Explain Words
Introduction
Thecontentof"ShuowenJiezi"consistsof15volumes,withXiaozhuanastheresearchSubjectsalsorefertoancienttextsandXiewensotherthanXiaozhuan.Onetofourteenvolumesaretextexplanations,andfifteenvolumesarenarratives.Eachvolumeisdividedintotwoupperandlowerchapters,whichisactually30volumes.Atotalof9353prefixesand1163repetitivetexts(ancienttexts,variants,etc.)arecollected.TheprefixesarebasedonXiaozhuan,andtherearealsovariantssuchasancienttextsandXiewen.
"ShuowenJiezi"firstcreatedradicalsofChinesecharacters,conformingtotherequirementsoftheeraofunifiedstandardizationofChinesecharacters.Instead,accordingtotheprincipleof"linkingofforms",takingtheglyphsastheoutline,thesameformintheChinesecharactersisusedasthebasisforclassification,andthesamecharactersintheChinesecharactersarearrangedin540radicals,startingfromthe"一"partto"海"Attheendofthepart,thefirstwordofthesamepartistheradical,anditismarkedwith"Everythingbelongstoacertain".Allthecharactersthatfollowthesameradicalarelistedtogether,discussingtheoriginalEneriu,insistingonexplainingindetail,andfocusingonrevealingtheinternallawsandmeaningsystemsofwords.
Themainbodyof"ShuowenJiezi"focusesontheanalysisoftheshapeofthecharacters.IttakesthewrittenlanguageofZhouandQinastheobjectofinterpretation.Startingfromtheshapeofthecharacters,clarifiesthestructureofthesealscript,tracestheoriginofthecreationofcharacters,andtakestheformastheclassics.Takingmeaningasthelatitude,exploringtheoriginalmeaningthatisconsistentwiththestructureofthefont,expoundingtherelationshipbetweenthethreeaspectsofform,soundandmeaning,undertheappearanceofformclassification,aimingtoseektheestablishmentofmeaningcategories,thatis,toachieveeachmeaningthroughthedistinctionofeachshapeandcategory.Classaggregation.Interpretationmainlyusessynonymsorsimilarwordstoexplaintheinterpretedword,orindicatesthemeaningofthedefinitionasadefinitiveinterpretation,orexplainstheetymology.Theexplanationofeachcharactergenerallyfirstanalyzesandexploresitsoriginalmeaning,andthenanalyzesthebodystructureaccordingtothetheoryof"SixBooks",explainsthemeaningoftheword,usespictophoneticcharactersor"reading"toexplainthepronunciation,andexplainstherelationshipbetweentheshapeandthemeaningorthesoundofthecharacter.Forrelationship,use"Yiyue,Oryue,andYike"toseparatethemeanings.Theancientscripturescitedby"Shuowen"notonlyinclude"Poetry","Book","Rite","Yi"and"Chunqiu",aswellas"Laozi","Mozi","HanFeizi","Mandarin","YiZhouShu"and"ChuCi""History","ShanhaiJing","SimaLaw","TaiyiJing",etc.,involvingtheworld,ghostsandgods,mountainsandrivers,vegetation,birdsandbeasts,insects,sundries,strangeness,kingship,etiquetteandotherdifferentsubjectsofknowledge.
The"AncientWen"in"ShuowenJiezi",thenumberofrepeatedcharactersindicatedbytheDaxueditiontodayis474,mainlyreferringtotheConfucianBizhongshufoundintheHanDynastyandthe"ChunQiuZuoShiZhuan"".FromtheperspectiveoftheancientcharacterslistedinXuShu,theyaresimilartotheancientwritingsofWeiShijingandSongGuoZhongshu's"KhanJian".Thiskindofscriptisalsocalled"tadpolescript",whichisakindofancientscriptwritteninQi,Lu,andSanJinduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.
The"Laiwen"in"ShuowenJiezi"isatextfrom"ShiLaiPian",andthereareatotalof208duplicatesintheDaXuedition.AccordingtotheunearthedmaterialsoftheEasternZhouDynasty,thereareexamplesofXuShuxuanweninbothQinandEasterncountries.ManyoftheXiancharactersarestillclosetothegoldcharactersofthelateWesternZhouDynasty.BanGuandXuShenbelievedthatZhouXuan'sShishuwasgenerallycredible.
InXuShuzhong'stext,therearealsovariousnamessuchas"orstyle","vulgarstyle"and"jinwen".XuShenoftenrefersto"orasacertain"and"commonasacertain".AncientChinese,Xiewen,andZhengzhuanbelongtotherelationshipbetweendifferentancientChinesecharactersindifferentperiods.Or,Suwen,JinwenandZhengzhoumainlyrefertotherelationshipbetweenthedifferentlanguagesintheHandynasty.
Creativebackground
Timebackground
Thebirthof"ShuowenJiezi"isnotaccidental,itisthecollisionbetweentheobjectiveconditionsoftheEasternHanDynastyandXuShen'ssubjectiveconditionstheresultof.
First,theresearchonthecharactersandvocabularyoftheZhou,QinandHandynastieslaidtheacademicfoundationfortheemergenceof"ShuowenJiezi".IntheWesternZhouDynasty,therewere"ShiLaiPian",intheQinDynastytherewere"CangjiePian","YanLiPian"and"EducationPian"."PengxiPian";and"ErYa"writtenintheearlyHanDynastyand"Dialect"writteninthelateWesternHanDynasty;therearealsoancientcopiesexcavatedfromundergroundorwall,andinscriptionsonDingYiobtainedfrommountainsandrivers:andsoon.Thousandsofwordsinvariousstyleswerepreparedforthebook"ShuowenJiezi".Literacytextbookssuchas"ShiLaiPian"inZhou,QinandHanDynastiesandbooksof"ErYa"and"Dialects"providedreferenceforthelayoutof"ShuowenJiezi".TheresearchresultsofXuShen'spreviousscholarsandjuniorscholarsontheform,soundandmeaningofChinesecharacters,suchas"LiuShuShu",providedrationalguidancefor"ShuowenJiezi".
Second,thefiercestruggleoftheHanDynasty,modernandancientliteraryschoolslaidtheideologicalfoundationfortheemergenceof"ShuowenJiezi".Themoderntextreferstotheofficialscript,andtheancienttextreferstotheancienttextsofthesixcountriesinthepre-Qinperiod.Classicsaredividedintomodernclassicsandancientclassicsduetothedifferenceintherecordedtext.Thiswasoriginallyjustadifferenceinfonts,butthepeoplewhostudiedhaveformeddifferentacademicschools.TheJinwenConfucianSchoolbelievesthatthescripturesarethewordsofthesaints,andthewordsandsentencescontain"micro-speakingandgreatmeaning",whichcanbeusedintheworld,andtheyoftentakemeaningoutofcontextandarbitrarilyextendthemeaning.Theschoolofancienttextsbelievesthatthemeaningoftheclassicsshouldbeinterpretedobjectivelybasedonthemeaningofthecharacters,andthestudyoflanguageandcharactersshouldbeemphasizedtoestablishitsloftystatusinthestudyofclassics.XuShenisascholarofancienttextsandscriptures.HelivedafterthemiddleoftheEasternHanDynasty.Atthistime,theJinwenjingschoolwasgraduallydeclining,andtheGuwenjingschoolwasgraduallyprospering.Hecouldnottoleratethephenomenonofmisinterpretingwordsforthepurposeofpracticalapplication.HelashedoutatthosevulgarConfucianismwho"playedwhattheywereusedtoandconcealedwhattheywantedtohear",andthosewho"compelledthewordstoexplainthescriptures,andcalledtheofficialscriptofQinasCangjieShishu.""Thelittlehusband."Hebelievesthatwordsare"thefoundationofjingyi,thebeginningofwangzheng",andmisinterpretingwordswillinevitablytamperwith"jingyi",whichisnotconduciveto"wangzheng".Inordertorefutetheargumentthatmodernscripturescholarshavetamperedwiththemeaningofscripture,XuShendecidedtowrite"ShuWenJieZi".
