Gujarat

Overview

Gujarat belongs to India, north of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, south, east Madhya Pradesh. An area of ​​187,000 square kilometers. A population of more than 4130 Wan (1991). Gujarat (English: Gujarat), the old translation of Qu fold Luo Hu spicy tea, is located in India's western state. It is west and southwest of the Arabian Sea, north Pakistan. 1401 as an independent sultanate, in 1572 became part of the ownership status after the state under British rule, in 1947, became part of Bombay state in 1960 by the passage of zoning around the Gujarati and northern part of Mumbai Bangxi a state. For the state legislature 182-member parliament. There are airports in the state and six universities. A high degree of industrialization, oil, chemicals, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemical fertilizer, machine tools and electrical engineering. Minerals are natural gas and oil. Agricultural products are peanuts, rice and cotton. In 1983 he had Yinfodanna dam break and lead to flooding.

Mahatma Gandhi was born in Porbandar in Gujarat. Ahmedabad for the state's largest city and former State Council, India's seventh largest city, because the textile industry developed, India had Manchester said. Other important cities of Surat, Surat and also one of the major cities in the state

origin of the name

On the origin of the word "Gujarat", the statement does not one. One is that "Gujarat" by the Sanskrit "Gul Jair" (Qu fold Luo) umlaut "Gujjars" evolved. Another that "Gujjars" is likely to be a nation called "Gujjars" during the fifth century with the Huns invaded India with their distribution in Kashmir and Gujarat area, while its main settlements Rajasthan. Entering the Indian state they are in swimming, some people went there to stay, and their residential area named "Gujjars." It is said that in Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur city in the 18th century also called "Gujarat." Xuanzang in the 7th century India, 西拉贾斯坦 also called "Qu fold Luo" (Gul Jair). When the 9th century, the northern and central Rajasthan called "Gul Jair Patel." Early 11th century, parts of Rajasthan is still called "Gujjars." By inference, the ancient Gul Jair larger than today's Gujarat area.

history

Gujarat has a long history and cultural traditions, this tradition can be traced back to the Harappan civilization period (about 2500 BC) built the ruins. The site is the oldest town in Gujarat - Ahmedabad district of Lothar was found. Kutch district of 苏尔科特达 and Rajkot and Rajkot district of Suri Sa Jiate that this is the earliest civilization ruins. These towns are all checkerboard layout, street layout is also very neat, nice brick house with a burning brick mortar use, after years of drainage systems, bathrooms and public baths, all show an advanced developed cultural awareness, and conscious of urban sound management. This fully shows that Gujarat was in a very advanced level in urban planning and architecture.

Most people think that the name is derived from Gujarat, "Gujilata", meaning "Gujjars man's hometown." After Gujjars people across Punjab and settled in some areas of the West Indies, these areas are called gradually Gujarat. According to the Indian epic, dark days of the great God and brother Balarama after the withdrawal of Mathura, in Kosa (ie today's Dwarka) settle down, creating a kingdom Ya Dawa. Subsequently, Dwarka has become one of the four holy sage Sankara established.

Gujarat since ancient times, seafaring tradition. The 1,600 kilometer-long coastline (its longest coastline in the Indian states), the distribution of no less than 41 small ports, Kandla Port is the main port. Arabic, Portuguese, Dutch, British and Mughal sailors and merchants left an indelible imprint for the state's culture and scenery.

Parsi fled Iran after the 8th century, hand-held torch in the first Sangzhan Gujarat coast ashore, that flame still burning Valsad hill. Muslim influence left a lasting mark on the local art and architecture, called after Indian - Muslim style. Europeans first came to Gujarat, among them Portuguese, they live outside the Saurashtra south coast of an island - Diu island. British after 1612 came to Gujarat in Surat build some warehouses.

Gujarat Muslim dynasty in 13 to the 17th century and flourished in the 18th century Maratha occupation, the British ruled. Mumbai, formerly part of the state, according to the language area separate Rakhine State in 1960.

