3.High-voltagepulsepowersupply

Inradarnavigationequipment,thetransmittingpartgenerallyrequiresahighvoltage,narrowpulse,andstrongrepetitionfrequency.Powerpulsesource.Thiskindofhigh-powerpulsesourcegenerallyusesahigh-voltagepowersupplytoraisethemainstoseveralkilovoltstotensofkilovoltsDChighvoltage,andthenamodulatormodulatestheDChighvoltageintoapulsesourcewiththerequiredpulsewidthandfrequencyforthelaunchtubeuse.

Thepulsesourceismainlycomposedofahigh-voltagepowersupplyandamodulator.Thehigh-voltagepowersupplyadoptsaswitchingregulatedpowersupply,andthemodulatoradoptsasolid-statemodulatorofasemiconductordevice.

ThetriggerpulsegivenbytheuserisaTTLlevelsignal.Aninterfacecircuitshouldbeaddedbeforeinputtingtheisolationtransformer.Thisinterfacecircuitistopre-amplifytheTTLpulsesignal,andtheotheristomatchtheisolationtransformer.Inordertoachievethepurposeofisolation,theusercanprovidethepowersupplyofthisinterfacecircuit,andthemanufactureronlyneedstoputforwardthepowerdemandanddesignthecorrespondingtransformationandfiltercircuitinthecircuit.

Thetriggerpulseisisolatedbythepulsetransformerandthenpulse-shapedbythepre-regulator.Afterthepowerisamplified,ittriggersthemodulationboardandthetailboardtowork.TheexcitationpulsegeneratedbythepresetterisisolatedbyatransformertodriveeachFETofthemodulationboard.Atthistime,themodulationboardturnsonthehigh-voltagepowersupplyandsendsittotheanodeofthemicrowavetriode.Thecathodeofthemicrowavetriodestartstoemitelectrons,andthemicrowavetriodewillsendThelow-powerhigh-frequencysignalinputintotheinputterminalisamplifiedintoahigh-powerhigh-frequencysignal.Whenthepulseends,thetrimmingpulsegeneratedbythepre-adjustertriggersthetrimmingboard.Afterthetrimmingboardisturnedon,thedistributedcapacitanceofthemicrowavetriodeisreleased,soagoodpulsetrailingedgecanbeobtained.

PowerICfeatures

TherearemanytypesofpowerICs,andthecommonfeaturesare:

Lowworkingvoltage:Thegeneralworkingvoltageis3.0~3.6V.Somehavealowerworkingvoltage,suchas2.0,2.5,2.7V,etc.;somehaveaworkingvoltageof5V,andthereareafewspecial-purposevoltagesourcesof12Vor28V.

Theworkingcurrentissmall:Thereareseveralmilliampstoseveralamperes.However,sincetheworkingcurrentofmostembeddedelectronicproductsislessthan300mA,thepowerICof30～300mAisVarietyandquantityaccountforalargerproportion.

Smallpackagesize:TheportableproductsdevelopedinrecentyearsalluseSMDdevices,powerICisnoexception,mainlySOpackage,SOT-23package,μMAXpackageandThesmallestpackagesizeSC-70andthelatestSMDpackage,etc.,makethespaceoccupiedbythepowersupplysmallerandsmaller.

Perfectprotectionmeasures:ThenewpowerIChascompleteprotectionmeasures,including:outputovercurrentlimit,overheatprotection,shortcircuitprotectionandbatterypolarityreverseprotection,soThepowersupplyissafeandreliable,andnoteasytodamage.

Lowpowerconsumptionandpower-offfunction:ThequiescentcurrentofthenewpowerICissmall,generallytensofμAtohundredsofμA.Thequiescentcurrentofindividualmicro-powerlinearregulatorsisonly1.1μA.Inaddition,manypowersupplyICshavethefunctionofturningoffthepowercontrolterminal(controlledbylevel),andthepowerconsumptionoftheICitselfisabout1μAwhenthepoweristurnedoff.Becauseitcanmakeapartofthecircuitinoperative,itcangreatlysavepower.Forexample,onawirelesscommunicationdevice,thereceivingcircuitcanbeturnedoffinthesendingstate;thedisplaycircuitcanbeturnedoffwhenthesignalisnotreceived.

Apowersupplyworkingstatussignaloutput:Manyportableelectronicproductshavesingle-chipmicrocomputers.Whentheoutputvoltagedropsbyacertainpercentageduetooverheatingorlowbatteryvoltage,thepowerIChasApowersupplyworkingstatussignalisoutputtothesingle-chipmicrocomputertoresetthesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Thissignalcanalsobeusedtoindicatetheworkingstatusofthepowersupply(whenthebatteryvoltageislow,thereisanLEDdisplay).

Highoutputvoltageaccuracy:Generally,theoutputvoltageaccuracyisbetween±2～4%,andtherearemanynewpowerICswithaccuracyupto±0.5～±1%;Andtheoutputvoltagetemperaturecoefficientisrelativelysmall,generally±0.3～±0.5mV/℃,andsomecanreachthelevelof±0.1mV/℃.Thelinearadjustmentrateisgenerally0.05%to0.1%/V,andsomecanreach0.01%/V;theloadadjustmentrateisgenerally0.3to0.5%/mA,andsomecanreach0.01%/mA.

NewcombinedpowerIC:TheboostDC/DCconverterhashighefficiencybutlargerippleandnoisevoltage,andthelowdropoutlinearregulatorhaslowefficiencybutminimalnoise,Thedual-outputpowersupplyICcomposedofthetwocanbettersolvetheproblemsofefficiencyandnoise.Forexample,thedigitalcircuitpartadoptsthestep-upDC/DCconverterpowersupplyandthenoise-sensitivecircuitadoptstheLDOpowersupply.ThiskindofpowerIChasMAX710/711,MAX1705/1706andsoon.Anotherexampleisthechargepump+LDOcomposition,whichoutputsaregulatedchargepumppowersupplyIC,suchasMAX868,whichcanoutput0～-2VINadjustableandstablevoltageandcanprovide30mAcurrent;MAX1673regulatedchargepumppowersupplyICOutputthesamenegativevoltageasVIN,andtheoutputcurrentcanreach125mA.

Commontypes

ACstabilizedpowersupply

ThepowersupplythatcanprovideastablevoltageandfrequencyiscalledACstabilizedpowersupply.TheworkdonebymostdomesticmanufacturersisACvoltagestabilization.ThefollowingisabriefdescriptionofitsclassificationcharacteristicsbasedontheACpowersupplyavailableinthemarket.

Parameteradjustment(resonance)type

Forthistypeofregulatedpowersupply,thebasicprincipleofvoltageregulationisLCseriesresonance.Compressorsfallintothiscategory.Itsadvantagesaresimplestructure,nonumerouscomponents,highreliability,awiderangeofvoltageregulation,stronganti-interferenceandanti-overloadcapabilities.Thedisadvantagesarehighenergyconsumption,highnoise,heavyweightandhighcost.

Theparametricregulatordevelopedonthebasisoftheprincipleofmagneticsaturationandthe"MagneticAmplifierAdjustableElectronicACRegulator"(Type614)thathasbeenpopularinmycountryinthe1950sbelongtothiscategory.PrincipleACvoltageregulator.

