Indian Buddhism

Introduction

Buddhism in India (Indian Buddhism)

At that time another conquest between countries, Aryan and other foreign and indigenous tribes ethnic contradictions, class contradictions very sharp. Modern stone unearthed Ashoka text, etc., also shows all the signs of Mahayana faith and philosophy. Such as the emphasis on compassion and equality, promoting doctrine is not carnivorous, killing and released, charitable environmental protection, Chi Hong Purdue emphasize the Bodhisattva thought, emphasizing all alike, everyone is equal racial, national, and even everyone can become a Buddha and so on. Ashoka himself, his refuge after the half-Buddhist beliefs and actions have shown a firm demeanor Mahayana Bodhisattva monk. Buddhism spread Buddhist teachings in ancient India, which is a very important idea is that everyone is equal, compassion Purdue concept to oppose the brutal caste hierarchy isolated Brahmanism. The doctrine of egalitarianism Chi Hong Purdue has embodied in the Mahayana teachings and Bodhisattva thoughts. However, that time may be limited to social and environmental reasons, for thousands of years under the influence of Brahmanism traditional environment, far too noble and profound Mahayana Buddhism Theravada Buddhism was not as easily accepted and implementation is obvious.

Before the rise of Buddhism, Brahmanism is the main religion in India, Brahmanism occupies a dominant position in the trend. Vedic Brahmanism advocate apocalypse, universal worship and Brahmin supremacy Three Programs. According to Buddhist scriptures say that these trends have "six division" and "ninety-six kinds of outside see," the major ones-World Theory, Jainism and Zhizn (also known as the evil life heretics) and so on.

After three further periods there have been many theories and self-cultivation in different factions.

to start the second half, Buddhism began to spread outside the ancient India from the 3rd century AD under, and gradually developed into a world religion, but because after the 8th - 9th century to the rise of Hindu India at home , as well as frequent alien invasion, especially Muslims military conquest, many monks were killed, many important temples and relics destroyed, so the beginning of the decline of Buddhism in India, to the early 13th century tended to die out until after the 19th century a slight revival.

original Buddhist

Buddhism are part of the original concept of the West sectarian Buddhist scholars put forward, alleging teach Buddhism Sakyamuni and his disciples have been hit during the heritage. And consider where their sectarian Buddhism that is the authentic original Buddhism. As the age is too old, and the ancient Indian Buddhist scriptures written records in India now has been largely lost off exhausted, the Buddha written records have found no more at present, under the system retains most complete Buddhist Tripitaka is China's classic. Buddha's teachings are originally from the word of mouth factions in India. After Buddha Mieduo, in order to facilitate memory, Buddhist disciples have taken the form of verses, and later compiled by economics, law, on the composition of the "Tripitaka." Namely the so-called big, start two Theravada school of Buddhism later. Basic teachings of Buddhism is the "Four Noble Truths", "Eightfold Path" and "Origination", "thirty-seven goods" and so on, which are recognized by multiplying the size of the factions. One of the most important, is the origin of Buddha from the idea, pointing out the "impermanence", "all phenomena without me" and "Nirvana silence" theory, saying that Buddhism Three Dharma Seals, this is the most important criterion for Dharma. Some scholars original Theravada Buddhist self-cultivation, summarized as precepts, and wisdom three studies, Ci Beixi homes Four Immeasurable heart and Satipatthana, tetra-n-break, iddhipada, five, five forces, seven factors of enlightenment, 30 seven Bodhi points system, which is actually some basic ideas and principles of Buddhism, it is not that is the "original Buddhism," while ignoring the Northern Buddhism especially the preservation of the most important Chinese Buddhist large number of Buddhist records, single individually Early Buddhist schools of argument as a standard, it is clear that is narrow and absurd. Buddha was alive against Brahmanism unequal system of four kinds surname, thus allowing various castes and untouchables in the creation of his Sangha to participate. In addition, the group included men and women allowed to teach at home over the life of the believer, called Upasaka, upasika at home or bimodal.