Personalbackground
XuShen'sspiritofseekingtruthmakeshisambitionbecomereality."TheBookoftheLaterHan·TheBiographyofRulin·TheBiographyofXuShen"said:"Shaoeruditescholarship,MaRongoftenadmiresthem,andthepeoplesay:"The"FiveClassics"isunparalleledbyXuShuzhong.""TheBiographyofXuShen"alsosaid:"Thenatureispureandsincere."Chun,pureandhonest;sincereandloyal.ThismeansthatXuShenhasbeenloyalandhonestthroughouthislife,seekingtruthfromfacts.Becauseofthis,hewasabletosearchfromtoptobottom,Broadcompeople,andstrivetomakesmallandbigarguments,trustandhaveevidence."It'snotknownatall,andit'slikeafault."("ShuWenJieZi·Xu")Idon'tknowwhatIdon'tknow,letitlackit,don'tthinkit'sright,andforceittounderstandpeople.Inthelong-termstudyandresearch,XuShencollectedalargenumberofsmallseal,ancientprose,andxiewenmaterials,andbasedontheextensiveknowledgeofConfucianclassics,accordingtotheregulationsofthesixbooks,whenJiaKuireceivedtheancientlearning,hebegantocompilethe""ShuWenJieZi",inthe12thyear(100years)ofEmperorYongyuanoftheHanDynasty,thisworkwascompletedonthefirstdayofthemonth.Intheprocessofproofreading,XuShenstudiedextensivelyandprofoundlyinclassics.Atthattime,althoughthefirstdraftof"ShuWenJieZi"hadbeencompleted,inordertotakeadvantageofthisopportunitytosupplementitandcompleteit,ithasnotbeenfinalized.OnthesixthdayofthefirstyearofAnEmperor(119),therewere42earthquakesacrossthecountry,andthedisasterswereextremelyserious.TheemperorissuedanedicttotheThreeGovernments,electedcapableofficialsofhissubordinates,andissuedsupplementarycommanderstoappeasethepeopleandstabilizethepeople'shearts.XuShenwassimpleandloyal,and"canbenefitandfeedherhusband",sohewaselectedtobethecountymagistrateinPeiguoqiaoCounty(nowGuzhen,Anhui).XuShendevotedhimselftoConfucianismandwasindifferenttoofficialofficials.Beforehetookofficeasthecountymagistrate,hesaidthathereturnedtohishometownLongLive,andheconcentratedonreviewingthe"ShuWenJieZi".Threeyearslater,in121,the"ShuowenJiezi"wasfinalized,andhissonXuChonggaveittotheemperor.
Thesourceofthetitle
Thename"ShuowenJiezi"includestwomeanings:oneis"shuowen",theotheris"jiezi","wen"and"zi""It’snotthesameconcept.XuShen’sexplanationforthisis:whenCangjiebegantomakecharacters,heprobablycopiedthemintheshapeofallthings,sothispictorialsymboliscalled"wen."Thecombinedsymboliscalled"character"."Wen"istodescribetheoriginalshapeofthings,and"character"meanstobreedandmultiply.
"Character"camelater.BeforetheQinDynasty,thewordwasonlycalled"wen"or"shu",not"character"."文"and"character"reflectedthetwodevelopmentsofChinesecharacters.Thestage,namelythepictorialsymbolstageandtheconceptualsymbolstage.Paleographerscallthesingle-typecharacter"wen"andthecombinedcharacteras"character".Thesingle-type"wen"cannotbedecomposedanymore,soitisexplainedthatitis"Themeaningof"shuowen";thecombined"character"iscomposedoftwoorthreedifferent"wen",sodissectingitisthemeaningof"jiezi".Thetwomeaningsmentionedabovecanbecombinedinto"shuowenjiezi"Themeaningofthename.
Catalogueofworks
Anoverviewoftheradicalsof"ShuWenJieZi"
VolumeOne | PartI | One,Shangbu,Shibu,Sanbu,Wangbu,Yubu,Juebu,Qibu,Shibu,Shubu |
|---|---|---|
Next | 屮部,艸部,蓐部,茻(mǎng)Department | p>|
VolumeTwo | PartI p> | Smallpart,eightpart,biànpart,halfpart,cowpart,yak(máo)part,reportpart,mouthDepartment,凵(kǎn)department,吅(xuān)department,cryingdepartment,walkingdepartment,stopdepartment,癶(bō)department,stepdepartment,thisdepartment |
Next | Themainpart,therightpart,theback(chuò),彳部,廴(yǐn),㢟(chǎn),line,tooth,tooth,foot,shū,pin,yuè,book | |
VolumeThree | PartI | 㗊(jí),tongue,cadre,𧮫(jué),only,㕯(nè),sentence,丩,ancient,ten,sà,yan,jìng,sound,qiān,zhuó,pú,pú,廾,𠬜,CommonDepartment,Different[⿱田共]Department,舁(yú)Department,𦥑(jū)Department,䢅(chén)Department,爨(cuàn)Department |
Next | Leatherpart,鬲(lì)part,䰜(lì)part,clawpart,丮(jǐ)part,bucketpart,anotherpart,(zuǒ)part,DepartmentofHistory,Branch,Departmentof𦘒(niè),DepartmentofYu(yù),DepartmentofPainting,DepartmentofLi,DepartmentofQiān,DepartmentofMinisters,DepartmentofShu(shū),DepartmentofKilling,Departmentof𠘧(shū),DepartmentofCun,LeatherDepartment,㼱(ruǎn)Department,攴(pū)Department,EducationDepartment,BuDepartment,UseDepartment,YaoDepartment,㸚(lǐ)Department | |
VolumeIV | PartI | 𡕥(xuè)part,headpart,䀠(jù)part,eyebrows,shieldpart,selfpart,white(zì)part,nosepart,shacklepart,Xipart,featherpart,隹part,奞部,雈部,𠁥(ɡuǎ),𥄕(mò),sheep,shān,Qu,chóu,雥(zá),bird,wu |
Next | 𠦒,冓,yao,𢆶,叀,xuan,Yu,Fang,𠬪,𣦼,歺,dead,冎,bone,meat,tendonsPart,knifepart,bladepart,㓞part,upperpart,leipart,cornerpart | |
Volume5 | Part1 | Bamboo,Kei,NiDepartment,LeftDepartment,IndustrialDepartment,ODepartment,WitchDepartment,GanDepartment,JapaneseDepartment,NaiDepartment,ChengDepartment,KeDepartment,XiDepartment,NumberDepartment,LossDepartment,ZhiDepartment,XiDepartment,HaoDepartment,DrumDepartment,Qibu,Doubu,Fengbu,Fengbu,Yubu,Yubu,Hubu,Yubu,Sanbu,𠙴bu,Gobu,blood,Dianbu |