Auto-coupling(transformationratio)adjustabletype

1.Mechanicalvoltage-regulatingtype,thatis,theservomotordrivesthecarbonbrushesinthewindingsoftheautotransformerMoveontheslidingsurfacetochangetheratioofVotoVitoadjustandstabilizetheoutputvoltage.Thiskindofregulatorcanrangefromafewhundredwattstoseveralkilowatts.Itischaracterizedbysimplestructure,lowcost,andlowoutputwaveformdistortion;butbecausetheslidingcontactofthecarbonbrushiseasytoproduceelectricsparks,thebrushisdamagedorevenburnedoutandbecomesinvalid;andthevoltageadjustmentspeedisslow.

2.Changethetaptype,maketheautotransformerintomultiplefixedtaps,anduse10relaysorthyristors(solidstaterelays)asswitchestoautomaticallychangethetappositiontoachievetheoutputvoltageThestability.

Theadvantagesofthistypeofregulatoraresimplecircuit,widevoltageregulationrange(130V-280V),highefficiency(≥95%),andlowprice.Thedisadvantageisthatthevoltageregulationaccuracyislow(±8～10%)andtheworkinglifeisshort.Itissuitableforthefamilytosupplypowertotheairconditioner.

High-powercompensationtype-purificationtypevoltagestabilizer(includingprecisiontypevoltagestabilizer)

Itusesthecompensationlinktorealizethestabilityoftheoutputvoltage,anditiseasytorealizethemicrocomputercontrol.

Itsadvantagesaregoodanti-interferenceperformance,highvoltageregulationaccuracy(≤±1%),fastresponse(40～60ms),simplecircuitandreliableoperation.Thedisadvantagesare:low-frequencyoscillationsoccurwhennon-linearloadssuchascomputersandprogram-controlledswitchesareused;theinputsidecurrentdistortionislarge,andthesourcepowerfactorislow;theoutputvoltagehasaphaseshifttotheinputvoltage.Unitswithhigherrequirementsforanti-interferencefunctionsaresuitableforuseincities.Whenthecomputersuppliespower,avoltagestabilizerabout2-3timesthetotalpowerofthecomputermustbeused.Becauseithastheadvantagesofvoltagestabilization,anti-interference,fastresponsespeed,andmoderateprice,itiswidelyused.

SwitchingACpowersupply

Itisusedinhigh-frequencypulsewidthmodulationtechnology.ThedifferencefromgeneralswitchingpowersuppliesisthatitsoutputmustbeACvoltagewiththesamefrequencyandphaseastheinputside.Itsoutputvoltagewaveformsincludequasi-squarewave,trapezoidalwave,sinewave,etc.Theuninterruptiblepowersupply(UPS)onthemarkettakesoutthestoragepowersupplyandcharger,anditisaswitch-typeACstabilizedpowersupply.Ithasgoodperformance,strongcontrolfunction,andeasytorealizeintelligence.ItisaverypromisingACpowersupply.However,duetoitscomplicatedcircuitandhigherprice,itspromotionisslower.

DCstabilizedpowersupply

Accordingtohabit,DCstabilizedpowersupplycanbedividedintochemicalpowersupply,linearstabilizedpowersupplyandswitching-typestabilizedpowersupply,whichhavedifferenttypes:

Chemicalpowersupply

Drybatteries,lead-acidbatteries,nickel-cadmium,nickel-metalhydride,andlithium-ionbatteriesthatareusuallyusedallbelongtothiscategory,eachwithitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,intelligentbatterieshavebeenproduced;intermsofrechargeablebatterymaterials,Americanresearchershavediscoveredaniodideofmanganese,whichcanbeusedtoproducecheap,compact,andlongdischargetime,whichcanbemaintainedaftermultiplecharges.Environmentallyfriendlyrechargeablebatterywithgoodperformance.

Linearstabilizedpowersupply

Thelinearstabilizedpowersupplyhasacommonfeaturethatitspowerdeviceregulatortubeworksinthelinearregion,relyingontheadjustmenttubeVoltagedroptostabilizetheoutput.Duetothelargestaticlossoftheadjustmenttube,alargeradiatorneedstobeinstalledtodissipateheat.Moreover,sincethetransformerworksonthepowerfrequency(50Hz),theweightisrelativelylarge.

Theadvantagesofthistypeofpowersupplyarehighstability,smallripple,highreliability,easytomakeamulti-channel,andcontinuouslyadjustableoutput.Thedisadvantageisthatitislarge,bulky,andrelativelylowinefficiency.Therearemanykindsofthiskindofstablepowersupply.Fromtheoutputnature,itcanbedividedintoaregulatedpowersupplyandasteadycurrentpowersupply,andaregulatedandsteadycurrent(bistable)powersupplythatintegratesvoltagestabilizationandsteadyflow.Fromtheoutputvalue,itcanbedividedintofixed-pointoutputpowersupply,bandswitchadjustmenttypeandpotentiometercontinuouslyadjustabletype.Fromtheoutputindicationcanbedividedintopointerindicationtypeanddigitaldisplaytypeandsoon.

SwitchingDCstabilizedpowersupply

AtypeofstablepowersupplythatisdifferentfromlinearstabilizedpowersupplyistheswitchingDCstabilizedpowersupply.ItscircuittypeTherearemainlysingle-endedflyback,single-endedforward,half-bridge,push-pullandfull-bridge.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenitandthelinearpowersupplyisthatitstransformerdoesnotworkatpowerfrequencybutattensofkilohertztoseveralmegahertz.Thefunctionaltubeeitherworksinthesaturationorcut-offregion,thatis,theswitchingstate;theswitchingpowersupplyisnamedafterit.

Theadvantagesofswitchingpowersuppliesaresmallsize,lightweight,stableandreliable;disadvantagescomparedwithlinearpowersupplies,therippleislarger(generally≤1%VO(PP),goodonescanbemorethantenmV(PP)orsmaller).Itspowercanrangefromseveralwattstoseveralkilowatts.Thepricerangesfrom3yuantomorethan100,000yuanperwatt.Thefollowinggeneralcustomclassificationintroducesseveralswitchingpowersupplies:

1,AC/DCpowersupplies

Thistypeofpowersupplyisalsocalledprimarypowersupply——ACisalternatingcurrentandDCisdirectcurrent.Itobtainsenergyfromthepowergridandobtainsadirectcurrenthighvoltageafterhigh-voltagerectificationandfiltering.TheDC/DCconverterobtainsoneorseveralstabledirectcurrentvoltagesattheoutputend,andthepowerrangesfromseveralwattstoseveralwatts.Thereareproductsforkilowatts,whichareusedindifferentoccasions.Therearemanyspecificationsandmodelsofthistypeofproduct.Accordingtouserneeds,theprimarypowersupply(AC220input,DC48Vor24Voutput)inthecommunicationpowersupplyalsobelongstothiscategory.

2,DC/DCpowersupply

Inthecommunicationsystem,itisalsocalledthesecondarypowersupply.ItisaDCinputvoltageprovidedbyaprimarypowersupplyoraDCbatterypack,andoneorseveralDCvoltagesareobtainedattheoutputterminalafterDC/DCconversion.

