First Empire, France

history

1769 Nian 8 15, Napoleon Bonaparte was born in the southeastern French Mediterranean island of Corsica (MéditerranéeCorse) , 24 years old Napoleon at the battle of Toulon in a war fame, became the youngest general.

1799 Nian 11 9, Revolution in the rapid rise of the young General Napoleon launched "Brumaire coup" seize power. In France the establishment of the executive government, with himself as First Consul, later commuted to life consuls.

1804 Nian 12 Yue 2 Roman day of Pope Pius VII at Notre Dame for the Emperor First French Empire Napoleonic coronation. And repealing Republican Calendar, restored Gregorian calendar (Gregorian calendar).

Napoleon came to power after the first problem is to temporarily end the war years, he made peace with the people of Russia, the Austrians concluded "Treaty of Lunéville" (TraitédeLunéville), and the United Kingdom also reached a peace agreement. But in the eyes of European feudal aristocracy, Napoleon still a horrible person.

Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor

1803 years, the war between Britain and France again. To defeat France, Britain constantly seeking allies to form a new anti-French alliance.

1804 In May, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor. The following year, Austria, Prussia and Britain signed the Covenant, Russia then joined the anti-French alliance. Napoleon faced by the nascent empire was the strongest joint attack European countries.

At this time, Napoleon also actively preparing for the invasion of England, he gathered a large number of troops along the Strait and thousands of sailboats and barges, make amphibious landing forces at sea and training. Napoleon's army continues to fight against the British allies in continental Europe. He led troops advancing from the east Ulm, suddenly attacked Russian and Austrian armies in Moravia, made the Austerlitz victory. After this victory, the remnants of Russia back into Poland, Austria and France concluded a peace treaty, Napoleon made Venice from Austria, the Kingdom of Italy Venice incorporated under his control.

1806 years, the Holy Roman Empire to attack, forcing the Holy Roman Emperor Franz II abdicated, retaining only its title of Emperor of Austria, the Holy Roman Empire.

1807, Napoleon and the Russian Tsar Alexander I in a private meeting on a raft Russia and Prussia border Niemen. During the talks, trying to impress Napoleon Alexander, he criticized the UK manufacturer of all disputes in Europe. Outcome of the talks, the two sides signed the "Treaties of Tilsit": French Empire and the Russian Empire formed an alliance against the British, the alliance lasted five years on the surface. But Alexander soon discovered that he won in this league is not peace, but time.

Continental System

Napoleon and the brilliant victory achieved on the European continent contrast, in October 1805, the French defeated the British Navy Navy champion Nelson again in the Battle of Trafalgar . Seeing has come to nothing from the sea to invade England, Napoleon would turn the British economic warfare tactics, strict "Continental blockade" against the British, allowed the British ship sailed into European ports.

1806, Napoleon issued the "Berlin Decree" to prohibit and his allied or affiliated with any of his goods to Britain Europe. The next year, according to him, "Treaties of Tilsit," Russia and Prussia to join command "Continental System." A few months later, once the UK to join an "anti-French alliance" of Russia, Prussia and Austria have declared war on Britain.

Napoleon also require two neutral Portugal and Denmark also joined the "continental system", but has followed the lead of the UK-only Portugal refused to obey orders. To punish Portugal, controls the entire European coastline, improve the "continental system", Napoleon led his army across the Pyrenees and conquered Spain and Portugal. The war makes the French locked in a never-ending war quagmire, heroic Spanish people delaying Napoleon 300,000 elite troops. At the same time, the British decided to hold it at all costs this last bridgehead for continental Europe, continue to send more troops to aid Portugal and Spain against France guerrilla army.

Since the Industrial Revolution, Britain has accumulated a lot of wealth, its financial reserves sufficient funding from the European countries to defeat Napoleon. People in Napoleonic Europe more and more unstable, more and more want to get national independence, the idea of ​​the Enlightenment and the Revolution began to spread widely in the country ruled. Russian Tsar Alexander I is also very satisfied with his French allies, because in addition to his annexation of Finland in 1809 other than get no other benefits from the league.

empire in decline

1811, the Russian official exit "Continental system", Britain and Russia to resume commercial relations. Napoleon led his army expedition decided to Russia. He focused on a so-called army of 70 million people in East Prussia and Poland in June 1812 invasion of Russia. In September, French, and Russian armies at the Battle of Borodino, the Russian army under the command of the Duke of Kutuzov successfully blocked the French army offensive. After scoring Moscow, Napoleon found that he occupied a ghost town. Moscow greeted the emperor with fire, after Napoleon wake up looking at the shiny red fire sky can not help shouting: "!!! Burn their homes ...... how brutal this is what kind of nation ah"

