Long-term memory

Interpretation

Aftertheexternalstimulusispresentedinaveryshorttime,thememorythatismaintainedformorethan1’iscalledlong-termmemory.Thecapacityoflong-termmemoryisunlimitedintermsofthetypeoramountofmemory.

Situationalmemoryacceptsandstoresinformationaboutpersonalsituationsoreventsataspecifictimeandthetemporalandspatialconnectionsoftheseevents.Semanticmemoryisrelatedtowordsorotherlanguagesymbols,theirmeaningsandreferentsandtheirconnections,aswellasrelatedcontentaboutrules,formulas,andalgorithmsthatmanipulatethesesymbols,concepts,andrelationships.Theelectricalactivityofnervecellscanalsogoastepfurther,leadingtochangesincertainspecificfunctionalmolecules;thesespecificchangesinstructuralcompositionaremaintained,andlong-termmemorycanbeformed.

Long-termmemorycanretainpermanentmemoryformanyyearsorevenlife.Itscapacityseemsinfinite,butsomepeoplethinkthatitsrangeis50,000to100,000blocks.Theinformationoflong-termmemoryismainlyderivedfromtheretellingofthecontentofshort-termmemory,anditisalsoformedbyadeepimpression.

Research

SinceH.Ebbinghausstartedhismemoryexperimentinthelate19thcentury,mostpsychologists’researchonmemoryisrelatedtolong-termmemory,thesubjectofresearchMainlyfocusontheorganizationofinformationinlong-termmemoryandthelawofforgetting.

Long-termmemory(6photos)

Inthepast,ithasalwaysbeenthoughtthattheinformationoflong-termmemoryisorganizedinawayofassociation.Inthe1930s,F.C.Bartlettproposedtheconceptof"Schema".Hebelievesthatmemorizationistheintegrationofnewmaterialsintothepersonalschema,thatis,theorganizationintopersonalknowledgeandexperience,sothatthenewmaterialsenterthememorystoragesystem.Inthe1950s,researchersdiscoveredthatafterlearningirregularlyarrangedvocabularies,peopleoftenhavetoclassifythemwhenrecallingthem.Therefore,theybelievethatthecombinationdependsontheclassificationofconcepts.Inthe1970s,E.Tolvinproposedtwolong-termmemorysystems,semanticmemoryandepisodicmemory,andbelievedthatthereweredifferencesbetweenthem.Theinformationstoredinsemanticmemoryiswords,concepts,andlaws.Itusesgeneralknowledgeasareferenceframe.Itisgeneralizedanddoesnotdependontime,placeandconditions.Itisnoteasilyinterferedbyexternalfactorsandisrelativelystable.Theinformationstoredinepisodicmemoryisbasedonpersonalexperienceasareferenceframe,soitistemporary,withlimitedconditionsintimeandspace,andiseasilyinterferedbyvariousfactors.

Informationclassification

Theinformationstoredinlong-termmemorycanbedividedintotwotypes:wordsandrepresentations.Therearetwowaysofinformationorganization:speechcodingandrepresentationcoding.Speechcodingistoprocessinformationthroughwords,andgroupspeechmaterialsinto"chunks"accordingtomeaning,grammaticalrelations,andsystemclassificationtohelpmemorize.Imagecodingistoorganizematerialsusingvisualimages,sounds,tastesandtactileimagestohelpmemory.Thetwoencodingmethodshavetheirowncharacteristics.Itisgenerallybelievedthatthetwohemispheresofthebrainaredivided.Leftbraintubelanguage,rightbraintuberepresentation.Inthelong-termmemoryoftheaverageperson,theencodingofinformationisoftenacombinationoftwowaystocomplementeachother.Buttherearealsoindividualdifferences.Somepeopleprefertoencodeinthisway,andsomeprefertoencodeinanotherway.

Informationextraction

Therearetwoformsoflong-termmemoryinformationextraction:recallandrecognition.Thesetwoformsofinformationextractionrequiretheuseofcertainstrategies,thatis,relyingoncertaincluesandchoosingcertainintermediaries.Inthisregard,therearetwoviews:oneisthesearchtheory,whichbelievesthattheextractionofinformationisbasedonthemeaningandsystemoftheinformationtosearchformemorytraces,toactivatethetracesandrecallrelateditems;theotheristhereconstructiontheory,whichbelievesMemoryisanactiveprocess.Whatisstoredisnotmaturememory,butsomeelementsorcomponents.Remembranceistheintegrationofpastcognitivecomponentsintoacompletething.Itisbelievedthatthesetwotheoriesarenotcontradictoryandaresuitablefordifferentencodingmethods.Searchtheorymaybesuitableforrepresentationalmemory,whilereconstructiontheoryissuitableforverbalmemory.

Regardingforgettinginlong-termmemory,Ebbinghaushasconductedaquantitativestudyonthephenomenonofretentionlosscausedbytheprogressoftime.TheChinesepsychologistLuZhiweiandothersdiscoveredthatmaterialsthatcouldnotberecalledintimeafterlearning,reappearedinmemoryafteraperiodoftime.Thisphenomenoniscalledmemoryrecovery.Therefore,peoplethinkthattheforgettingoflong-termmemoryisdifferentinmechanismfromtheforgettingofsensorymemoryandshort-termmemory.Itmaynotbetheresultofthedisappearanceoftraces,butmainlyduetotheinterferenceofproactiveinhibitionandbackwardinhibition,whichmakesinformationextractionhappen.Difficult.