3.Communicationpowersupply

ThecommunicationpowersupplyisessentiallyaDC/DCconvertertypepowersupply,butitisgenerallypoweredbyDC-48Vor-24V,andabackupbatteryisusedforDCpowersupplyThebackupoftheDCpowersupplyconvertstheDCpowersupplyvoltageintotheworkingvoltageofthecircuit.Generally,itisdividedintothreetypes:centralpowersupply,hierarchicalpowersupplyandsingle-boardpowersupply.Thelatterhasthehighestreliability.

4.Radiopowersupply

TheradiopowerinputisAC220V/110V,andtheoutputisDC13.8V.Thepowerdependsonthepowerofthepowersupply.Thereareproductsforseveralamperesandhundredsofamperes.TopreventACgridpowerfailureaffectstheworkoftheradio,andabatterypackisrequiredasabackup.Therefore,thistypeofpowersupplyhasanautomaticconversionfunctionforbatterycharginginadditiontooutputtinga13.8VDCvoltage.

5.Modulepowersupply

Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,therequirementsforpowersupplyreliabilityandcapacity/volumeratioaregettinghigherandhigher,andthemodulepowersupplyshowsmoreandmoreadvantages.Ithashighworkingfrequency,smallsize,highreliability,easyinstallationandcombinationexpansion,soitismoreandmorewidelyused.AlthoughthereiscorrespondingmoduleproductioninChina,thefailurerateisrelativelyhighduetothefailurerateoftheproductiontechnologytocatchupwiththeinternationallevel.

AlthoughthecostofDC/DCmodulepowersupplyisrelativelyhigh,fromtheperspectiveoftheoverallcostoftheproduct'slongapplicationcycle,especiallythehighmaintenancecostandlossofgoodwillcausedbysystemfailure,Itiscost-effectivetochoosethispowermodule.ItisalsoworthmentioningherethattheRogowskiconvertercircuithastheoutstandingadvantagesofsimplecircuitstructure,highefficiencyandclosetozeroripplevalues​​ofoutputvoltageandcurrent.

6.Specialpowersupplies

High-voltageandsmall-currentpowersupplies,high-currentpowersupplies,400HzinputAC/DCpowersupplies,etc.,canbeclassifiedinthiscategoryandcanbeselectedaccordingtospecialneeds.Thepriceofswitchingpowersupplyisgenerally2-8yuan/watt,andthepriceofspeciallow-powerandhigh-powerpowersuppliesisslightlyhigher,upto11-13yuan/watt.

Terminology

ACPI:isapowermanagementspecificationjointlylaunchedbyIntel,Microsoft,etc.,whichintegratespowermanagementintohardwareandoperatingsystemsAndintheapplicationprogram,theoverallmanagementofthepowersupplybytheoperatingsystemisrealized.AcomputerwithACPIfunctionisinasuspendedstatewithextremelylowpowerconsumptionwhennotinuse.Whenamodemreceivesasignal,itcanautomaticallyturnon,andcanbeshutdownbysoftware,adaptingtothegrowingnetworkapplicationrequirements.

Powerefficiency:Powerefficiencyiscloselyrelatedtopowersupplydesigncircuits.High-efficiencypowersuppliescanincreasetheefficiencyofpowerusageandreducethepowerconsumptiontoacertainextent.Andheat.

Breakdownvoltage(Uaw,Ua):Thehighestinstantaneousvoltagevaluethatcanbecontinuouslyappliedtothedesignatedterminaloftheprotectorbeforebreakdown.Overvoltageprotectionisbrokendownunderthefollowingconditions:a)Ifthepeakcurrentflowingthroughtheresistiveelementexceeds1mA;b)Iftheovervoltagecausesthepeakcurrentflowingthroughtheprotectortoexceed1mA.

CCEEsafetycertification:TheCCEEsafetycertificationmark,alsoknownastheGreatWallmark,isaspecialcertificationmarkforelectricalproducts.TheChinaCertificationCouncilforElectricalProducts(CCEE)istheonlylegalorganizationauthorizedbytheStateTechnicalSupervisionBureautoparticipateintheInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission'sElectricalProductSafetyCertificationOrganization(IECEE)onbehalfofChina,andtoimplementsafetycertification(GreatWallMarkCertification)onelectricalproductsonbehalfofthecountry.

Portthroughput:Portthroughputreferstotheportpacketforwardingcapacity,usuallymeasuredbypps:packetspersecond,whichisthepacketforwardingcapacityofarouteronacertainport.Usuallyusetwosamespeedinterfacetest.However,thetestinterfacemayberelatedtothelocationandrelationshipoftheinterface.Forexample,thethroughputvaluetestedbetweenportsonthesameplug-incardmaybedifferentfromthethroughputvaluebetweenportsondifferentplug-incards.

Breakdowntime:Mainlyreflectsthecharacteristicsoftheprotectionelement.Thehighertheprotectionlevel,thelongerthebreakdowntime.Thebreakdowntimecanvarywithinacertainrange,dependingontheslopeofdu/dtordi/dt.

Shortcircuitprotection:Whentheprotectedcircuittendstobeshort-circuitedandproducesmorethan5timestheratedcurrent,theprotectorcutsoffthecircuit.

Power-ondelay:Thisisanewconcept.Acertainperiodofstabilizationperiodisnecessaryforthepowersupplytoprovidestableoutputatthebeginningofthepower-onperiod.InthisperiodThestabilityofthevoltageisdifficulttoguarantee,sothepowersupplydesignerdelaysthepowersupplyby100ms-500ms,andthenprovideshigh-qualitypowertothecomputerafterthepowersupplyisstable.

DoubleBuffering:Most3DacceleratorcardsthatsupportOpenGlwillprovidetwosetsofgraphicsinformation.Thesetwosetsofgraphicpictureinformationareusuallyviewedas"frontcache"and"backcache".Thedisplaycardusesthe"front-endcache"tostorethescreenthatisbeingdisplayed,andatthesametimethenextframeisalreadyonstandbyinthe"back-endcache".Thenthedisplaycardwillexchangethetwocaches,the"BackgroundCache"screenwillbedisplayed,andatthesametime,drawthenextgridinthe"ForegroundCache"tobeonstandby,thusformingacomplementaryworkingmodethatcontinuestowork.Reactquicklytochangesinthepicture.

Power-offprotectionfunction:Theso-calledpower-offprotectionfunctionmeansthattheswitchingdevicecanstorethelastchannelswitchingcommandduringnormaloperation.Thedevicewillstillsavethiscommand,andthedevicewillautomaticallyreturntotheoriginalswitchingstateafterpowerisconnected.

Surgeprotector:Thesurgeprotectorismainlycomposedofavaristor(variableresistance,voltagelimitingdiode)andadischargegap(dischargechannel)toprotectotherelectronicsEquipmentandsystems,andprovideequipotentialbonding.

EMI:EMI(Electron-MagneticInterference)-electromagneticinterference,anyelectronicdevicethatgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldwillmoreorlessgenerateanoisefield,whichwillinterferewithnearbyelectronicdevices.Thisphenomenoniscalledelectromagneticinterference.

Circuitbreaker:AccordingtotheIECstandard,thesurgeprotectormusthaveadisconnectdevice(circuitbreaker),whenthesurgeprotectorendsinlifeduetoanyformofaccidentWhen,thedisconnectingdevicecansafelydisconnectthecircuit.