Gujarat is India's founding father Mahatma Gandhi and unified designer Vallabhbhai Patel's birthplace. These people hold high the torch of national freedom and unity to promote tolerance, brotherhood, and other non-violent character and patriotism in India.

architecture

Since ancient times, Gujarat has a very rich tradition of architectural heritage. The discovery of historic monuments began as early as the 2nd century BC, is building caves, most of the temple. Gujarat original temple was built in the 5th century type to the 8th century, at which time, Metlakatla dynasty of kings following the Gupta dynasty ruled Gujarat. The most ancient temple in Gujarat Gepu, before the 13th century, it has been called 齐纳瓦里戈普. Both Hindu temple faith building, followed by another building Jain faith, but maintained the same basic characteristics. And since the beginning of the 13th century, and the architectural heritage of the Muslim rulers of Gujarat has been further enriched. Today, Gujarat has India's richest Islamic architecture, and its known. In Gujarat, India - The first phase of Islamic architecture, the introduction of a dome, semicircular arches, diagonal oblique arches, honeycomb pattern decorative wall corners and square domed arch support, Gujarat diamond pattern and floral decoration pattern, and sculptures and verses engraved. The second phase of construction in Gujarat Muslim Ahmad Shah the reign (AD 1411) began to appear. When he established a new capital for his kingdom, and named it Ahmedabad. It marks the beginning of the second stage is in the early years of his reign in Ahmedabad build a new mosque. At this point in some of the most spectacular architectural remains Ahmedabad leaving a ladder wells. These wells not only for bathing, but also related with the ritual, the ritual can be traced back to the Rajput period. Magnificent stepped all the way to the ground water table, covered with a variety of engraving on the steep wall. Ahmedabad mosque show this building from the facade of blank relatively simple style, the development of type arcade Weiping has even carved columns, arcades by significantly distinguish it from the Hindu craftsmen . In the second phase even colonnade type of mosques, there are two of the most memorable one is Ahmad Shah Mosque, and the other is Gumi De mosques. The mosque represents the Hindu - Muslim architectural style integration. Gujarat mainly Muslim architecture and sculpture differently from classical Islamic architecture sculpture is notable features. These carvings retain all the design elements of Islamic prayer house, they are similar in detail. The Gujarat inherent part of the building ethos, and indeed carved Mount Abu mosque has the same tradition. In the third stage, Gujarat's Muslims under the rule of Mughal architecture reached the final stage, the more luxurious style. At this stage, the building became more ornate.

Geography

climate varies across the state of Gujarat. North of the Bangxi dry climate and annual rainfall of less than 500 mm. The climate is more moderate middle, annual rainfall of more than 700 mm. South Gujarat, the average annual precipitation is 2,000 mm. The average temperature in winter is 12-27 ℃. The average summer temperature is 25-43 ℃.

west coast of India Gujarat located at latitude 20 ° 6 'to 24 ° 42', longitude 68 ° 10 'to 74 ° 28'. Western Arabian Sea, adjacent to the north and north-east Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh connecting the eastern, southern and south-eastern border with Maharashtra. The state in the northwest border with Pakistan have a border. Gujarat has up to about 1,600 km of coastline. For ease of administration, it has 23 counties, the County 226 Administrative Region, a total of 18,618 villages and 242 towns. Gujarat's land area is 196,000 square kilometers, accounting for 6.19% of the total area of ​​India.

residents

According to 2017 census, the population of Gujarat's 63 million. 2017, Gujarat's population density is 321 people per square kilometer.

Gujarat several different ethnic groups and tribes, including nomads Achille people, 加拉西亚贾 shepherd special groups, tribes and Meg Val craftsmen traced back to Afghanistan and faith vibrant, eye-catching Labadi people. Gujarat total of 290 different groups, interestingly, where up to 206 immigrants from neighboring Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and elsewhere. Tin Di People living in areas along Haisuolashi Tel has the typical characteristics of black Africa. They came to the descendants of African seafarers and merchants of the Indian coast in the early years of the last few centuries. Although Di tin about one-third of people living in urban areas, but most people still live in small villages. The number of Jains peace-loving

impressive, influential, accounting for 12% of the state's total population. Their most important religious vows are "non-violent", although simple, but it is Mahatma Gandhi in India's "freedom struggle" in the use of unique weapons. Gujarat People courteous when talking to people, they will add "brothers" or "sisters" in the words after calling each other names. In order not to harm any creatures abide by religious vow, they are mostly vegetarians. Gujarat has some Jain pilgrimage to the Holy Land, including the most sacred of 沙特伦贾耶 near Palitana. "沙特伦贾耶" means to overcome hatred and worldly things "to victory." In 沙特伦贾耶 top of the hill, dotted with as many as 863 beautiful carved marble temples, is made after 900 years of construction.