Early Buddhist schools

After the Buddha destroyed a century, due to differences between some aspects of the commandment, Mission appears split, referred to simply split. Simply divide to form the public and attendance two. After repeated separation fundamental split between Buddhism 300 years, and the outflow spread to within five Tianzhu. The rapid development known as the greatest king of ancient India Ashoka (3rd century ago in) era, Buddhism. Master factions were sent around the country preaching in India, while promoting the spread of Buddhism, but also led to further the formation of various ministries faction. After Ashoka, the upper seat portion of the Sarvastivadins, it northwest India as a base for the main activities and Gandhara Buddha wet Mi Luo; Theravada branch after another while crossing into the South India Ceylon (Sri Lanka ancient country, also known as copper dish continent, it is also known as Sri Lanka sectarian copper disk portion), and later after the formation of differentiation Temple Theravada faith Abhayagiri Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana and Theravada teachings of the faith, a tribe which spread to Southeast Asia after the formation of today's Theravada Buddhism. There is a hidden form the Ministry of Law in the West Indies and into Central Asia, dharmaguptaka to Maudgalyayana son of Emperor shall have no disciple Tan led, Tan do not get sent to the Northwest Dharma Ashoka Indian monk. The Department to focus on Mahayana Buddha of Tibetan and Tibetan mantra is known. Another branch kāśyapīya (Chuan kasyapa revering) transmission portion and has all portions and dharmaguptaka have similar thoughts. About contemporaries, public faith in the Mahayana Department has formed a system of South India and mountainous part Nishiyama live and other units, that is, after the case Darrow school, they inherited a lot of Mahayana teachings. Du said that all part of the Department of the development in central and western India, spin out the method, Yin helmet, mountain and jungle amount being four. After saṃmitīya become the authentic representatives of the Ministry of the calf. Sautrāntika predecessor at the beginning of the year it appears that Sarvastivadins the metaphor division. It does not seem beyond the scope of activities of northwest India.

Many scholars believe that Mahayana Buddhism is the fundamental split two popular heritage department, the public is part of the department sent a minor in size. However, in practice some of the sectarian classic records show that during the Early Buddhist schools is a lot of sectarian practice Mahayana Buddhism or minor in size, many sectarian not only the public part, a lot of sectarian Theravada, Theravada and Classification , have faith and practice Mahayana teachings. The hidden portion and the like methods. In addition, Xuanzang year study in India, Buddhism in India, the core area - Magadha - When is the Buddha Dharma alive the core area of ​​the country's four largest faction on the seat part is practice of Mahayana Buddhism, Xuanzang called Mahayana Theravada. In fact, more and more facts show that split completely multiplying the size of sectarian division and is two things. The root causes of sectarian division is a difference in understanding of the precepts caused. In fact many of the ancient Indian Ministry of multiplying the size of school are minor, especially those of the Ministry of Mahayana school, they do not necessarily own faction multiplying the size limit teaching, practice their subordinates can be large, Theravada teachings of any kind, but they must comply with the Department to send precepts.

Mahayana Buddhist

Many Buddhist scriptures have been documented say when the Buddha was alive Mahayana puja, some of the letter by recorded Savaka can not understand even dropouts. From some scholars in recent years indicates that the Mahayana teachings had been popular in the era of Asoka and Theravada teachings and began to differentiate. Master Tai think this stage is a small saphenous significant period of time. With the improvement of the social and cultural level of India after BC, written classic appeared in large numbers, the objective laid the foundation for the social and cultural promotion and popularization of the Mahayana teachings. At this time, Ma Ming, Nagarjuna and other Mahayana Buddha have been born, Mahayana Buddhism became the mainstream of Indian Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhist teachings on the basis of Theravada, further open up significant middle way reality, eighth consciousness and Tathagatagarbha, six degrees million lines, Bodhisattva and as one of this net, immeasurable immeasurable Buddhas world, everyone is equal beings can become a Buddha and other ideas. Theravada karma from the Four Noble Truths, twelve to Tathagatagarbha Consciousness-only school, three times a Dharma to the extent but in the vast deep on the step by step increase used to form a complete system of Buddhism. Subsequent history, the Indian Mahayana gradually formed two main factions - the concept of school, Yu flail line faction. Meso school founded by Nagarjuna, the dike woman, Rahula Ba Tuoluo spread when Buddha care and Bhāviveka, due to different interpretations of the concept in theory, divided into self-sustaining and should be sent to school. Meso sent the idea to play in the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, considered the highest realm of self-cultivation is empty, empty is "indescribable existence," all the phenomena of the world is a relative dependencies (edges together) and one under the guise the concept phase or name (pseudonym), it does not have an entity (no self-nature). For true Buddhists to be enlightened emptiness above the "true meaning", but for the ordinary person is ignorance (ignorance) covered should still lead to "Common Meaning" that recognizes the existence of the relative truth of the world. Another school of Yogacara due emphasis on the religious practices of yoga and yoga line to sum up all the Buddhist doctrine, named after the founder of the school of thought is Asanga and Vasubandhu, by the theory is mainly based on "Sandhinirmocana Sutra" and " On the yoga teacher "," Consciousness twenty theory "," Knowledge - Determinism "and other works. Vasubandhu successor to pro wins and two fire resolution, and to play a more pro-pro wins wins later doctrine has Dehui and Anhui, with no more than called Consciousness faction; another pro who inherited the world is that Chen he is a pioneer of late Yogacara. That's successor Chen has said that law enforcement and law, law enforcement and pro-Chen developed world that doctrine of Consciousness, the law said that Chen has played out because of the doctrine. Yogacara think people know all phenomena are the subject of awareness or "knowledge" of the cash out, that "methodology Consciousness", "Three Realms idealism." They know the eighth consciousness into three categories, while the eighth consciousness that is alaya (storehouse consciousness) is regarded as the world's (current) of the root causes of the phenomenon (seed), all phenomena are individuals recognized by the Alaya the knowledge derived (by seed in force), so named as "in accordance with known." They moved everything into the presence of the phenomenon of "Five hundred law."