Criticalfrequency(Fg):Atthisfrequency,underspecifictestconditions,theinsertionlossis1dB

IEEE:b>ItisaprofessionalorganizationthatformulateselectricalstandardsintheUnitedStates.ItsfullnameistheInstituteofElectricalandElectromicsEngineers.TheIEEE802standardformulatedbyithasmadeagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentoflocalareanetworks.Thewell-knownIEEEprotocolsare802.2,802.3,and802.5.

Ratedcurrent:Theratedworkingcurrentthatcanbeconductedbytheovervoltageprotector.

Leakageprotection:Whenthephaselineoftheprotectedlineisconnectedtothegrounddirectlyorthroughanunexpectedload,itwillproduceanapproximatesinewaveanditseffectivevalueisaslowlychangingresidualcurrentWhenthecurrentisgreaterthanacertainvalue,theprotectorcutsofftheline.

Ratedcurrent(In):Theratedworkingcurrentthatcanbeconductedbytheovervoltageprotector.

Logicdevicetestspeed:Logicdevicetestspeedreferstohowmanytestvectors(TestVector)canbeappliedtotheinputofthedeviceundertestpersecond,namelyTV/SThisisanimportantindicatortomeasuretheperformanceofthetester.Thefasterthebetter,itindicatesthatthehigherthetesteris,theHN2000/MXcanreachupto610KTV/S(foreigntesterPinpointreaches10MTV/S,QT200reaches500KTV/S.).Theindexshouldbeaccurate,stable,andnotchangewiththegradeofthemicrocomputer.Themainfunctionofthisindicatoristosolvetheproblemthatthesamemodelbutdifferenttypesoflogicdevicessometimesfailtotestsuccessfullyatthesametestspeed.

Protectionlevel:Theprotectionlevelreferstothemaximumvoltagethatappearsattheoutletofthesurgeprotectorafteranelectricshockwithanamplitudeoftherateddischargecurrentisappliedtothesurgeprotector.Thisvoltagewillbedirectlyappliedtotheprotectedequipment.Therefore,inordertoachieveeffectiveprotection,theprotectionlevelofthesurgeprotectorshouldbelowerthanthemaximumvoltagethattheprotectedequipmentcanwithstand.

Ratedvoltage:Usedtocalibratethedevice,thevoltagethatcanbeappliedtobothendsoftheovervoltageprotectorforalongtime.

Ratedpower:Ratedpowergenerallyreferstotheeffectivepowerthatcanbecontinuouslyoutput;thatis,themaximumpowerthatcancontinuetoworkinanormalworkingenvironment.Theratedpowershouldbethemostimportantparameterofapowersupply.Iftheratedpowerofthepowersupplycannotmeettheneedsofyourcomputer,allkindsofunpredictableproblemsmayfollowoneafteranother.

Pulsecurrentwidth:AccordingtothetestcurrentoftheovervoltageprotectiondeviceofDINVDE0675part1,thedeviceundertestmustbeabletowithstandthiscurrent20times.

Transmitter:Adevicethatconvertsphysicalmeasurementsignalsorordinaryelectricalsignalsintostandardelectricalsignaloutputorcanbeoutputbymeansofcommunicationprotocols.Generallydividedinto:temperature/humiditytransmitter,pressuretransmitter,differentialpressuretransmitter,liquidleveltransmitter,currenttransmitter,powertransmitter,flowtransmitter,weighttransmitter,etc.

Ratedvoltage(Un):Usedtocalibratethedevice,thevoltagethatcanbeappliedtobothendsoftheovervoltageprotectorforalongtime.

Undervoltageprotection:Whenthepowersupplyvoltageoftheprotectedcircuitislowerthanacertainvalue,theprotectorcutsoffthecircuit;whenthepowersupplyvoltagereturnstothenormalrange,theprotectorautomaticallyconnectsPass.

Asynchronousconverter:ASYCHRONOUSisakindofconverterthatcannotbebetweentwopowersuppliesandtheload.

Rateddischargecurrent(Isn):The8/20waveform(refertoDINVDE0432/10.78part3)passedbythesurgearresterduringthecharacteristicparametertest.ThesurgearrestermustUnderUc,itcanwithstand20timesofrateddischargecurrent,andthesubsequentratedchangesofeachparametervaluedoesnotexceed10or20(dependingonthearrestermodel).

Clustertechnology:Justasredundantcomponentscanprotectyoufromhardwarefailure,clustertechnologycanprotectyoufromtheparalysisoftheentiresystemandtheoperatingsystemandapplicationlevel.Fault.Aserverclustercontainsmultipleserverswithshareddatastoragespace,andeachserverisconnectedtoeachotherthroughaninternalLAN;whenoneoftheserversfails,theapplicationprogramitrunswillautomaticallytakeovertheconnectedserver;Inmostcases,allcomputersintheclusterhaveacommonname,andanyserverintheclustersystemcanbeusedbyallnetworkusers.Generallyspeaking,acombinationofclusteringandhigh-availabilityserverscanincreasetheoperationto99.99.Clusteringtechnologyisnotonlyabletoprovidelongeruptime,itisalsoofgreatsignificanceinminimizingthedowntimeassociatedwithscheduleddowntime.Forexample,ifyouuseacluster,youcanshutdownaserverwhilesimultaneouslyupgradingapplications,hardware,andoperatingsystemswithoutdisconnectingfromusers.Theclustersystemrealizesthehighavailabilityandhighreliabilityofthesystemthroughfunctionintegrationandfaulttransitiontechnology.Theclustertechnologycanalsoprovidearelativelylowtotalcostofownershipandpowerfulandflexiblesystemexpansioncapabilities.

Residualvoltage(Ur):Thepeakvoltageatthedesignatedterminaloftheprotectorwhenthedischargecurrentflows.

FanBearings:Fansonthemarkethavethreetypesofbearings:oil-impregnatedbearings,single-ballbearings(thatis,oil-impregnatedplusballs),anddouble-ballbearings.Theadvantageoftheballbearingisthatithasalongservicelife,atthesametime,itgenerateslittleheat,lownoise,andrelativelystable.Afterlong-termuseofoil-impregnatedbearings,thegreaseinthemwillevaporate,thebearingswillwearout,thenoisewillbeloudinthelaterstage,andtheservicelifewillbeshort.Theeasiestwaytodistinguishwhetheritisanoilbearingoraballbearingistomovethefanbladebyhand.Withthesameforce,theballbearingwillrotatemoreeasily,therotationtimeisalsolong,anditwillbeslightlyreversedwhenitstops.Turnthedirectionabit;theoilbearingisobviouslydifferent.

Distortion:Distortionisdividedintowaveformdistortion,voltagedistortion,currentdistortion...etc.Regardlessofthedistortion,itiscalculatedasapercentage.Themagnitudeofthedistortionandtheharmonics,Voltage,currentandpowerfactorarerelated.

Electromagneticconductioninterference:Fromtheperspectiveofelectromagneticsafety,computersmustcomplywithelectromagneticinterferencestandards.Electromagneticinterferencetothepowergridwillhaveanegativeimpactonelectronicequipment,andwillalsocauseharmtohumanhealth.TheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationandmostcountriesintheworldhaveformulatedseveralstandardsforelectromagneticinterferenceandradiofrequencyinterference.Thestandardsrequiremanufacturersofelectronicequipmenttoreducetheradiationandconductioninterferenceoftheirproductstoanacceptablelevel.Themostfamousis"FCCB",ItistheelectromagneticinterferencestandardestablishedbytheUnitedStatesfortheresidentialenvironment.