Russian winter let Napoleon suffered terribly in the 611,000 French troops into Russia, the casualties died from war, hunger and the snow tortured 400,000, captured 10 people. At the same time, all of Europe against Napoleon's forces again group together. Trailing French Russian advance into Central Europe, Prussia and Austria and Russia are also in favor of joint operations, the Italian anti-French riots broke out. British troops crossed the Pyrenees in Wellington led into metropolitan France.

1812 In December 2009, Napoleon secretly left Russia in difficult snow retreating army, relying on sleigh and carriage through Europe to reach Paris, set up a new army. But the lack of training the new army, he fought for years with many of the best officers and casualties in war with Spain and Russia in large number.

1813 In October the French army was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig. The second in April, Napoleon abdicated, was exiled to Elba Island near the coast of Italy.

Hundred Days dynasty

1815 Nian 3 1 March, Napoleon's escape from Elba secret, landing in Anjouan Hong Kong and France. Customs guards to see the landing of Napoleon, immediately pay tribute to him hat. Napoleon in a loud voice a speech to the local soldiers, the soldiers cheered, and joined his ranks.

1815 Nian 3 on 3, Napoleon landed in France the news reached Paris, Bourbon government terrified, immediately sent troops went to stop. But Napoleon went, the soldiers of fashion, have joined, some commanders even ranging from the arrival of Napoleon, put his team together, shouting "Long live the emperor" to the front line to meet Napoleon.

1815 the evening of March 20, 0900, Napoleon entered Paris in the retinue of followers and cavalry, re-boarded the throne.

1815 Nian 6 18, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo Battle of Britain and Prussia coalition hands. June 22, Napoleon's second abdication. In October, he was exiled to the British territory in the South Atlantic St. Helena.

1821 Nian 5 on 5, Napoleon died on the island.

title rating

On the basis of executive government (1799 - 1804), based on the Napoleonic further strengthen the central government and his personal authority, create a new title level, Prince seal 4 Duke 30, 388 Earl, Baron 1090, thousands of Knight of the Legion of honor. 1812 French Empire area of ​​860,000 square kilometers, a population of about 44 million, the country is divided into 130 counties, including the Netherlands nine counties, the North Sea coast of Germany states nine counties, east Nanwa Lai, Piedmont, Genoa, Parma, Tuscany and the Pope possessions 10 counties. In addition, Napoleon and his family also control and domination of the Kingdom of Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine, the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Spain, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and so on. Napoleon sought a uniform tariff within the Empire, unified legal system.

related characters

French emperor and the French colonial empire lords: still after Josephine (1804--1809) and the Emperor Divorce: Napoleon I

Queen of France Queen retains title

Mary Louise (1810--1815) Austrian emperor's Princess

Dutch King: Louis Bonaparte (Napoleon's brother)

King of Spain: Joseph Bonaparte (Napoleon's brother)

King of France: Napoleon Bonaparte

Italian Deputy King: Eugène de Beauharnais (son of Josephine and her ex-husband born)

King of Westphalia: Jérôme Bonaparte (Napoleon's youngest brother)

Tuscany Governor: Elina Bonaparte (Napoleon's big sister)

King of Naples: Murat (Napoleon's Marshal)

Queen of Naples: Carolina Bonaparte (Napoleon's youngest sister)

King of Sweden: Bernardo special (Napoleon's Marshal)

Queen of Sweden: Eugenie · De Xilei (who Napoleon's fiancee)

Foreign Affairs

and France had entered into about the country

King of Prussia: Frederick III

emperor of Austria: Franz II (Napoleon's father)

Russian emperor : Alexander I

legal

internal consolidation of the capitalist regime, promulgated the "Code Napoleon", which is the world's first capitalist Civil Code.

Code for the first time confirmed the fundamental principle of equality of civil rights, freedom of contract and other property ownership bourgeois civil law, the consolidation of the results of the legal form of the bourgeois revolution against the feudal forces, and promote the development of capitalism . Because it is adapted to the needs of the development of the bourgeoisie, so deeply marked by the bourgeoisie. This code is still in use, but with the French socio-economic and political changes, the Code also modify a hundred times.