information

Explanationofterms

Theword"information"is"information"inEnglish,French,German,andSpanish,and"information"inJapanese.Itiscalled"information"inTaiwan."Inancientmycountry,"message"wasused.Asascientificterm,itfirstappearedinthearticle"InformationTransmission"writtenbyR.V.Hartleyin1928.Inthe1940s,C.E.Shannon,thefounderofinformation,gaveacleardefinitionofinformation.Sincethen,manyresearchershavegivendifferentdefinitionsfromtheirrespectiveresearchfields.Therepresentativeexpressionisasfollows:

Shannon,thefounderofinformation,believesthat"informationisusedtoeliminaterandomuncertainty."Thisdefinitionisregardedasaclassicdefinitionandcited.

NorbertWiener,thefounderofcybernetics,believesthat“informationisthecontentandnamethatpeopleexchangewiththeoutsideworldintheprocessofadaptingtotheoutsideworldandmakingthisadaptationreacttotheoutsideworld.",itisalsocitedasaclassicdefinition.

Economicmanagementexpertsbelievethat"informationistoprovideeffectivedatafordecision-making."

Scientificterminology

Information(5photos)

ThefamousAmericanphysicalchemistJosiahWillardGibbsfoundedthevectoranalysisandIntroducingitintomathematicalphysicsenablesthestudyoftheuncertaintyandcontingencyofeventstofindabrandnewperspective,thusenablingmankindtotakethefirststepinthesenseofscientificallygraspinginformation.Hebelievesthat"entropy"isameasureofinsufficientinformationaboutaphysicalsystem.

Electronicsscientistsandcomputerscientistsbelievethat"informationisthecontentofsignalstransmittedinelectroniccircuits".

ProfessorZhongYixin,awell-knowninformaticsexpertinmycountry,believesthat"informationisthewaythingsexistorthestateofmovement,andinthiswayorstateisdirectlyorindirectlyexpressed."

TheAmericaninformationmanagementexpertFWHortondefinesinformationas:"Informationisdataprocessedtomeettheneedsofusersfordecision-making."Simplyput,informationisprocessedData,orinformation,istheresultofdataprocessing.

Basedontheresearchresultsofinformation.Thescientificconceptofinformationcanbesummarizedasfollows:

Informationisareflectionofthestateofmovementandchangesofvariousthingsintheobjectiveworld.Itisarepresentationoftheinterconnectionandinteractionbetweenobjectivethings,anditrepresentsobjectivethings.Theessenceofthestateofmotionandchanges.

Intermsofphysics,informationandmatteraretwodifferentconcepts.Informationisnotmatter.Althoughthetransmissionofinformationrequiresenergy,informationitselfdoesnothaveenergy.Themostsignificantfeatureofinformationisthatitcannotexistindependently,andtheexistenceofinformationmustrelyonthecarrier.

Passing

Ancient

• Wordofmouthorwiththehelpofartifacts

• InformationThetransmissionspeedisslowandinaccurateinancienttimes.

• Travelinglongdistancesbypostmen

• Thetransmissionspeedofinformationisslowandtheformofinformationissingle.

Modern

• Postalsystemrelyingontransportation

• InformationThetransmissionspeedisrelativelyfast,thedistanceisrelativelyslow,andthecostishigh.

Modern

• Telegram,telephone

• Fastspeed,informationSingletext.

Contemporary

• Computernetwork

• Theamountofinformationtransmittedislarge,Theinformationisdiversified,thetransmissionspeedisextremelyfast,anditisnothinderedbytheregion.

Function

Reflecttheinternalattributes,state,structure,interconnectionandinteractionwiththeexternalenvironmentofthings,reducingtheuncertaintyofthings.

Informationfeatures

Don’tworry,althoughtheinformationisuncertain,therearestillwaystoquantifyit.Basedontheconceptofinformation,peoplecanconcludethatinformationhasthefollowingcharacteristics:

1.ThegreatertheprobabilityP(x)oftheoccurrenceofamessage,thesmallertheamountofinformation;conversely,thesmallertheprobabilityofoccurrence,thegreatertheamountofinformation.Itcanbeseenthattheamountofinformation(weuseItodenote)andtheprobabilityoftheoccurrenceofamessagehaveaninverserelationship.

2.Whentheprobabilityis1,peopleontheearthknow100%ofwhathappens,sotheamountofinformationis0.

3.Whenamessageiscomposedofmultipleindependentsmallmessages,thentheamountofinformationcontainedinthismessageshouldbeequaltothesumoftheamountofinformationcontainedineachsmallmessage.

Accordingtothesecharacteristics,ifexpressedbyamathematicallogarithmicfunction,itcanjustexpresstherelationshipbetweentheamountofinformationandtheprobabilityofamessage:I=-log_a(P(x)).Inthisway,can'ttheinformationbequantified?Sinceinformationcanbequantified,itmustbegivenaunit,right?Humanweightismeasuredinkilograms,andhumanheightismeasuredinmeters.Sowhatunitshouldtheamountofinformationbemeasured?Theamountofinformationisusuallymeasuredinbits,whichismoreconvenientbecausetheamountofinformationinabinarywaveformisexactlyequalto1bit.