Serverpowersupply:Therearetwotypesofserverpowersupplies,oneisredundantserverpower,andtheotherishigh-powerpower.TheredundantserverpowersupplyiscomposedoftwoPCpowersupplies.Thetwopowersuppliesareconnectedthroughsomespecialcircuits.Whenonepowersupplyisworking,theotherpowersupplyisinstandbystate.Whentheworkingpowersupplysuddenlyfails,theotherpowersupplyisinstandbystate.Thebackuppowersupplycantakeoverthefailedpowersupplyinashortperiodoftimetopreventtheserverfrom"downtime".Redundantserverpowersuppliesaregenerallyusedinsectorsthatcannotbe"downtime"suchasbanksandtelecommunications,andareoftennotsuitableforordinaryconsumers.

Outputimpedance:ImpedanceistheresistanceofthecircuitorequipmenttoACcurrent,andtheoutputimpedanceistheimpedancemeasuredattheoutlet.Equivalentimpedancerepresentedinserieswiththeanalogoutput.Thesmallertheimpedance,thehighertheabilitytodrivealargerload.

Electricshockprotection:Whenthephaselineoftheprotectedcircuitisconnectedtothegrounddirectlyorthroughanunexpectedload,anon-sinusoidalwaveformisgeneratedanditseffectivevalueistheinstantaneouslychangingresidualcurrentWhenthecurrentisgreaterthanacertainvalue,theprotectorcutsofftheline.

Highcurrentpulse(Ish):AccordingtothestandardDINVDE0675part1,the4/10waveformtestcurrentoftheovervoltageprotectiondevicemustbeabletowithstand2times.Thecurrent.

Inputvoltagerange:Thatis,therangeoftheUPSallowablemainsvoltagechange,becausethelocalvoltagefluctuationsdirectlyaffecttheoperationoftheUPS,especiallyinsomeareaswherethepowergridisrelativelybad,Thevoltagevariesgreatlyduringthedayandnight.IfUPSneedstowork24hoursaday,insuchawiderangeofchanges,itiscrucialthatUPScanwork.Ifitcan'twork,onlythebatterycanbeswitched.Inthisway,thebatteryisnotusedforrealpowerfailure,andthefrequentbatteryswitchingwillaffectthelifeofthebattery.IfthebatterytransferdeviceoftheUPSisarelay,thedamagetotherelayisparticularlyserious,whichgreatlyincreasesthefailurerateoftheUPS.

Voltageprotectionlevel(Up):Thepeakvalueofthestandardlightningpulsebreakdownvoltage,undertherateddischargecurrentIsn,theresidualvoltageoftheprotectedterminal,forthepowersystemlightningarrester,Theinstallationlocationisdeterminedaccordingtotheovervoltageclassificationprotectionlevel;fortheinformationsystemprotector,theprotectionlevelmustmatchthecompatibilityofthesystemandequipmenttobeprotected.

Workingvoltage:WorkingvoltagereferstothevoltagerequiredforthenormaloperationoftheCPU.WiththeincreaseinthemanufacturingprocessandmainfrequencyoftheCPU,theoperatingvoltageoftheCPUhasagradualdownwardtrend.Lowvoltagecansolvetheproblemofexcessivepowerconsumptionandexcessiveheatgeneration,whichisespeciallyimportantfornotebookcomputers.

Inputimpedance:Impedanceistheresistanceofacircuitordevicetoalternatingcurrent.Theinputimpedanceistheimpedancemeasuredattheentrance.Aninputisplacedinasignalsourcethatdrivesit.Thenumberofloads.Highinputimpedancecanreducethesignalchangewhenthecircuitisconnected,soitisalsothemostideal.Theminimumimpedanceatagivenvoltageistheminimuminputimpedance.Asanalternativeorsupplementtotheinputcurrent,itdeterminestheinputpowerrequirement.

Voltagelevel(Uc):Themaximumvoltagethatcanbeappliedtothedesignatedterminalwithoutcausingchangesincharacteristicsandactivationoftheprotectivecomponents.

Powerfactor:Thisvalueisusuallybetween0and1,anditsvaluemustnotbegreaterthan1.ItisthevalueofW(realpower)andVA(virtualpower)Theratiobetweenthehighandlowratios.Thehighertheratio,thebettertheperformanceoftheapplianceitself.Conversely,thelowertheratio,thegreatertheenergyconsumedbytheapplianceitself,andthemorepoweritconsumes.

Instantaneousresponsecapability:Whentheinputvoltagechangessignificantlyinaninstant(withintheallowablerange),thetimeittakesfortheoutputstablevoltagevaluetoreturntonormalisalsothepowersupplyAbilitytoreacttoabnormalsituations.

Powersupplyfan:Thepowersupplyfanisanimportantpartofthepowersupplyandisresponsiblefordrawingoutthehotairinthepowersupply.Turnontheinsideofthepowersupplyandyoucanseethattherearetwolargerheatsinks.Theperformanceandlimitparametersofthehigh-powertubeontheheatsinkdirectlyaffectthesafecarryingpowerandproductcostofthepowersupply.Inaddition,thetwosocketsattherearofthepowersupplyarerespectivelyusedtoconnectanexternalpowersourceandprovidesocketsforthedisplay.Generally,themalesocketsarepowersockets.Thereisavoltagesettingswitchbetweenthetwosocketstoswitchbetweenthe110Vand220Vvoltagesystems.The220VvoltagesystemiswidelyusedinChina.Ifthe110Vfileissetincorrectly,itwillcausedamagetothepowersupply.

Over-currentprotection:Whentheloadoftheprotectedlineincreasesandacurrentgreaterthan1.4timestheratedcurrentisgenerated,theprotectorwillcutoffthelineafteradelay.

Systemcertification:Asanoverallsolutionforprofessionalusers,workstationsneedtobecertifiedforthewholesystemtoensurethatthesystemcanhandledualCPUs,multiplehigh-speedrotatingdisksandgraphicscardsTheheatgeneratedensuresthatthepowersupplycanmeetthestablevoltagerequirementsofthebootandhigh-speedrotatingdisksandgraphicscards,ensuringthattheproductcanrunstablyunderthemostdemandingenvironment.

Powersupplypower:Thesmallerthepowersupply,thesmallertheheatgeneratedbythemachine,sothecontinuousprojectiontimeofthemachinewillbelonger.Inordertousesafety,theprojectorisgenerallyequippedwithanoverheatingprotectiondevice.

Noiseandfiltering:Thisindicatorneedstobevisuallyquantifiedandjudgedbyprofessionalinstruments,mainly220Valternatingcurrentistransformedintovariouslow-voltagedirectcurrentsafterfilteringandstabilizingtheswitchingpowersupply.,ThenoisesignifiesthesmoothnessoftheoutputDCpower,andthefilterqualityisdirectlyrelatedtotheleveloftheACcomponentintheoutputDCpower.Itisalsocalledtheripplecoefficient.Thesmallerthecoefficient,thebetter.Atthesametime,thecapacityandqualityofthefiltercapacitorarealsorelatedtothevoltagestabilitywhenthecurrentchangesgreatly.

PowerManagement:referstohowtoeffectivelydistributepowertodifferentcomponentsofthesystem.Powermanagementisessentialformobiledevicesthatrelyonbatterypower.Byreducingenergyconsumptionwhencomponentsareidle,anexcellentpowermanagementsystemcanextendbatterylifebytwoorthreetimes.

