Phonetics

Introduction

Research language voice system, including an analysis of the contemporary language of voice systems and voice changes studies the history of these two aspects. In Chinese history, the study of Chinese history and the corresponding changes in voice characteristics of the voice of knowledge known as phonology, belong to the category of traditional culture "School".

history

China's first Speech system works is Sui Lu Saying compiled by "Qieyun", written in AD 601, is the world's first dedicated voice system to make a comprehensive analysis of one monograph summarized. "Qieyun" Now only keep Fragments, rebuilt Song "Rhyme" basically preserved its original appearance.

In the Song Dynasty, China, India declared the affected school, began a rhyme book a class. FIG divided by rhyme rhyme, per FIG breakdown initial and tone, voice system at a glance. FIG Yun a class of work can be divided depending on the initials articulation and articulation of the lips, tongue, teeth, teeth, and throat clearing, turbid, clear views, views turbidity, etc., depending on the position of the tongue and the lip of the finals divided into four and so on and on, together, together, summarized four hu (after a vowel points and other proactive planning, resulting in the seventeenth century, when the voice is already very close to modern), etc., the description of the voice system, while most of the relatively heterogeneous, but is still regarded as a pioneer of the study of the sound system.

Modern Development

Modern phonology sound began in the late 19th century. Polish linguist in the JN Bo Duen de Kurdish and his students HB Crewe Shefusiji (1851 - 1887) first proposed the concept of "phonemes", and a number of other scientists voice in Europe such as the UK's H . Svetlana, P. Passy of France, Russia Л.В. Sherpa are pioneering research conducted in this area. 1930s, Europe Prague School of H.C. Trubetskoi, who developed the concept of phonemes, phonemic rapid development of research in Europe and the United States. United States description language school in theory and research methods phoneme has also done a lot of work to promote the development phonology played no small role.

allophone

Due to different schools of thought, there are various different interpretations of the content of the phonemes, phoneme inductive method is also different, but the purpose is to explore the voice system regularity, so the analysis results summarized in general is pretty much the same. The concept is more commonly used induction phoneme "opposition." In one language, the phonemes generated antagonistic relationship necessarily belong to different phonemes. A phoneme can have different allophone, allophone in accordance with the conditions occurring variants and conditions can be divided into free variants.

phoneme combination

combination phonemic system has its own rules. Different languages ​​have different voice systems, thus a combination of phonemic and phonological rules of content is not the same. Mand most consonant phoneme pronunciation syllable only at the beginning, not at the end of a syllable; vowel phonemes may be combined into / IAU / and / UAI / phoneme sequences can be combined into / UAU / and / IAI /; consonant phoneme / f / phoneme is not a vowel and / i / are combined into / fi /. These restrictions are in Mandarin phonological rule system determined.

The concept of formation and development of phonological research can make voice closely integrated voice system specific language, start to explore the voice system from the general rules of each specific language phoneme, modern phonology gradually forming. This not only greatly promote the development of the theory of speech, but also has a very important practical significance, since the formation of modern phonology, language of the investigation methods, principles and practices create a phonetic language teaching has a lot of development. China Under the influence of the theory and methods of modern science department of sound, from the 1930s began research work various Chinese dialects and minority languages. 50 years, this work has developed rapidly, in addition to research work, and create their own script for a number of minorities without words. 1958 published "Pinyin" is also based on modern theory developed on the basis of phonology.

study

After World War II

, the rapid development of modern science and technology, and acoustic phonetics, physiology, psychology, medicine and other disciplines gradually combined with the emergence of a new look, the development of modern phonology had a profound impact. 1950s, the main Prague School scholars residing in the United States and Sweden, Johnson R. Yake Bu famous acoustician CGM Infante, American linguist M. Harry cooperation to study voice at that time research-based, systematic presentation of "distinguishing feature "the concept for the development of modern phonology created a new situation. Johnson et al Yake Bu major departure from the acoustic characteristics of speech, the physiological characteristics of the reference voice, the voice of all 12 pairs of summed distinguishing characteristics, such as the vowel / non-vowel, sudden / continuity of the voiced / voiceless property, clustering / dispersibility, nasal resistance / accent and the like. Distinguishing feature is able to distinguish the meaning of language minimal pairs, the minimum of these are dual perspective value.

late 1960s

, American linguist and Harry N. Qiaomusiji cooperation, further developed the theory of distinguishing features, the creation of "generative phonology" the past 20 years to become the most influential school of research phonology. Qiaomusiji et al major physiological characteristics of voice from the viewpoint of the difference between the expansion 30 wherein a plurality of pairs of values ​​of the distinguishing characteristics of an even more prominent, each feature can be used "±" sign to show that, for example, "+ high / - high "," top tongue + / - tongue top "," unrounded + / - unrounded "," nasal + / - nasal "," voiced + / - voiced "and the like.

From the distinctive features of the theory, the traditional phonetics of vowels and consonants are not Shifenchongyao, after 30 years of phonemic prevailing concept can not be abandoned, because these can be used to express distinguishing characteristics . For example, Mandarin / P / and / m / phoneme is two, the difference between them is actually only "± nasal" and "± voiced" of the two distinguishing features, other features are included in these two phonemes common and can not play a significant role in the difference, generative phonology is part of generative grammar Qiaomusiji created, in addition to the development of the distinctive features of the theory, but also focus on interpretation of the rules of voice conversion rule is written in the form:

a → B / X─Y

a and B represent the distinguishing characteristics, → indicates "to", X─Y represents the conversion conditions, the front compartment by a slash and B → a open. This form can be read as "when the difference becomes distinguishing characteristic B wherein A is between X and Y", that is to say XAY → XBY. Generative phonology believe that all speech rules are written in such a form.

cutting-edge research

With the development of linguistics, it is increasingly recognized that the voice of the study can not study semantics and syntax of detachment. Although they are two different areas, the relative opposition, but that does not negate the correlation between the two. From the viewpoint of both relatively independent, pure tones can be studied based or voice-only; from the perspective of both interrelated, pure tones can be studied based or non-speech. The outcome before hand, has been voluminous; the latter aspect of the study, and has gradually start to go deeper.

To understand this in detail, refer to "syllables and meaning of cum phonological and vocabulary, grammar oriented, subjective associations," a book.

influence

There are a variety of different comments on the theory of generative phonology, but it is undoubtedly the phonological development of a very important stage. At present, the mode of distinguishing features is far from forming a consensus, even if the value of the distinguishing features are, there are still different views. But even the value selected in line with the characteristics of the electronic calculator binary encoding requires distinguishing features, easy to study and the voice of modern science and technology together, so wide attention, and has been applied to various disciplines related to the speech information programming go.

information

initials and finals of Mandarin speech characteristic is not always within the respective segment, the information might include vowels consonants, the consonants may also with information finals. The former is called consonant sign, which is called the eigen mutual sound carrier.

vowel syllable is the core of the phenomenon of consonant vowel affected is common. Then after a different consonant vowel, consonant strong frequency region will be different, especially the bigger the impact on joints.

vowel sound certain phenomena characterized by the initials carrier strip, called the eigen mutual sound carrier, the sound carrier eigen mutual most typical example is the medial. Has a medial unsteady nature, one which no steady-state section, the second is the starting point of tone value by initials big impact. When the consonant is aspirated before the medial or medial articulation with the same initials will be assimilated medial band similar characteristics (bottom). Other consonants are different medial assimilation strength, if the initials in Mandarin by various types of tape medial how to arrange intrinsic tone can be obtained in the following order:

aspirated affricate - aspirated plosives - fricative - laterals - not aspirated affricate - unaspirated plosives - nasal - zero initial