Next | DanBu,QingBu,Wellbe,Kobe,Shanbe,Food,Kobe,Huibe,Kurobe,Irbe,Kobe,Yabe,Takabe,Kobe,𩫖be,Kyobe,Kobe,Kobe,Obe,Chubu,Laibu,Maibu,Xunbu,Jiabu,Shunbu,Weibu,Dibu,Kuobu,Jibu,Jiebu | |
VolumeVI | Part1 | Kobe,East,Forest,Caibe |
Next | 叒部,之部,帀部,出部,𣎵(bèi)department,healthDepartment,QiDepartment,𠂹Department,𠌶Department,HuaDepartment,𥝌Department,JiDepartment,NestDepartment,ChuDepartment,BunDepartment,㯻Department,囗Department,MemberDepartment,ShellDepartment,YiDepartment,𨛜Department | |
VolumeSeven | Part1 | Ribu,Danbu,Tubu,Nabu,Mingbu,Jingbu,Moon,Youbu,Mingbu,Jibu,Xibu,Duobu,Wubu,𢎘bu,𣐺bu,𠧪bu,Qibu,Yubu,Pianbu,Tripod,Kebu,Yubu,Hebu,Zibu,Millibu,Xiangbu,Mibu,Mobu,Mobu,Yubu |
Next | 𣎳(pìn),𣏟,hemp,尗,耑,leek,melon,hu,宀,Miyabe,LuDepartment,acupoint,㝱,疒,冖,𠔼,冃,㒳,net,sub,towel,city,帛,white,㡀,黹 | |
VolumeEight | Part1 | HumanBu,QiBu,DaggerBu,CongBu,BiBu,Beibu,QiuBu,㐺Bu,𡈼(tǐng)Bu,ZhongPart,lyingpart,bodypart,㐆part,clothingpart,furpart,oldpart,hairpart,velvetpart,corpsepart |
Next | Rulerpart,tailpart,crawlerpart,boatpart,squarepart,childMinistry,brother,旡,皃,𠑹,front,bald,see,覞,under,㱃,㳄,兂 | |
VolumeNine | Part1 | Page,𦣻,face,fascia,header,𥄉,Xu,彡,彣,culture,髟,rear,division,卮,Jie,printing,color,卯(qīng),pi,勹,Bao,GouBu,GuiBu,BianBu,SiBu,WeiBu |
Next p> | Mountain,屾,屵,Guangbu,factory,dangerous,stone,long,wubu,冄bu,Erbu,Yubu,㣇bu,Yubu,Dolphin,Yubu,𤉡bu,Yibu,Xiangbu | |
TenthVolume | PartI | Horse,颊,deer,rough,㲋,rabbit,萈,dog,㹜,rat,noh,bear,fire,inflammation,black |
Next | Chimney,Yanbu,Zhibu,Akabu,Most,Yibu,Yaobu,Yaobu,Jiaobu,Jiabu,Hubu,Yibu,Xingbu,Luxury,Kangbu,Jiabu,YaobuMinistry,BoMinistry,Husband,LegislativeMinistry,UnionMinistry,FontanalMinistry,ThoughtMinistry,HeartMinistry,InnerMinistry | |
Volumeeleven | PartI | MinistryofWater |
Next | Beibe,nearbe,巜be,Kawabe,Izumibe,Yube,Yongbe,𠂢be,Valleybe,Gebe,Rainbe,Yunbe,Yube,𩺰be,YanBu,DragonBu,FeiBu,FeiBu,XiBu | |
VolumeTwelfth | Part1 | Neibu,Bubu,Zhibu,West,Halogendepartment,saltdepartment,householddepartment,doordepartment,eardepartment,𦣝department,hand,𠦬department |
Next | WomenDepartment,WuDepartment,CivilDepartment,FengDepartment,𠂆Department,QiDepartment,ClanDepartment,DiDepartment,GeDepartment,HuDepartment,WeDepartment,QiDepartment,Qinpart,𠃊part,deathpart,匸part,匚part,songpart,steroidpart,tilepart,bowpart,jipart,stringpart,linepart | |
VolumeThirteen | PartI | Itobe,Motobe,Silkbe,Libe,Huǐ(huǐ)be |
Part2 | Part,chóng,wind,otherparts,turtleDepartment,黾部,egg,second,soil,垚,Jin,li,Tian,Qi,Huang,male,Li,劦 | |
VolumeFourteen | PartI | Metalpart,openingpart,spoonpart,severalparts,andpart,cattypart,bucketpart,spearpart,carpart,𠂤part |
Next | 𨸏(fu)department,𨺅department,厽department,fourdepartment,Ningdepartment,叕department,subdepartment,fivedepartment,sixdepartment,sevendepartment,ninedepartment,禸department,嘼department,departmentA,departmentB,departmentC,departmentD,Wubu,Jibu,Babu,Gengbu,Xinbu,Yinbu,Renbu,Guibu,Zibu,Lebu,Wobu,𠫓bu,Choubu,Yinbu,Mao(mǎo)bu,ChenMinistry,Sibu,Wubu,Weibu,Shenbu,Youbu,Emirates,Xubu,Haibu | |
"ShuoWenJieZiXu" |
Thoughtsofthework
1."ThefoundationisbasedandtheTaoisborn":XuShen'sleadingthoughtinthecompilationof"ShuWenJieZi"
XuShenlivedinaperiodofintensedisputesbetweenancientChineseandancientChineseliterature.Inthiscontroversy,XuShenappearedasan"AncientScriptureSchool".Atthattime,theConfucianscholarsoftheJinwenScriptureSchoolrushedtoexplainthescriptures.Theyspeculatedontheoriginandstructureofthescriptbasedontheformoftheofficialscript.XuShensharplycriticizedthe"unspokenwords"and"spokenwords"ofthese"sordidhusbandsandvulgarscholars.""ShuWenJieZi·Xu"says:"Iftherearesomanypeople,theyarenotinlinewiththeancientproseofConfucianism,buttheyarenotinthehistoryofConfucianism.TheyarevulgarandConfucian,playwithwhattheylearn,andtheyareunheardof.Thisarticle.Blametheoldartandbegoodatwildwords,usingwhatheknowsasthemystery,studythesubtlefingerofthesaint.""Ifitismistaken,itisnotcontradictory!"Inviewofthis,XuShenproposedto"coverwords"ItisthefoundationofJingyiandthebeginningofWangZheng.Thepredecessorsaresodown,andthedescendantsknowtheancients.Therefore,itissaid:'ThefoundationisestablishedandtheTaoisborn.'Knowingtheworldisthebestandcannotbechaotic."InXuShen'sview,thetextItisthefoundationofahundredschoolsofthoughtandhistory,andthefirstconditionfortheimplementationofkinglyway.Predecessorsrelyonwordstopassontolatergenerations,andlatergenerationsrelyonittounderstandhistory.ThedirectpurposeofXuShen'scompilationof"ShuowenJiezi"istocriticizethe"spokenwords"ofthemodernscripture,defendtheacademicstatusoftheancientscripturetheory,andprovideatheoreticalbasisfortheancientscriptureschool.Undertheguidanceofthiskindofpurpose,XuShenwasinfluencedbyConfucianthoughtandestablishedthecompilingthoughtof"beingbasedontheprincipleofmorality."
