John Kudewell Carlorn

Biography

John Caldwell Calhoun, 18 March 1782 was born in Abbeville, South Carolina, home of a farmer, a minimum of five siblings. Scottish ancestors - Irish pioneers, came to North America do not want to settle in the crowded East Coast cities, but across the border to South Carolina. When the Calhoun was born, his family was very well off, has more than thirty slaves and large tracts of land. During the War of Independence, Calhoun family has contributed to the cause of independence in North America, has become a prominent family. John's father, Patrick Calhoun is a veteran politician. His uncle John Dwyer filial piety is a strong anti-British fighter, to fight and sacrifice Anglophile in Calhoun's mother who then used her brother's name for his son a name.

Timeline

16th US Secretary of State 1844 ~ 1845

1782 Nian 3 Yue 18 was born in South Carolina Abbeville

1804 graduated from Yale University

1807 Nian qualified as a lawyer and was licensed to practice in his hometown

1808 Nian ~ 1809 any South Carolina state senator

1811 Nian - Secretary of the Army any congressman

1817 Nian 1817 ~ 1825 as the government's Monroe

1825 Nian ~ 1832 as Vice President

1832 Nian ~ 1844 Senator Congress

1844 ~ 1845 Nian Taylor as president of the Secretary of State

1845 ~ 1850 Nian again as senator

1850 Nian March 31 at Washington's death

characters experiences

Calhoun elementary education is carried out under the guidance of his brother. Soon his father's death and the return of farming in order to maintain the family's livelihood. In 1800, his family has improved, he entered Yale University. Shortly after graduation he entered the legal profession. But Calhoun ambitious, decided his father's footsteps, devoted to public affairs of the country. Affected father and the Federalists, Calhoun young age formed his nationalist ideas, committed to maintaining the power of the central government. But the pro-British Federalists different, he opposed the British invasion of the US national interest, in 1807, he published a public speech, urged the public to defend the interests of the American nation, against threats from the United Kingdom. In 1808, he was elected to the state legislature, began more than four years of political career.

1811 January Calhoun Miss Florence Reed Bruneau married couple. The bride brought a large estate, Calhoun did not hesitate to themselves, which not only improved his social status, but also so that he no longer trapped for a living, he can concentrate on his own keen to engage in political activities . Calhoun was tall and thin, pale yellow, like a sick man, very hoarse voice. But he was full of energy, eloquence outstanding, eyes sharp, is full of tenacity politician. He has often said is: no matter under what circumstances, must not bow to surrender!

Calhoun twenty-nine is selected as the Democratic Republican congressman, is the main assistant Speaker of the House Henry Clay. At that time members of a group of radical young people from the south and west and warlike, they suffered economic loss to the United States and Britain during the Napoleonic wars instigated acts of harassment Indians rage at the US border, expect the war to the United Kingdom by the British taken away from Canada, and to win Florida from Spain. Calhoun because of its tough stance to become a representative of the school. He played an important role pushing the government to make decisions on the British declaration of war, which brought him fame. After the war broke out, he became the most active war agitators and supporters, prompting Congress to take effective measures in accelerating military construction and provide logistical support for the war.

After the US-British war, Calhoun still war hawks look at the perspective of peace, urged the United States to speed up the pace of construction, to win true peace is constantly expanding. January 1816, he proposed the establishment of a standing army and navy modernization bill to Parliament asked to update weapons and equipment, increased military spending, establish and improve a strong navy and the modernization of the standing army. He also asked the Government to improve the tax system, the establishment of the National Bank, support national industry and commerce. He also proposed subsidy bill, proposed the establishment of a federally funded national highway and canal system. But the bill was rejected by President Madison, that its requirements beyond the scope of the provisions of the Federal Constitution.

1817 took office of President Monroe is extremely appreciated Calhoun knowledge and competence in the national government, Secretary of State Adams to Calhoun as a friend. In 1817, Calhoun was appointed Secretary of the Army Monroe government. Calhoun worked diligently in office Secretary of the Army, due diligence. Calhoun is a witness of the war, his work for the Army was reformed according to their own experience. His great attention to consolidating frontier defense order and to strengthen the construction of highways, starting from the actual combat, to promote the modernization of the armed forces, with particular attention to strengthening logistical support troops. Calhoun reforms effectively promoting the cause of building the Army.