Overvoltageprotection:Whenthepowersupplyvoltageoftheprotectedcircuitishigherthanacertainvalue,theprotectorcutsoffthecircuit;whenthepowersupplyvoltagereturnstothenormalrange,theprotectorautomaticallyconnectsPass.

Impedance(Impedance):Payattentiontothedifferencewiththemeaningofresistance.Intheworldofdirectcurrent(DC),theeffectofobjectsonthecurrentiscalledresistance,butinalternatingcurrent(AC)Intherealmof,inadditiontoresistancehinderingthecurrent,capacitanceandinductancewillalsohindertheflowofcurrent.Thiseffectiscalledreactance,andwhatwecallimpedanceisthevectorsumofresistanceandreactance.

Powerconsumptionmanagement:IEEE802.11alsodefinesthesignalingmethodoftheMAClayer.Throughthecontrolofpowermanagementsoftware,mobileuserscanhavethelongestbatterylife.Powermanagementwillputthenetworkinadormantstate(lowpowerorpowerfailure)whenthereisnodatatransmission,sothatdatapacketsmaybelost.Tosolvethisproblem,IEEE802.11stipulatesthattheAPshouldhaveabuffertostoreinformation,andmobileuserswhoaresleepingwillwakeupperiodicallytorestoretheinformation.

Returnloss:Inhigh-frequencyapplications,itreflectstheproportionoftravelingwavesreflectedatthetransitionpointoftheprotectiondevice.Underthisparameter,itcanbedirectlymeasured.TheprotectiondeviceandtheThematchingdegreeofthesurgeimpedanceofthesystem,forthedatatransmissionsystem,inordertopreventbiterrors,thereturnlossofthesystemmustbegreaterthan20dB.

Maximumdischargecurrent(Imax):Thearrestermustwithstandthe8/20waveformtestcurrentwithoutcausingdamage,andtheprotectormustbeabletowithstandsuchalargecurrenttwice.

Fieldsofuse

Powerproductsarewidelyusedinindustrialautomationcontrol,militaryequipment,scientificresearchequipment,industrialcontrolequipment,computersandcomputers,communicationequipment,powerequipment,instrumentation,medicalequipment,Semiconductorcoolingandheatingandotherfields.

Nationalpowersupplyvoltage

AsiaPacificregion

Namevoltagesocketpowersupplysituation

Japan100Vdoubleholeflattype

Korea220Vdoubleholeroundtype

ChinaHongkong220Vthreeholeflattypepowersupplyisnormal

ChinaMacau220Vthreeholetype

Vietnam220Vdoubleholeroundandflattypepowersupplyisstillstable,thereareintermittentpowerfailures

Thailand220Vdoubleholeroundandflattypepowersupplyisstillgood

Malaysia220-240Vthree-holepowersupplyisstillnormal

Singapore220Vthree-holeflat-headpowersupplyisstable

Philippines220Vtwo-holeflatandthree-holepowersupplyisstillstable,evenPowerfailure

Indonesia's220Vtwo-holeroundtypepowersupplyisstillstable,andoccasionalpoweroutages

India240Vroundholethree-plugtype(2typesof5and15amperes)powersupplyisunstable,Powerfailuresarefrequent,allelectricalappliancesneedtobeequippedwithvoltagestabilizers

Australia240V60HZeight-shapedthree-holevoltageisstable,nopoweroutages,TV,VCRarePALsystems

NewZealand220Vhoroscopepowersupplystable

WestAsia

Namevoltagesocketpowersupplysituation

Russia220V50-The60hzdouble-holeroundtypepowersupplyisstillgood,butthevoltageisunstable

SaudiArabia,Arabia,110and220Vdouble-holeflattypeandroundtypepowersupplyisstable,airconditionerthree-holeflatsocketordirectpowerconnection

Jordan220Vtwo-holeflatandroundpowersupplyisstillcalledstableuseofsocketconverter

Kuwait220-240Vthree-hole(includinggroundwire)powersupplyisstillcalledstable

Israel220-240V50Mhztwo-holecircularpowersupplyisstillcalledstable,withintermittentshort-termpoweroutages

Bahrain220Vthree-holepowersupplyisstillcalledstable

Oman220Vthree-holepowersupplyThepowersupplyisstablewithfewblackouts

Turkey220Vroundtypepowersupplyisgood(capitalarea)

EasternUniversity’s220-240Veight-shapedthree-holepowersupplyisnormal

NorthAmerica

Namevoltagesocketpowersupplysituation

U.S.120VACgroundedthree-wirepowersupplyisgood

Hawaii120VACgroundedthree-wirepowersupplyisgood

Guam120VACgroundedthree-wirepowersupplyisgood

Canada110Vdoubleholeflattypepowersupplyisgood

EuropeDistrict

Namevoltagesocketpowersupplysituation

Vatican220Vdoubleforkandthreeforktypepowersupplyisgood

Italy220-230Vdouble-prongandthree-prongtypepowersupplyisgood

Austria220V,50hzdoubleholeroundtypepowersupplyisgood

CzechRepublic220Vdoubleholewithaprotrudingsafetybarpowersupplyisstillsaidtobestable,occasionallyPowerfailure

Polish220Vdoubleholeroundtypepowersupplyisgood

Hungary220Vdoubleholeroundtypepowersupplyisgood

Greece220Vdoubleholeroundtypepowersupplyisgood

Belgium220V50/60HZdouble-holeandthree-holecirculartypepowersupplyisgood

TheNetherlands220V,50hzEuropeancontinentalstandardpowersupplyisstable

Luxembourg220Vdouble-holecylindricaltypepowersupplyisstable

British220-240Vthree-holerectangularpowersupplyisstable

Ireland220Vthree-holepowersupplyisstable

France220Vroundshapewithgroundwirehasgoodpowersupply

Swiss220-224Vthree-holeroundtypewithgoodpowersupply

Spain220Vdouble-holeroundtypewithgoodpowersupply

Portugal220V,50hzdouble-holeroundtype

Stablepowersupply,Germany220V,50hzroundtype

Goodpowersupply,Norway220-230Vdoubleholeroundtype

Powersupplystable,Finland230Vdoubleholeroundtype

GoodpowersupplyDenmark220Vdoubleholeroundtype

Stablepowersupply,Sweden220Vthreeholeandtwoholecylindricaltypepowersupplyisgood

Latvia220-240Vdoubleholeroundtypepowersupplyisstillgood

FrequentlyAskedQuestions

1.Whatisthebasicworkingprincipleofindustrialpowersupply?

Answer:Byrunninghigh-frequencyswitchingtechnology,theinputtedhigheralternatingcurrentvoltage(AC)isconvertedintothelowerdirectcurrentvoltage(DC)requiredbythePCcomputer.

2.Whatistheworkingprocessofindustrialpowersupply?

Answer:Whenthemainspowerentersthepowersupply,itfirstpassesthroughthechokecoilandcapacitorfilteringtoremovehigh-frequencyclutterandinterferencesignals,andthenpassesthroughrectificationandfilteringtoobtainhigh-voltagedirectcurrent.Thenthedirectcurrentisconvertedintohigh-frequencypulsatingdirectcurrentthroughtheswitchcircuit,andthensenttothehigh-frequencyswitchtransformertostepdown.Thenfilteroutthehigh-frequencyACpart,sothatthefinaloutputisrelativelypurelow-voltageDCforusebythecomputer.