ItneedstobepointedoutthatwhenXuShenwasayoungman,hewaseruditeandlearnedthemodernscriptures,whilethemiddle-agedmasterJiaKuistudiedancientscriptures.PreciselybecauseXuShenhasbothknowledgeoftheJinwenScriptureandtheAncientWenScriptures,heisparticularlypowerfulabouttheJinwenScripture.Beforethecompilationof"ShuWenJieZi",XuShenwrotethebook"FiveScriptureswithDifferentMeanings".Althoughthisbookhasbeenlost,fromtheperspectiveofthetitleandlatereditions,XuShenhasaverygoodunderstandingofbothancientandmodernschools.familiar.TheBookoftheLaterHanstates:"Atthebeginning,ShenusedtheFiveClassicstotellwhetherthelegendsweredifferent,sohewroteitas"FiveClassicswithDifferentMeanings."Fromthis,itcanbeseenthatXuShen'sancientliteraryschoolpositionisconsistentbeforeandafter,fromthe"FiveClassicswithDifferentMeanings"To"ShuWenJieZi"reflectsXuShen'scontinuousdeepeningofancienttextsandsutrathoughts."FiveClassicsYiyi"focusesondistinguishingthedifferencesbetweentheancientandmoderninterpretationsoftheclassicmeaning,while"ShuowenJiezi"fundamentallyexplainsthethoughtsoftheancientScriptureschool."Words"canbesaidtobefoundbyXuShentoopposethemoderntext.AsharpweaponoftheConfucianSchoolofClassics,whichexplainsthewordsonebyone,andcanplayaroleincorrectingthesourceofthemeaningoftheSixClassics.ItisworthnotingwhyXuShenusedXiaozhuanastheobjectofexplanation.Thisisbecauseitisonlyaprocessof"quantitativechange"informfromGuxietoXiaozhuan.DuanYucaiyunsaid:"XiaozhuanisstillinancientXuan,oritisstillchanged,ortheprovinceischanged.Itisstillnineoutoften.It'sonlyoneortwoofeleven",andfromsealscripttoofficialscriptisaprocessof"qualitativechange".TheSixClassicscameintobeinginthepre-QinDynasty,andthescripturesareusedtopassthescriptures.Thebestchoiceisnaturallythesealscript.XuShendidnotdiscardtheancientproseandtheelderproseofthe"12ofthereformersintheprovince",butrecordedthemtogetherandappearedintheformof"heavyprose".XuShen's"modernnarrativesealscript,combinedwithancient籀"istherightwaytopassthescripturesintheHanDynasty,whichisbothfeasibleandappropriate."BadhusbandandvulgarConfucian"usetheofficialscriptoftheHanDynastytoexplainthescriptures,anditisdestinedtoonlyfallintoasituationof"misunderstanding".AsforwhatDuanYucaisaidin"ShuowenJiezi","usingXiaozhuanasthequality"isoutoftheconsiderationof"theQueenofLaw,respectingtheHansystem",itissuspectedofbeingfar-fetched.
Second,theideaof"squaresgathertogether,thingsaredividedintogroups"hasspawnedradicallayoutstyles
AfterXuShenestablishedthebasicideasofinterpretingsutrasandbeingserious,whaturgentlyneededtobesolvedwashowtoexplainthecomplicatedtextsinanorderlymanner.XuShen'scodificationideais"groupingintogroups",whichmeansthatmanytextsaredividedintoseveralcategoriesforexplanation.XuShenstartedfromtheanalysisoffontsandcreated540radicalstounify9353characters.Thisisequivalenttodividingthe540radicalsintoseveralmajorcategories.Thiscanhelpreaderstounderstandthemeaningsmoredeeplyandunderstandthemeaningofwordsmorecorrectly.Thearrangementofthecharactersineachpartisnotchaotic,butbasedontheprincipleofsimilarity.
ThereasonwhyXuShenwasabletocreate540radicalsisduetohisdeepunderstandingofthe"SixChineseCharacters".Whetherthe"sixbooks"mentionedherereferstothesixmethodsofmakingcharactersisnotknownwithcertainty.BanGu’s"HanShu·YiWenZhi"quotedLiuXinandpointedoutthespecificnameofthe"sixbooks":"Theancientswenttoelementaryschoolattheageofeight,soZhouGuanbaowasinchargeofraisingthesonofthecountryandtaughtthesixbooks.,Onomatopoeia,transcript,phony,theoriginofthecreationofcharacters."Buthefailedtoclarifythespecificcontentofthe"sixbooks".XuShengaveacompletedefinitionofthe"sixbooks"forthefirsttime,andgaveexamples."ShuWenJieZi·Xu"says:"ZhouLienteredelementaryschoolattheageofeight,andtheBaofamilytaughtthecountry.First,heusedsixbooks.;Thesecondispictograms,thosewithpictograms,whicharepaintedasobjects,interrogatewiththebody,andthesunandthemoonarealso;thethirdispictophones,thosewithpictophones,takethingsasthename,andtheriversandriversarealso;thefourthisunderstanding,understanding.,Comparinganalogy,toseethefalse,WuXinisalso;thefifthistotransfernotes,thosewhotransfernotes,buildapoem,agreetoaccepteachother,andthetestisalwaystoo;thesixthistoborrow,toborrow,thereisnooriginalword,accordingtothesoundIt'sthecaseforthecommander."XuShen'sdefinitionofthe"sixbooks"saidthatalthoughtherearesupplementarychangesinlatergenerations,theyhavenotexceededXuShen's"sixbooks"theoreticalsystem.