6 ~ 7 century, Hinduism and gradually achieved the dominant position in the social and cultural life, seen from the description of Xuan Zang's time to Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma extremely popular worship . Between 8 to 9 century innovation Sankara Vedanta, the Hindu been significant developments in theory and unprecedented popular. Buddhism in this social trend began to absorb the impact of Hindu and folk beliefs gradually close enlightenment, in South India and the Deccan Plateau and East India appeared Vajrayana easy row by etc. Exoteric meso school and Yogacara previous period as gradually integrate the esoteric world view and continue to exist. The main classic as "Nikkei", "Vajrasekhara Sutra", "dense by", "Hi King Kong", "Sheng Yue round by", "wheel" and other. It is a highly organized incantation, mandala, rituals and beliefs of its various features godhead. Extremely complex rituals, to set up the altar, support, Songzhou, initiations Jie strict rules, advocate repair "three close", that hand knot Yin Qi (dense body), recited the mantra (language dense) and heart for visualization (Italian secret). Three respective dense, i.e. Buddhahood. Later, due to the large-scale spread of Islam, it is important monasteries were destroyed and monks scattered, until the early 13th century, was finally brought to its knees tend to die out.

Status

19 end of the century, there has been silence revival movement in India about 700 years of Buddhism. 1891 Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), the first in the Baltic Dharma Maha Bodhi Society of India, many Buddhist resort to restore the old concept, and re-establish some monasteries. After India's independence in 1947, Buddhist activities with new development. In Nalanda, Pune, Burnett Naples and other places set up a number of research institutions, and set lines or Pali Buddhism in many famous universities; published numerous books. In 1956 the Indian government to hold an international large-scale commemoration Nirvana Buddha 2,500 years. Later, some of them because of dissatisfaction with the political line of the other Republican groups sleepy Panther Party. The party has a certain influence in Mumbai and 马哈施特拉. In recent years, the Indian Buddhist Organization (Maha Bodhi Society, the Buddhist Theosophical will, Maitreya holy churches), established a number of branches in foreign countries, to carry out a wide range of international activities, often convening an international Buddhist symposium, seminars and so on. According to 1980 statistics, 5.554 million Buddhists in India, accounting for about 0.8% of the total population, although the number of Buddhists in India's small but influential ideological and cultural in India.

Eight On

Nagarjuna is the fourteenth generation patriarch of Zen, the title of "India's two holy six solemn" one. Divas Buddha good debate, has impressed many heretics, and to help his master - Nagarjuna Buddhist teachings and promote the idea of ​​"meso." Venerable divas, namely Buddha that divas (referred to as "divas") His Holiness, the 15th generation of Zen Patriarch. Surname "Vaisali Luo", was born later than Nagarjuna, who was born in the ancient South Indian Hindu Sahara (now Sri Lanka).

No Buddha is also revered as one of the "six Indian Second St. solemn."

Vasubandhu Buddha. The first time he had part in Theravada monk, achievement Mangosteen, and Theravada made by the theory of five hundred, a generation Theravada on the division, and that they have access all doctrine, has been "unable to learn" - complacency is enough, and even slander Mahayana . After the non-shown opening in the Buddha at his brother, their senses, trying to cut the tongue repentance. After in-depth Mahayana doctrine, Mahayana theory made five hundred, a generation of Mahayana theory division ......

Chen master is said that he worked with heretics sect - Bala Meng teach conducted theoretical debate, a big full wins, Buddhism and thus increase the prestige; later, he revered as one of "India's two holy six solemn."

Not only Buddhist master said the law, even if the "Bala Meng teach" and "Ina good teaching" believers and scholars, for he is also respected, courteous one-third.

merit Kuang him the title of "India's two holy six Solemn".

Buddha Sakyamuni Kuang Kuang, observance, on behalf of Sakyamuni Buddha's precept and hold the line standard, Buddhism is the most basic norms of behavior; since ancient times, where respected Buddhist, must be held ring fine strict, self-love him, so respected and loved by the people.