3.WhatisthemainfunctionoftheEMIcircuit?

Answer:ThefunctionoftheEMIcircuitistofilteroutvariousinterferencesignalsfromthepowergridtopreventthehighfrequencyformedbythepowerswitchcircuitfromdisturbingthepowergrid.EMIisanimportantpartofCCCcertification.

4.Whatisahigh-voltagerectifierfiltercircuit?

Answer:Thehigh-voltagerectifierfiltercircuitconsistsofarectifierbridgeandtwohigh-voltageelectrolyticcapacitors.Thefunctionistoconvert220VACmainspowerinto300VDCpower.

5.Whatarethegeneraltypesofhigh-voltageelectrolyticcapacitors?

Answer:Thehigh-voltageelectrolyticcapacitorsweusuallycalllargecapacitorsgenerallyhavetwo.Becauseoftheirhighwithstandvoltage,theyareverylarge.Accordingtothecapacity,high-voltageelectrolyticcapacitorsgenerallyhave330uf,470uf,680uf,820uf,1000uf,1200uf,etc.,withavoltageresistancevalueof200Vandatemperatureresistanceof85degrees.

6.Whatistheprincipleoftheswitchcircuit?

Answer:TheprincipleoftheswitchcircuitisthattheswitchtubeandthePWM(PulseWidthModulation)controlchipformanoscillatingcircuittogeneratehigh-frequencypulses.Thehigh-voltagedirectcurrentgeneratedbythehigh-voltagerectifierfiltercircuitisconvertedintohigh-frequencypulseddirectcurrent,whichissenttothemaintransformertoreducethevoltageandbecomelow-frequencypulseddirectcurrent.

7.Whatistheprincipleofthelow-voltagerectifierfiltercircuit?

Answer:Afterthelow-frequencypulsedDCisrectifiedbythediode,itisfilteredbytheelectrolyticcapacitor,sothattheoutputisastablecurrentwithdifferentvoltages.Becausethevoltagehereisalreadyverylow,althoughthecapacitanceofthecapacitorisverylarge,usually1000uf,2200uf,etc.,becauseitdoesnotrequireahighwithstandvoltagevalue,thevolumeofthecapacitorissmall.

8.Whatisthefunctionoftheauxiliarycircuit?

Answer:The300Vdirectcurrentturnsintoapulsecurrentthroughtheauxiliarypowerswitchtube,andtwosetsofACvoltageareoutputthroughtheauxiliarypowertransformer.Itisaddedtothemainboardasastandbyvoltage;theotherisrectifiedandfilteredtooutputanauxiliary20VpowersupplyforPWMandotherchipstowork.Withauxiliarycircuits,thecomputercanstartandshutdownthesoftware.

9.WhatisPFC?

Answer:PFC(PowerFactorCorrection)means"powerfactorcorrection",whichismainlyusedtocharacterizetheutilizationefficiencyofelectricalenergybyelectronicproducts.Thehigherthepowerfactor,thehighertheutilizationefficiencyofelectricenergy.ComputerpowersuppliesthathavepassedtheCCCcertificationmustaddaPFCcircuit.Thepositionisafterthesecondlayeroffilteringandbeforethefull-bridgerectifiercircuit.TherearetwotypesofPFC,oneispassivePFC(alsoknownaspassivePFC)andtheotherisactivePFC(alsoknownasactivePFC).

10.WhatarethecharacteristicsofactivePFC?

Answer:TheactivePFCinputvoltagecanbefrom90Vto270V;thepowerfactorishigherthan0.99,andithastheadvantagesoflowlossandhighreliability;itcanbeusedasanauxiliarypowersupplyandisnolongerneededAuxiliarypowertransformer;theoutputDCvoltagerippleisverysmall,sothepowersupplyusingactivePFCdoesnotneedtousealarge-capacityfiltercapacitor.

11.WhatarethecharacteristicsofpassivePFC?

Answer:PassivePFCgenerallyadoptsinductancecompensationmethod,whichimprovesthepowerfactorbyreducingthephasedifferencebetweenthefundamentalcurrentandvoltageoftheACinput.ThepowerfactorofpassivePFCisnotveryhigh.,Canonlyreach0.7~0.8,andtheheatisrelativelylarge.

12.Howdoesthepowersupplysoftwareturnonandturnoffthefunction?

Answer:Thesoftwarepower-on/offfunctionofthepowersupplyisrealizedthroughthePW-OKcircuit.PW-OKoutputsazero-levelpowersupplyself-checksignaltothehostwhenitisinstandby,andthehoststopsworkingandisinastandbystate.Afterthecontrolledstart,PW-OKwilldelayfrom0levelto+5Vafterafewhundredmillisecondsaftertheoutputvoltageoftheswitchingpowersupplyisstable,andoutputahighlevelsignaltothehost.ThissignalisequivalenttothePGsignaloftheATpowersupply.ThehoststartsthesystemafterdetectingthePW-OKpowersupplyintactsignal.Intheeventofmainspowerfailureorshutdownduringhostoperation,thePW-OKoutputsignaldisappearshundredsofmillisecondsearlierthantheATXswitchingpowersupply+5Voutputvoltage,andinformsthehosttotriggerthesystemtoautomaticallyshutdownbeforethepowerfailuretopreventsuddenpowerfailureWhentheharddiskheadistoolatetomovetothelandingzoneandscratchtheharddisk.

13.Whatisconductedinterference?

Answer:Conductedinterferenceisaconceptusedtomeasurethesizeofelectronicinterferencesignalssentbyelectronicproductstotheentirepowergridduringoperation.Allelectronicproductswillsendinterferencesignalstothepowergridwhentheyuseelectricity.Iftheinterferencesignalistoolarge,itwillaffectthepowerqualityoftheentiregridandinterferewiththenormaloperationofotherelectricalappliances.Therefore,mostcountrieshavearigidregulationontheconductioninterferenceindexofelectronicproducts,prohibitingtheproductionandsaleofproductswithexcessiveconductioninterference.

14.Whatarethemoreimportantitemsinthepowersupplytest?

Answer:Therearemainlycrossload,surge,inputvoltage,ripplenoise,outputshortcircuit,overpower,conversionefficiency,powerfactor,responsetime,timing,noise,conductedradiation,Leakagecurrent,highandlowtemperaturetest,etc.

15.Whatisinrushcurrent?

Answer:Inrushcurrentreferstothepeakcurrentflowingintothepowersupplyequipmentatthemomentthepoweristurnedon.Sincetheinputfiltercapacitorisquicklycharged,thepeakcurrentismuchgreaterthanthesteady-stateinputcurrent.ThepowersupplyshouldlimitthesurgelevelthatACswitches,rectifierbridges,fuses,andEMIfiltercomponentscanwithstand.Repeatedlyswitchtheloop,theACinputvoltageshouldnotdamagethepowersupplyorcausethefusetoblow.

16.Whatisconversionefficiency?

Answer:Asthepowersupplyisworking,partoftheelectricalenergyisconvertedintoheatandislost.Therefore,thepowersupplymustminimizeheatloss.Conversionefficiencyisthepercentageofoutputpowerdividedbyinputpower.The1.3versionpowersupplyrequiresaminimumconversionefficiencyof70%underfullload.Version2.0hasincreasedtherecommendedconversionefficiencyto80%.