In the early nineteenth century political career, nationalism in Calhoun occupy a dominant position in mind, his concern is national unity and development, but advocates strengthening position in southern Federation features southerners and federalists in him has obvious manifestation.

odious tax rates

Because of the attitude of tough and flexible wrists, Calhoun became a recognized leader in the Democratic Republican Party, his political ambitions are constantly expanded. In 1824, Calhoun took part in the presidential campaign. At this point there is a biographical novel published anonymously, to drum up support for his cheering supporters. But this time he was unable to do so, had to settle for vice president was elected president of Adams. This period Calhoun reserved cautious, calm and reserved, for all the factional struggles are back away. But in the 1828 election, the party's struggle came to a head, Calhoun demonstrated his support for Jackson's position and act as its running mate. They won the election.

President and the Vice President only one step away, which is the most of their lives striving for Calhoun, but he ultimately failed to take that step. Jackson did not protect the interests of the plantation owners of the South like Calhoun argues, this is not the initial cause of two people and the. President Jackson and opinionated, the creation of the official position of the rotation system, in 1831 Calhoun drove the people from the cabinet. In the event of Mrs. Eaton, Calhoun will not listen to advice the president, assumed a posture to maintain weathered moralists, let Jackson unbearable. Especially due to tariff issues caused by conflicts disintegration of the Union, so that the differences between the two men to a degree irreconcilable, eventually leading to Calhoun and Jackson parted ways.

Calhoun and Jackson rupture relations, rooted in two political ideas far from. With the increasing development of American society and economy of the North-South conflict, political views Calhoun has undergone major changes, the transition from a nationalist to states' rights theory, local sentiment increasingly strong. In order to safeguard the interests of southern slaveholders, he and President Jackson undergone sharp contradictions on issues such as tariff, President Jackson Calhoun strongly opposed the idea. But Calhoun instead to go further, even to the threat of southern secession. Therefore, the two parted ways completely understandable. The reason Calhoun and Jackson for a few years of friendly relations mainly for reasons of strategy, he hopes he can make his claim in favor of Jackson, and ultimately the president's throne also give him.

at the end of 1832, Calhoun submitted his resignation to the President. He became the first US vice president to resign automatically.

radical faction of states' rights

resigned as vice president, after Calhoun was accepted the new South Carolina Gov. Robert Hein gave way, any Senator, until 1844. Here he and those anti-Jackson formed a political union, and vigorously declared Yangzhou power theory, attack the abolitionist movement contrary to the basic principles of the country, warning the North: the destruction of slavery south of the north will lead to the occurrence of social revolution.

Since the 1820s, the abolitionist movement growing up, abolitionists who use various forms, conduct propaganda for the abolition of this evil to create a momentum. At the same time, many progressives also take advantage of the Underground Railroad and other forms of agitation fugitive black slaves, so that they liberated.

Faced with this situation, Calhoun stood more firmly on the Southern plantation slave position, lost no time in various public occasions to sing carols slavery, he tried his best to make people accept the idea that slavery is a perfectly good thing, because it adjusted whites and blacks relationship to the best. He noted that in the following slavery, the state given the Negro people a very good care and welfare of their poor living conditions is much higher than the bottom of society in Europe. He has also come to this conclusion: the southern Black, the existing relationship between Caucasians are free and stable solid cornerstone of the political system.

Calhoun believes, related to slavery, such as the distribution of seats on behalf of the Senate, such as the abolition of slavery in the new state of the problem. He advocated on a number of minor issues can make concessions in order to reduce friction, because at this time he was also trying to win hearts and minds in preparation for the next presidential competition. But in some of the major issues of principle, he would not make any concessions, he has become the representative of the interests of the Southern plantation owners localism and theorists. In the Senate, he has more than once cried out: slavery is absolutely a good thing, do not touch it!