Themethodofclassificationandarrangementof"ShuowenJiezi",inXuShen'sownwords,isto"separatelyliveseparatelyandnotmixtoilets."XuShenonceclearlystatedthesourceofthoughtforthismethodofcompilation."ShuowenJiezi·Xu"says:"Fangsaregatheredtogetherbysimilarities,andthingsaredividedbygroups.Thesamelinkisrelatedtothegenus,andthecommonreasoniscoherent.Mixedbutnotoverstepped,accordingtoformandconnection."Fangsgatherbyclass,andthingsaredividedbygroups".DuanYucaicommentedonthe"classification"and"groupdivision"in"ShuowenJiezi":"Classificationmeansthesamepart,groupdivisionmeansdifferentpart."Inotherwords,"ShuowenJiezi"Thecharactersofthesamesubordinatesarearrangedinaccordancewiththeprincipleof"classification",anddifferentradicalsareseparatedaccordingtotheprincipleof"groupseparation".Here,DuanYucaimainlyspeaksfromthemacroscopicstructure.Infact,XuShenhascarefullyconsideredanddesignedthecharactersandcharacterswithinthesameradicalandthearrangementorderbetweendifferentradicals.Thecharactersunderthesameradicalmainlyadoptthemethodof"consistencywithmeaning",whilethearrangementofdifferentradicalsmainlyadoptsthemethodof"linkaccordingtoform".Let'slookatthe"consistentwithmeaning"betweenthecharactersinthesamepart.Forexample,thegeneralexplanationsequenceofthe"Shi"departmentis:firstexplainthesingle-bodytext"Shi",andthenexplain"Hu","Li","Xi"andsoon.Whenexplainingthearticleonbreast-feeding,thetaboocharacter"Hu"(thenameofEmperorHan'an)islistedfirst,andthentheothercharactersforbreast-feedingarelisted.Amongthesecharacters,"li","xi","禛","lu"andotherwordsindicatingblessing,auspiciousness,andrespectarelistedfirst,andthen"god","only"and"secret"andotherwordsrelatedtosacrificesarelisted.Finally,thewords"misfortune","chong","forbidden","儠"andotherwordscontainingthemeaningofevilandevilarearranged.Itcanbeseenthatthearrangementofthecharactersofthesameradicalin"Shuowen"isroughly"involvedwithmeaning"and"connectedwithreason".Theparagraphnotealsosays:"TheorderofeachChinesecharacterisfollowedbythereferencetothemeaning."
Lookagainatthe"accordingtotheform"betweentheradicals.Thefirsteightpartsofthefirstessay"One,Qi,Shi,Three,Wang,Jade,Jue,Qi"arelinkedby"One",fromsimpletocomplex,graduallyextending.DuanZhuyun:帄,"mengoneandthensecond";Shi,"fromtwo,Mongoliansecondandsecond";third,"Mengshihasthreehangingdown,andthreetimes";Wang,"Mengthreeandsecond";Jade,"alsoMengmengthree,followedby";Jue,"Mengwang,followedby";Qi,"wenpictogram,andthesecondone,forwhichtherearenomorethanthree".Foranotherexample,thethirty-seventhchapteroftheeighthchapter,thefirstpartis"people";under"people"isthe"𠤎"part,fromthedownside;"𠤎"isthe"dagger"part,fromtheanti-person,"dagger"underItisthe"Cong"department,andthetwoarestandingsidebyside;the"Cong"isthe"Bi"department,andthecounter-conservationistheratio;the"Bi"isthe"North"department,andthe"twopeopleareoppositeeachother";the"North"isthe"Qiu"Ministry,"Mengbeifollowedby";andsoon.Thisgroupofradicalsfollowsthe"person",andthearrangementisalsofromsimpletocomplex.Thesequenceofradicalsandradicalsis"linkedaccordingtoform".DuanZhuyun:"Theorderofthetribesshouldbeintheorderofsimilarityinform."ItshouldbepointedoutthatXuShenalsomadecarefularrangementsamongthe"radicalgroups."Asmentionedabove,thefirsteightpartsofthefirstessay"一,丄,shi,three,king,jade,珏,qi",nexttothisradicalgroupare"shi,丨,屮,艸,蓐,茻"Thefirstgroup.Thisradicalgroupislinkedby"|",basicallyfromsimpletocomplex.Thecombinationofthesetworadicalgroupsisthe"shi"department.The"shi"hasthetworadicalcharacteristicsof"one"and"丨".Usingthisasanintermediaryandbridgemakesthe"connectedbyone"anaturaltransitionto"Connectwith丨".This"relationship"between"radicalgroups"makesthewholebookblendintoone.Mr.ChenPinghasdoneadetailedstudyonthis.Hesaid:XuShen's"AccordingtoXingshulian"procedurefirstcombinesseveralradicalswith"basicshape"radicals,anduses"basicshape"forthefrontandbacktworadicals.Betweensuccessivegroupsofradicals,aradicalwithtwo"basicshapes"atthesametimeisoftenconsciouslyarrangedinthecenter,whichplaysaroleofconvergenceandtransition.
3.Thethoughtof"beginningandending"determinesthemacroscopictrendoftheradicalsequenceof"ShuowenJiezi"
Asmentionedabove,XuShenadoptedthecompilationmethodof"accordingtotheformandlinking"inthearrangementofthefirstorder.However,iftheinitialradicalsaredifferent,evenifthe"accordingtotheformislinked",therewillbeadifferentarrangementorder.Thisisoneofthem.Secondly,whynotconnect“two”under“one”but“shangdepartment”;whynotconnect“lower”under“shangdepartment”,butconnect“show”department;andsoon.Allthisshowsthatthearrangementofradicalsin"ShuowenJiezi"musthavebeeninfluencedbyotherthoughts.Thisideais"thebeginningandtheend".Thethoughtof"beginningandending"actuallydeterminesthemacroscopictrendofthe540radicals."ShuowenJiezi·Xu"says:"Thefirstoneisone,andtheotheroneisQi."Let’sfirstlookat"LiYiisascorpion"."Shuowen"says:"One,butthebeginningofthegreatpole,theTaoisinone.Itmakestheworldandtransformsintoallthings."DuanNote:"TheBookofHansays:YuanYuanistheoriginal,andthenumberbeginswithone."
However,XuShendidnotuse"thebeginningofnumbers"toexplain"one",butexplained"one"as"thefoundationofallthings"and"thewayisbasedonone."ThisisconsistentwithLaoTzu's"Taobegetsone,twolives,threebegetsthree,threebegetsallthings",anditisalsoconsistentwiththeHanyin-yangandfive-elementdoctrinethat"allthingsareborninone,andtheyendupattheend"intheHanDynasty.ItisfromthisthoughtthatXuShen"setsoneastheone".InXuShen'sview,Taoisbornfrom"one"andtextbeginswith"one".OneisthefoundationofTaoandthefoundationofwords.Underthe"Yi"section,XuShenarrangedfourwordswiththemeaningof"YuanShi":"Yuan,Tian,Pi,Li".Notonlythat,"Shuowen"immediatelyfollowedtheradicals"Qian,Shi,Wang,Yu"under"Yi"."丄","Shuowen"said:"Zhang,Gaoye";"丄"subordinateword"di","Shuowen"said:"Emperor,thetruth,thetitleoftheking."Anotherexampleis"show","Shuowen"said:"Showing,theskyandtheimageseebadluck,soitshowspeople.Fromtwoorthreedownthesun,themoonandthestars,observetheastronomytoobservethetimechangetoshowthedivinethings";thesubordinateword"Hu",isInthenameofEmperorAn,XuShenliranksfirstintheword.Judgingfromthefirstfewradicalsof"Shuowen"andtheirsubordinatecharacters,theyallreflecttheideaof"Taoisbasedonone".Inotherwords,thearrangementoftheradicalsof"Shuowen"wasinfluencedbyXuShen'sthoughts,notjusttheproductofthe"connectedbyform"and"connectedbymeaning"compilationmethods.