InformationandBits

Someclassmateshaveanotherproblem:Sothe2Mbit/sInternetspeedofmyhomemeansthat2Mbitofinformationcanbetransmittedpersecond?

Thebitheredoesnotstrictlyrefertotheamountofinformation,butreferstothesignal.Itcannotbesaidthatitisasignalofseveralbits,butsincetheinformationamountofabinarywaveform(symbol)isexactlyequalto1bit,inengineeringapplications,abinarysymbolisoftenreferredtoas1bit,aunitofinformationamount.Becomeasignalunit.Althoughthisisnotrigorous,itisnotcontradictory.Wejustneedtopayattentiontotheconceptualdistinction.

Somestudentsstillhavequestions:Supposethereisamessage"Thewolfiscoming",whichisconvertedintoa100-bitdatapacketthroughsourceencoding,thentheamountofinformationis100bits.Thenthe100bitwassenttomanypeoplethroughthecommunicationnetwork,andmanypeoplereceivedthe100bitamountofinformation.However,somepeoplethinkthatthenewsof"TheWolfisComing"isveryimportantandcontainsalotofinformation;butsomepeoplethinkitdoesn'tmatter,andtheamountofinformationisverysmall.Butweknowthattheamountofinformationinthismessageisall100bits,whyisitdifferent?

Firstofall,wejustsaidthatabitisaunitofinformation,butitisalsousedasasignalunitinengineering.The100bitmentionedherereferstothesignal.Secondly,thebasicproblemincommunicationistoregenerateinformationatonepoint,referringtothepoint-to-pointsituation.Buteveninthecaseofpoint-to-multipoint,becauseintheactualcommunicationsystem,themessageoftenreferstocertainsymbolssent.Howmuchinformationthesesymbolscancarryisrelatedtotheprobabilityofoccurrenceofthesesymbols.Foranyreceivingend,theprobabilityofoccurrenceofthesesymbolsiscertain.Itwillnotbesaidthatthisistheprobabilityforthisreceiver,anditisforthatreceiver.Thatprobability.Forexample,thereisastringofsymbols221234.Thisstringofsymbolsconsistsoffoursymbolsof1,2,3,and4.Assumingthattheprobabilityoftheoccurrenceofthefoursymbolsis1/4,theninthisstringofsymbols,2appears3times,so2Theamountofinformationcarriedis-3×log₂(1/4)=6bit.Weneedtounderstandthatthesymbolstransmittedinthecommunicationsystemareequivalenttothemessageswearetalkingaboutnow.

Wordconcepts

Basicexplanation

1. [Information]:Signalsthatarepurposefullymarkedontheinputofacommunicationsystemorcomputer...(Forexample,adigitofatelephonenumber)

2. [Message]:Messagerelatedtothesentence:IheardthatI’dliketoseeyouintelligently,itmustbemyhusbandwhohasinformation,sopleasecomeinquickly.——"ThreeHeroesandFiveRighteousness"

Citationexplanation

1.News.

ThepoemofLizhongintheSouthernTangDynasty"BringingtheOldManintheLateSpring":"Dreamtobreakthebeautyandsinkinginformation,lookingthroughthelongroadandleaningontheterrace."

SongChenliang's"PlumBlossom"poem:"TopassonthespringInformation,don’tbeafraidofbeingburiedinthesnow."

MingShiNaian's"WaterMargin"Chapter4:"SongJiangisoverjoyed,saying:"Onlyvirtuousbrothersgofast,andinformationwillbeknownwithintendays."

The48thchapterofWuJingzi's"TheScholarsintheScholars"oftheQingDynasty:WangYuhuiwasathome,stillreadingandwriting,waitingforherdaughter'sinformation.

Qing'sCaoXueqin's"DreamofRedMansions"Chapter16:ThatWhenJia’smotherwasunsure,waitingunderthelobby,thesecondwifeofKingXing,YouShi,LiWan,SisterFeng,SisterYingchun,andAuntXue,allgatheredinoneplacetoinquireaboutinformation.Jia’smothercalledinLaiDalaitoaskmorequestions.Intheend,LaiDasaid:"Theminionsareonlywaitingoutsidethehouse,andtheydon'tknowtheinformationinside."

BaJin's"Home"Sany:"Whathappenedtothesecondcousin?"Whydon'tyouevengivemeamessage?"

2.Modernsciencereferstothecontentcontainedinthemessages,instructions,data,symbols,etc.sentoutbythings.Peoplecandistinguishdifferentthingsbyobtainingandrecognizingdifferentinformationinnatureandsociety,sothattheycanunderstandandtransformTheworld.Inallcommunicationandcontrolsystems,informationisaformofuniversalconnection.

ChenYuan,"SocialLinguistics"4.1:"Accordingtotheconceptofphysics,informationisjustarrangedinacertainwayUpthesignalsequence.Insocialcommunicationactivities,thisdefinitionisnotenough:informationmustalsohaveacertainmeaning,orinformationmustbea‘carrierofmeaning."

"SciencePictorial"No.1,1983:"Theoperationoftheentiresubwayiscontrolledbyacentralelectroniccomputer.Sensitivityinstrument."

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