Gujarati people for its business acumen known. This is honed over centuries of maritime commerce, coupled with the ability to do business gifted obtained. Regardless of Gujarat people living there, always she did not forget his roots, to maintain his cultural identity.

economic

Gujarat agriculture and animal husbandry, all 75% of the population in rural areas. The main crops are rice, wheat, cotton, sorghum and corn. The coastline of the state, up to 960 miles, accounting for 1/3 of the entire Indian coastline, so rich in salt, salt production accounted for 70% of India. Major industries are textiles, salt industry, cement, fertilizer and machinery manufacturing. In addition there is a considerable size of the military-industrial complex. The main mineral oil, manganese, limestone.

2010 years accounted for only 5% of the total population of the Indian state of Gujarat, its industrial output has accounted for 16% of the country, 22% of total exports, economic growth rate has long been above average in India. As McKinsey & Company evaluated, Gujarat is playing the role of industrial power in India, just as in the 1990s, Guangdong Province of China as the significance.

Agricultural

Gujarat is rice, wheat, sorghum, pearl millet, corn, green beans and peanuts, while the main cash crops are cotton and tobacco. In 1999--2000 year, total net irrigated area of ​​2.98 million hectares. According to reports, Gujarat 1995--96 year average farm size of each piece of land of 2.6 hectares. As of 2001-- three-year period 2001-02, the average annual production of about 3.828 million tons of grain.

With the Narmada dam 沙达沙洛瓦 (SardarSarovar) and improve the system of irrigation canals, Gujarat agriculture has been further developed. Dam across the Narmada river, its concrete volume ranks second in the world, is 6.82 million cubic meters; discharge volume ranks third in the world, 8.7 million cu m / sec. It is 1210 meters long, 163 meters high, is the third highest concrete dam in India.

Industry

Gujarat is one of the most industrialized states in India, with a variety of industries. Major industries are general and electrical engineering, textiles, edible vegetable oil processing, chemical, alkali industry and cement industry. Emerging industries, including petrochemicals and fertilizer production.

From the beginning of 2008, Tata Motors plans to set up factories on the Xingu Er (Singur) the eastern state of West Bengal, production known as the world's cheapest car Nano. However, this plan has been Xingu Er local farmers fierce resistance. Because construction land was purchased in 2006 to the West Bengal government to farmers, many farmers believe that the compensation is too low and refused to accept the court had to intervene to suspend. Finally, in 2008 August 22, Tata Group announced that the company will be transferred to the car factory in Gujarat. In Gujarat, Nano has been very different treatment. 30-year-old farmer Pata and brothers sold their one-third of the land to the government for the convenience of the Tata plant. So they get about $ 433,000 of the high land compensation, at the same time, they also found a job Nano plant. Nano car plant construction, but also brought a series of economic effects to the local. Near the village land prices have more than tripled, many villagers also due to the establishment of the factory to find work, even if not directly linked to the Nano plant, local farmers by transportation and other peripheral industries to increase their non-agricultural income.

Dairy Industry

Gujarat is the birthplace of India's dairy industry revolution and this revolution has made India the world's largest dairy producer. It is in Anand sowed the seeds of dairy production cooperatives movement. Dairy Cooperative Marketing Federation of Gujarat was the first dairy cooperative organization whose Amur brands of milk and milk products is quite well known. The famous "White Revolution" that originated in Gujarat. It is India's largest dairy marketing entity. According to the main livestock products survey estimates in 2002-- During 2002-03, milk and egg production reached 6.09 million tons of milk and 385 million eggs.

handicraft

Gujarat rich traditional handicraft production. In the ruins of the Harappan civilization was discovered in Gujarat, including Lothar Lang Luo Qidi Poole and other places, have found some very old handicrafts.

Gujarat Patan Patola unique textiles. This unique fabric designed for women to wear with colorful geometric patterns, very eye-catching