Lookat"BiYuZhonghai"again."ShuowenJiezi"usestheword"Hai"forthepalace."Hai,XieYe.InOctober,whenthesunrises,andthenShengYin.Fromthesecondtothesecond,thecharactersarewritteninancientChinese.Oneismaleandtheotherisfemale.Fromthesecond,theshapeislikeacoughandcough.The"ChunQiuBiography"says:"Haihastwoheadsandsixbodies."Allhai'sbelongingsarefromhai."HereXuShenadoptsthemethodofsoundtraining,haireads荄,andinterpretsitfromtheperspectiveofstems,yinandyangandeighthexagrams.HaiisOctober,andthehexagramisKun.ButXuShenbelievesthatthisisnotenoughtoexplainalltheessentialsofHai,andcontinuestoquotetheancientChinesecharacter"Hai"toexplain:"Haigivesbirthtosons,andrebuildstogether."DuanNote:"ThisstatementbeginsandendsatHai,andattheendofHaireturnstothebeginning.Yiye.Itstartswitharhyme,andthisrhymeends."In"ShuowenJiezi·Shu",DuanYucaiannotated"BiShiuhai"as:"Bi,YouJingYe,End,GuZuoDong,WinterThefour-timeendisalso.Itisextendedtobethenameofallthings.Thefinalwordforlatergenerations."FromXuShen'sexplanationof"Hai"andparagraphnotes,"Hai"hasthemeaningof"end".XuShenstartedwith"one"andendedwith"hai"toconstructacompleteandorderlytextualexplanationsystem.
Fourth,theinfluenceofthethoughtsof"beliefandsign"and"notknowingtocoverfault"onthestyleofcompilation
XuShenisextremelycautiousincompiling"ShuWenJieZi",andherequiresthatthewordsmustbewell-foundedinhisexplanationofeveryword.Ifyoudon’tknowit,youwill“bowenthroughpeople”and“testittoKui”.InXuShen'sownwords,"thewordsmustfollowtheoldtextsandnotpiercethroughthem","believeandask,andcomposewhattheysay","youknowwhatyoudon'tknow,butyoucan'tcoverit."Thisrigorouscodificationattitudeisformedinthelong-termacademicexperience.For"ShuWenJieZi",theremaybetwomoredirectreasons,oneisthefeelingofConfucius'words,"Istillandthehistoryofhistoryarealso...nowthedeadhusband".InXuShen'sview,thereasonwhytheJinwenjingschoolbelievesinfalseaccusationsisthatitlacksthescholarlyattitudeof"believeandask,butdon'tknowwhattocover."suspect".ThesecondisXuShen'sbeliefthat"theonewhocoversthewordsisthefoundationoftheartandthebeginningofWangZheng."Theexplanationofthewordsisnota"primaryschool",butamajormatterrelatedtothejusticeoftheFiveClassics.XuShen'scompilingthoughtsof"believeandask,butdon'tknowtocoverfault"aremainlymanifestedinthefollowingaspects:
First,"acceptingpeoplewithknowledge"and"believingandasking"."ShuWenJieZi"coverseverythingintheworld,andXuShen'smethodistolearnfromthepublicregardlessofthesize.XuShen's"ShuWenJieZi·Xu"says:"Awiderangeofpeoplecanhelppeople,asforthesmallandthebig,theletterisworthyoftheletter","allthingsaresaltytosee,notextravagant."XuChong’s"Onthe"ShuWen"Table"says:"ShenBoaskedpeoplethroughYuKui'stest,andwrote"ShuWenJieZi."Plantsandtrees,birdsandbeasts,insects,miscellaneousobjects,strangethings,royalsystem,etiquette,andhumanaffairsintheworld."Thereare"Laozi","LawoftheHanDynasty","YizhouShu","FiveElementsBiography","Erya","BookofFilialPiety","HanFei","SimaFa","DisciplePosition","Mozi","Mencius","QinCarvedStones"Therearemorethan30kindssuchas"LuJiaoLi","Gan'sStarJing","ShanHaiJing",etc.,whicharequotedfromvariousexperts(thatis,"Tongren"inXuShen'swords),includingDongZhongshu,Confucius,YinTong,andHuainanziTherearenearly40peopleincludingSimaXiangru,DuLin,TanChang,JiaShizhong,YangXiong,LiuXin,BanGu,OuyangQiao,SongHong.XianZongchengsaidin"ShuowenJiezi",allofwhichhavetheirorigins,whichfullyembodiesthecompilingthoughtoflearningfromothers'strengthsandbelieving.ItshouldbenotedthatXuShendidnotrecordthedocumentaryevidenceassoonashesawit,butmadeadistinctionandselection.Forexample,the"Shuowen"攴部:"Zun,JieYe.Fromtheclonorchi(yì)sound.The"Poetry"says:'Thereisnoeducationinservice.Itappearsmanytimesin"Poems",XuShen's"ZhouNanGeQin""for絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺絺薁，薁"閁閁，和猒猒"Itisalsocloselyrelatedtothemeaningof"solution(relax)".
Thesecondis"hearingdoubtsandseeingdoubts"and"Idon'tknowwhattocover."XuShensaidthatthecharactersinthetextarebasedontheoldtexts,andtheoldtextshavedifferencesorcoexist,ordistinguishthem;iftheoldtextsdonot,ordonotknow,theycoverthefaults."ShuowenJiezi·Xu"says:"It'snotknowntoyou,andyoucoverfaultsaswell.""Thelanguage.Suchas:(1)Mube:"Assassin,deceased.Sellingfromthewood.Oneisthenameofthewood.Anditis:Assassinpillow."(2)Myministry:"I,givemyselftomyself.Orsayme,Hurryup.FromGezhahand,ancientWenchuialso,oneistheancientkillingcharacter.Allwhobelongtomearefromme."(3)𨸏Department:Ban,theslopeiscalledBan.Therehasneverbeenabacklash.OnesaidZezhang.OnesaidYamawaki."Therearenoshortageofexamplesof"Idon'tknowtheque"in"Shuowen".Accordingtostatistics,thereare53examplesof"Idon'tknowtheque"in"Suowen".OrthesoundofQue,orthemeaningofQue."Suchas:(1)ShangDepartment:"Next,PuYe.Fromthesecond,Que;FangSheng."Thisisthe"shape"que,DuanZhuyun:"Que,itissaidthatthetheoryofCongmenhasnotbeenheard."(2)UndertheMinistry:"Single,bigtoo."From吅曱,吅alsosound.Que."Thisisthe"shape"que,DuanZhuyun:"WhenthecloudisXunque,itissaidthatXingXingisunheardof."(3)Anotherpart:"叚,borrowit."Que."Thisisalsothe"shape"fault,DuanZhuyun:"Itissaidthattheshapeofthefaultisalsoknownfromitsorigin,andtherestareunsolved.SocalledQue.(4)Kibe:"Some,sourfruit.FromMugan.Que."Thisistheinconsistencyof"form"and"righteousness",DuanZhuyun:"Thisfaultmeansthatthemeaningissourandtheformissweet,whichcannotbeexplained."(5)Wanbei;"Xiang,Que.""Thismeans"meaning","shape"and"sound"areallfaults.Duannotes:"Itissaidthatitsmeaning,itsform,anditssoundareallfaulty."