17.Whatisthedifferencebetweenpowerfactorandconversionefficiency?

Answer:Althoughbothpowerfactorandconversionefficiencyrefertotheutilizationrateofthepowersupply,thedifferenceisverybig.Simplyput,thelossofpowerfactoristheburdenofthepowersector,andthelossofconversionefficiencyistheuser'sownburden.Itcanbeseenthatpowerfactor,EMI,etc.areallprotectionsforthenationalgrid.

18.Whatistheratedpower?

Answer:Theratedpowerreferstothemaximumloadofthepowersupplyunderstableandcontinuousoperation.Theratedpowerrepresentstherealloadcapacityofapowersupply.Forexample,theratedpowerofapowersupplyis300W,Itsmeaningisthatwhenworkingcontinuously24hoursadayand365daysayear,thesumofallloadscannotexceed300W.Butinfact,thepowersupplyhasacertaindegreeofredundancy.Forexample,apowersupplywitharatedpowerof300Wcanworkstablyandnormallyat310W,buttrynottoexceedtheratedpower,otherwiseitmaycausethepowersupplyorothercomputercomponentstoburnoutduetoovercurrent..

19.Whatisoverpowerprotection?

Answer:Inadditiontotheratedpower,thereisanotherdatacalled"OverloadProtection",whichiscalled"OPP"inEnglish.Overloadprotectionmeansthattheloadofthepowersupplycontinuestorise,andwhenitreachesacertainpoint,thepowersupplyisautomaticallycutofftoavoiddamagetothepowersupplyorotherpartsofthecomputerduetoovercurrent.TheOPPvalueisusuallyabout1.3timestheratedpower.SomemanufacturerssettheOPPtoohigh,whichisactuallyunsafe.TherewillbeanintervalbetweentheratedpowerandOPP.Forexample,ifthenewcolddrillhasaratedpowerof300WandOPPis370W,thenthisareabetween300-370Wisa"blindzone".Ifyoustayinthisintervalfortoolong(usuallyitcanlastfortensofseconds),itislikelytocausethepowersupplyorotherpartsofthecomputertoburn.

20.Whatistheprincipleoftemperaturecontrolpowersupply?

Answer:Thetemperaturecontrollercircuitismainlyrealizedbythermistor.Whenthepowersupplystartstowork,thefanpowersupplyvoltageis7V.Whenthetemperatureinsidethepowersupplyincreases,thethermistorresistancedecreases,thevoltagegraduallyincreases,andthefanspeedalsoincreases.Inthisway,thetemperatureinsidethecasecanbekeptatalowlevel.Inthecaseofverylightload,themuteeffectcanbeachieved.Whentheloadislarge,heatdissipationcanbeensured.

21.Briefdescriptionofpowersupplyindustry

Answer:Powersupplyisatechnicalproductwithpowerelectronicsasthecore."Powersupply"isaterminalproduct,and"powersupply"productisaconcreteproductembodimentof"powerelectronics"applicationtechnology.Powerelectronicpowersuppliesusuallyrefertopowerproductsthatusepowerelectronictechnology,andareanimportantcomponentofpowerelectronicequipment.Thepowersupplyindustrywithpowerelectronicsasitscoretechnologyisthefoundationforthedevelopmentofvarioushigh-techindustries.Allhigh-techequipmentrequiresthetechnicalsupportofpowerelectronicpowersupplies.WiththerapiddevelopmentofITindustry,CIindustryandPCmachine.Drivethetake-offofthepowersupplyindustry.Thepowersupplyindustryiswidelyusedinallwalksoflifeandisinseparablefromthenationaleconomy.China’spowersupplycompanieshavegenerallybeenestablishedforarelativelyshortperiodoftime.Companiesthathavebeenestablishedformorethan10yearsaccountforonly11.3%.Atthesametime,withthegradualdeepeningofmycountry’sreformandopeningup,thenumberofforeign-fundedenterprisesandjointventureshasgraduallyincreased,whichhaspromotedintensifiedcompetition.Opportunitiesandchallenges.Regardingtheoperatingconditionsofpowersupplycompanies,duetothestrongoveralldemand,althoughcompetitionhasintensified,theaveragerevenueandprofitsoftheindustryhaveincreased.Atthesametime,inorderforcompaniestohavethepotentialforfurthercompetitioninthefuture,ChinesepowersupplycompanieshaveincreasedtheirR&DeffortsandincreasedR&Dpersonnel.Sincethe1990s,thepowersupplyindustryhasexploded.Thenumberofcompanieshasincreasedfromafewhundredintheearly1990stotensofthousandstoday,andtheoutputhasincreasedfromabillionyuaninthe1990stotensofbillionsofyuantoday.Andfurtherrapiddevelopment.

22.Distributionofpowersupplyindustry

Answer:AccordingtothelatestnewsfromPowerYingcai.com,thelateststatisticsin2011showthatpowersupplycompaniesaremainlydistributedinsouthernChinaThetwomajorregionsinEastChinaaccountforthevastmajorityofdomesticpowersupplycompanies,especiallythePearlRiverDeltaregion.

Powersourceclassification

DCpower

DCpowerhastwoelectrodes,positiveandnegative,thepositiveelectrodehasahighpotentialandthenegativeelectrodehasalowpotential.Afterthetwoelectrodesareconnectedtothecircuit,aconstantpotentialdifferencecanbemaintainedbetweenthetwoendsofthecircuit,therebyformingacurrentfromthepositiveelectrodetothenegativeelectrodeintheexternalcircuit.Thewaterleveldifferencealonecannotmaintainastablewaterflow,butwiththehelpofapumptocontinuouslysendwaterfromlowtohighplaces,acertainwaterleveldifferencecanbemaintainedtoformastablewaterflow.Similarly,theelectrostaticfieldgeneratedbyelectricchargealonecannotmaintainastablecurrent.WiththehelpofaDCpowersupply,non-electrostaticeffects(referredtoas"non-electrostaticforces")canbeusedtomakepositivechargesfromthenegativeelectrodewithalowerpotential.Returntothepositivepolewithhigherpotentialthroughthepowersupplytomaintainthepotentialdifferencebetweenthetwoelectrodes,therebyformingasteadycurrent.Therefore,theDCpowersupplyisanenergyconversiondevicethatconvertsotherformsofenergyintoanelectricalenergysupplycircuittomaintainthesteadyflowofcurrent.

ACpowersupply

ACpowersupplycanprovideastablevoltageandfrequencypowersupplycalledACstablepowersupply.TheworkdonebymostdomesticmanufacturersisACvoltagestabilization.ThefollowingisabriefdescriptionoftheclassificationcharacteristicsofACstabilizedpowersuppliesinthemarket.Parameteradjustment(resonance)typestabilizedpowersupply,thebasicprincipleofvoltagestabilizationisLCseriesresonance,theearlymagneticsaturationtypevoltagestabilizerbelongstothiscategory.Itsadvantagesare:simplestructure,nonumerouscomponents,Thereliabilityisquitehigh,thevoltageregulationrangeisquitewide,andtheanti-interferenceandanti-overloadabilityisstrong.Thedisadvantagesare:highenergyconsumption,highnoise,heavyandhighcost.