1844 Nian 2 28, shaking on the USS Princeton, a deep-fried, the ship is being inspected review of human life such as Secretary of State Appleton Shure return to their lives. In this way, Calhoun became President Taylor's third secretary of state in the case of unprepared.

During this period, the conflict between the north and south more and more concentrated in New York on the issue of slavery abolition, and this is a problem in Calhoun most concerned about. Due to see the advantages of the northern states has become increasingly evident, he urged preservation of slavery in the new federal states were added to expand the area of ​​slavery. Texas problem with this.

Texas problem is extremely complex: Mexico refused to recognize its independence, but also against the United States to merge; the northern US states also opposed the merger of Texas, because they worried that it would lead to the expansion slave state forces; nor Britain would like to see the United states annexed the region, it wants an independent state in the region to become the UK market. Calhoun's position on this issue is firm, has always advocated the merger of Texas, to prevent the British get involved in this area, and he advocated in this region should be open to slavery. His other concern is: if the British conspiracy to succeed, southern side there will be a shelter runaway slaves.

Calhoun immediate negotiations on the issue of merger with Texas, but not until after Calhoun made to send troops to deal with unexpected events that may occur, Texas, agreed to sign the merger treaty.

Calhoun's performance angered the American abolitionist and northern industrial interests, their representatives in the Senate to block the merger by the treaty. In early times, it was finally passed both houses of the merger treaty.

1845 Nian 3 Yue Polk entered the White House, he hopes by himself in charge of foreign affairs, Calhoun temporarily retired from politics.

poor southern

Just Polk became president, the US-Mexican relations began to deteriorate rapidly, and broke off diplomatic relations. At the end of 1845, the US Congress formally approved a US state of Texas, while the United States is also trying to seek other places in New Mexico and California to Mexico, the two sides also armed clashes. At this time, Calhoun re-entered the Senate.

Although Calhoun is tough doctrine of states' rights and slavery advocates, but he advocates a peaceful solution to the border problem Oregon and Texas. However, the Mexican-American War broke out still. The purpose of the South expansionist war activists wanted to expand slavery. In this case, the House of Representatives passed a called "Wilmot Proviso," the document, which provides on the newly acquired land, unless the offender through a formal decision, the absolute prohibition of the others as slaves. This event in American politics has sparked a big debate. Both sides refused to give in the north and south debate in Congress, increasingly intense, and even elected an ordinary clerk must investigate their attitudes toward slavery. Calhoun believes that the law is a threat to the existence of slavery in the South, so the claim that Southern would rather secede, and never compromise on this issue. He said in parliament: any State citizens have the right to migrate to any territory, and the right to bear his property, including slaves, including the enjoyment of federal protection. He also publicly called for southern states to unite and take coordinated action to safeguard their interests. In order to strengthen the political forces in the south, Calhoun even the idea to create a unified political party in the south, in order to safeguard the rights of the south and fighting.

Calhoun last delivered an important speech in the Senate is March 4, 1850. At this point he has been nearly seven years late, old and sick, by Senator Mason read a message on his behalf. In his speech, he condemned the so-called aggression from the North, criticized Henry Clay's bill, and alarmist to say that if the power imbalance between the North and South sides of the conflict out of control, much turmoil will be inevitable. Calhoun reason firmly defend the sin of black slavery, it has its deep ideological roots. He said: affluent civilized society is built on a small number of people rely on most people's work and life of the foundation, while the plantation economy of the South is such a labor system. In addition, he failed to see the development of capitalism was the trends and mainstream society, on the contrary, he put all social ills and popular discontent are attributed to this system.

1850 Nian 3 31, Calhoun, died in Washington. When dying, mouth murmured prayers to the south, rich complex of slavery so that he wasted step.

Character evaluation

Calhoun is an energetic, superior eloquence, tenacity politicians. As a thought leader in the south, although the defeat of the South in the American Civil War, but Calhoun interpretation of world history and the Constitution of the United States not only did not decline, but also get a very influential position, its influence dominated the post-war until today, the United States legislation and the mainstream of judicial interpretation, Calhoun has thus become, together with Jefferson, co-shapers of the American spirit, and replace the Lincoln, Jefferson became the true successor.