Fromtheperspectiveofthecompilationof"ShuowenJiezi",XuShenhasarelativelystrictideologicalsystemofediting.XuShencompiled"ShuowenJiezi",anditsfundamentalpurposeistocriticize"despise"."Fu,vulgarandConfucianism"defendedthestatusofancientConfucianclassics.StartingfromConfucius'ideaof"beingbasedonthefoundationandderivingfromTaoism",hecreativelyfoundaseriouspath,startingwithtextualexplanations.InXuShen'sview,Thewordsare"thefoundationoftheartofConfucianism,thebeginningofWangZheng."Explainthemonebyone,andyoucancorrectthesourceandgettheessenceofthescriptures.Undertheguidanceofthisthought,XuShenchosethe"XiaoZhuan"whichcanbeaccessedto"GuYan"""istheobjectofexplanation.Inordertoexplainmanywordsinanorderlymanner,XuSheninheritedtheclassificationideaof"Fangsgathertogether,andthingsaredividedintogroups"inZhouyi,basedonthetheoryof"SixBooks",Created540radicalstounify9353characters.Thiskindofclassificationthoughtgavebirthtotwotypesofarrangementmethodsof"consistentwithmeaning"and"linkaccordingtoform",sothattheradicalsandtheradicalshavethesamesubordinatecharacters.Therelationshipbetweenthetwoformsanindivisiblewhole.Inthearrangementofthefirstorder,XuShenisalsoguidedbythethoughtof"beginningandending".Inthetwothoughtsof"generalclustering"and"beginningandending"Underthecombinedeffectof"ShuWenJieZi",aself-sufficientsystem,alivingbody,isformed.FromonetoHai,Haigivesbirthtochildren,andregeneratestogether.Thisisa"perfectlifecycle."Therigorandconsistencyofthissystem"Vitality"isincomparableinthepreviousclassificationofwordsandbooks.Inaddition,XuShen'sattitudeincompilingisextremelyrigorous.Heestablishedthetwo"learningthroughpeople,trustingandinformative"and"Thisisanexplanationprinciple.ThisisnotonlyareflectionofXuShen’sconsistentrigorousacademicattitude,butalsodeterminedbytheseriousnessofhispursuingclassicsandseriouspurpose.ItisworthnotingthatXuShen’scompilationthoughtsmostlyoriginatedfromConfucianclassics.AndDaosheng"comesfrom"TheAnalects","TheAnalectsofConfucius·Xueer":"Agentlemanisbasedonhisprinciples,andheisbasedonhisprinciples.Thosewhoarefilialpietyaretherootofbenevolence.Theideaof"classificationandgroupdivision"comesfromthe"BookofChanges","TheBookofChanges·XiCishang"states:"Fangsgatherbyclass,andthingsaredividedbygroups,goodandbadareborn."Theideaof"beliefandconviction"isderivedfrom"ZuoZhuan","ZuoZhuan·EighthYearofZhaogong"says:"Agentleman'swordsareconvincingandconviction,soresentmentisfarbeyondhim."Andtheideaof"Idon'tknowtocoverthefault"seemstooriginatefromConfucius."TheAnalectsofConfucius:Weizheng"says:"Ifyouhearmoreaboutdoubts,youwillbecautiousabouttherest,butyouwillbefew.Ifyouarereluctanttospeak,youarerepentantindeeds,andyouareinit."TheseallreflectXuShen’sinheritanceanddevelopmentofConfucianism.
Arrangementstyle
Explainthestyleofdiscourse
Theexplanationofacharacterincludesthreeparts:meaning,shapeandsound."ShuowenJiezi"firstexplainsthemeaningofeachprefix.XuShenexplainsbasedonthedatahehas,whatthecharacterrepresentedwhenthecharacterwasoriginallycreatedTheseexplanationsreflectpeople’sunderstandingofnatureandhumansocietyinancienttimes,aswellasthehistoryandcultureofancientChina.
Themethodofexplainingthemeaningofcharactersin"ShuWenJieZi"mainlyincludesdirecttraining,Description,conditionsandsoundtraining,etc..
First,directtraining.Directlyexplainthemeaningofaword.
Thetemple,thespringfestivaliscalledthetemple,Therearefewitemsandmorewords.Congshi,Sisheng.ZhongchunMoonTempledoesnothavetosacrifice,withGuibiandleathercoins.
Hu,sendsoldiersandRuiyu,fortigertext."ChunqiuBiography"says:"CizijiaShuanghu.”
Second,description.Thatistodescribethecharacteristicsoftheobjectbeingexplained.
Cworm,aworm,threeinchesdeep,thefirstbigSuchasbreakingfingers.
Lai,threeholes.Thebigoneiscalledthesheng,thesmalleroneiscalledthesheng,thesmalleroneiscalledtheweng.
Thedragon,thelengthofthescaleworm,canYoucanbebright,smallandlarge,shortandlong,reachtheskyatthevernalequinox,andsinkintotheabyssattheautumnalequinox.
3.Forexample.Usecommonthingsasananalogy.Theobjecttobeexplained.
Bears,beastslikehogs,mountaindwellers,winterstings.
Although,theyareasbigaslizards.
Fourth,soundXun.Acoustictrainingisexplainedbywordsthataresimilartotheancientpronunciationandmeaningofthewordbeinginterpreted.Acoustictrainingmostlyexplainsthereasonforthenameofthething,andhastheeffectoftracingtheetymology.
Day,Really.Theessenceofthesun,noloss.
Themoon,thethreshold.Theessenceofthelunaryin.
Thehousehold,theguardian.Thehalf-dooristhehousehold.
Analyzingthestyleofform
Intheexplanation,theauthorfirstdistinguishedbetween"wen"and"zi".Wenistheoriginalfaceoftheimageofthings.Thatis,"wen"isasinglebody,soitcanonlybe""Said"."ShuowenJiezi"usesthetheoryofsixbooksasaframeworktoanalyzethestructureofChinesecharacters,andthenrevealsitsoriginalmeaning.Butstrictlyspeaking,XuShenonlyusedthefirstfourbooks.Intheinterpretationoftheform,itdidnotclearlypointout"thisfalseborrowing"and""Thistransferofnote",phony,transferofnoteshouldbelongtothewording.
I.Pictographic
Pictographiccharacters,commonlyused"pictogram","likeacertainshape","LiketheshapeofXX",etc.Forexample:
Pictogram:"Qi,Yunqialso."Pictogram."
Shapelike:"self,nose,trunkshape"
Shapelikesoandso:"Teeth,maleteethtoo.Itlookslikethetopandbottomarestaggered."
Fromso-and-so,likeso-and-so:"Fruit,Mushi.Fromthewood,theelephant-fruitshapeisonthewood"
Second,referstothings
referstothings,commonlyused"Referstothings","liketheshapeofXX","CongXX,fromXX".Forexample:
Refertothings:"Zhang,GaoYe.Thisancienttextalsoreferstothings."
IntheshapeofXX:"Blade,knife.Likeaknife,ithastheshapeofablade."
Congmou,Congmou:"Cun,ten.Fromagain,fromone."
Likeso-and-so:"It'sfierceandevil."It'slikegroundcrossingandfallingintoit."
"Blade"isnotapictogram.Apointontheknifeisjustasymboltomarkthesharpedgeoftheknife.Itdoesnotformacircularimagewiththeknifeasacompanionpainting;"Cun"isnotacomprehensivecharacter.First,itisasymbolthatmarksthelocationofthecunkou.Itcannotbereadandexists,anditisnotacomponentthatconstitutesacomprehensivecharacter.
Three.Knowing
Knowingwords,oftenused"fromacertain,fromacertain","fromacertain","fromacertainprovince","fromacertain,fromacertain,acertainsound","fromacertain,acertainsound""And"from"areexplainedwithsubject-predicatesentences,etc.Forexample:
Congmou,Congmou:"Fu,Siye.Frompeople,fromdogs.";"Look,themoonisfullandthesunisfacingeachothertotheking."Fromthemonthtotheminister,from𡈼,𡈼,thecourtalso."
FromXX:"Bit,column.Therightandleftoftheatriumistheplace.Frompeopletostanding."
CongmouCongmouknows:"Faith,honesty.Frompeopletowords,tounderstand."
Fromacertainprovince:"filialpiety,benevolenttoparents,fromtheoldprovince,fromthechild,andfromthechildtotheold."
Fromacertain(also)sound:"Tai,slippery,fromthe廾,fromthewater,loudly."";"Like,likealso."Fromtheperson,fromtheimage,theimagealsosounds".
Congmou,from+subject-predicatesentence:"cut,hitalso."FromthepersonholdingtheGe."
"Fromacertainprovince"and"fromacertain"meanthemeaningofcombiningseveralformsandbecomethemeaningofthisnewlycoinedcharacter."Fromacertainprovince"isItissaidthatthemeaningofacharacteristaken,butthefullformisnottaken,andonlypartoftheformisretained."Xuyisheng"meansthatboththeformistakentounderstandthemeaning,andthesoundistakenastheimageandsound,thatis,boththemeaningandtheformsound.""Cong"sentencewithsubjectandpredicateisasubjectandpredicatesentencethatrevealsthecentralmeaningofthepicturecomposedofseveralparts.
Four.Pictophone
PictophoneThewordsareoftendescribedas"fromacertainsound","fromacertainprovince,acertainsound","fromacertainprovincesound"andsoon."Fromacertainsound"meanshalftakingtheformandhalftakingthesound."From"Acertainprovince"meanstotakeacertaincharacterastheshapeside,butnotitsfullform,onlyapartoftheform."Acertainprovincesound"meanstotakeacertaincharacterassoundside,butnotitsfullform,onlyTakeapartoftheform.
Repostednoteisaspecialpictophoneticcharacter,anditsconfigurationisthesameasthatofageneralpictophoneticcharacter.Nonewformiscreatedundertheguise,sothereisnospecialanalyticpredicate.
Forexample:
Fromcertain,certain(provincial)voice:"Exit,letgo.Congmiao,FangSheng";"Here,Cong"(grass)MuDuoyi.CongCong,silksavesthesound."
Fromacertain,acertainsound:"Hua,teachinganddoing.Fromtheseventotheperson,theseventothesound."
Fromtheso-and-so,the(also)sound:"僦,rentalso.Fromtheperson,Just,justsound."
Fromacertainprovince,acertain(province)sound:"Kao,LaoYe.Fromtheoldprovince,yousound.";"LieYe.Fromtheprovincetotheprovince,fromtheprovincetoXiang."
Phoneticstyles
XuShenwasinanerawhentherewasnofanqie,sohesystematicallyusedfanqietomarkChinesecharactersThesoundoriginatedfromSunYan's"EryaYinyi"inthelateHanDynasty.NowthefanqieoftheDaxueditionof"ShuowenJiezi"isaddedbasedonthefanqieofSunYan's"TangYun"intheTangDynasty.Thefanqiein"ShuowenJieziBiography"(XiaoXuBen)wasaddedbyZhuAointheSouthernTangDynasty.In"ShuowenJiezi",XuShendealtwiththepronunciationofChinesecharactersintwoways.Thefirstistousethepictophoneticsystem,thatis,thesound,thesound,andthesoundofthepictophoneticcharactertoexplainthepronunciationofthecharacter;Thesecondistouse"reading"todrawoutthepronunciationofthepeopleintheHanDynasty.
1.Pictophoneticmethod
ThepictophoneticmethodisthemostimportantwaytoindicatethepronunciationofcharactersinShuowenJiezi.XuShen'seradidnothavefanqie.Somepeoplethereforethinkthat"ShuowenJiezi"isabookwithnopronunciation.Exceptforafew"reading"phoneticnotations,thepronunciationofthecollectedcharactersisunknowable.XuShenusesthehomophonicsoundsystemofChinesecharacterstoannotatethecharactersin"ShuowenJiezi".TheHarmonySoundRadixrepresentsthepronunciationofancientcharacterswhentheyweremade.Amongtheprefixesincludedin"ShuowenJiezi",thepictophoneticcharactersaccountedforabout82.7%.Othersilentcharactershavenophoneticcomponents,butmostofthemserveasphoneticphoneticsymbolsofpictophoneticcharacters,andnaturallytheyarealsophoneticsymbols.AfterXuShenpointedoutthatacertaincharacterwasapictophoneticsound,andwhyitwasapartoftheharmonicsound,thereareabout7,700charactersin"ShuowenJiezi"thatcanbeusedtoexploreitsancientpronunciation.
Second,ReadingRuofa
"ReadingRuo"meansusinghomophonesorcharacterswithsimilarsoundstoindicatethepronunciationdirectly."ShuowenJiezi"onlyThismethodisusedforthephoneticnotationofrarecharactersorcharacterswithspecialpronunciation.Therearemorethan800characters,whichaccountsforabout1/10oftheinitialsof"ShuowenJiezi".Examplesofwordsare:readif,readlike,readifthesame,readthesameasacertain.Suchas:
You:Thegrassisbornunderthemillet,Conghua,Xiusheng,readRuoyou.
Sen:Woodandbeautiful.Fromtheforest,fromthewood,readRuoZeng'sginseng.
IfyoupronounceRuo,itmaybecompletelyhomophonic,oritmaybejustasimilarpronunciation.Homophonic,suchas:
Zi:Mumangya,pictogram,pronouncedlikeathorn.
Deep,bigmeat,fromthemeatdog,readRuoran.
Similarsoundssuchas:
Xie:HeYe.CongYanCongYan,readingRuowet.
Mean:Theutensilsusedformeals,pictogram,agreewithDou,readlikeafierce.
Inadditiontothedirectonomatopoeia,"ShuowenJiezi"oftenusescolloquialisms,dialects,andclassicidioms.
Choke:Thelanguageisintroducedbythetongue,fromthemouth,itismoresound,andifyoureadit,youdon’tmakeit.
Unloading:Destroyingthecartandfreeingthehorse.FromJie,End,andNoon,readRuoNanren'swritings.
Hey,laughtoo.ReadingRuo"Poetry"says"Melonscorpioncalamus".
The"reading"in"ShuowenJiezi"notonlymarkedthepronunciation,butalsooftenpointedoutcluesthatthecharactersarecommonandfalse.Itcanalsobeseeninancientbooksthatthewordsarereplacedbyhomophones."ShuowenJiezi·Xinbu":"Sorrow,too."Theoriginalmeaningof愆issin,thesameas懂,anditiscommonlyusedinclassicalbooks."ShuowenJiezi·Jibu":"Ji,thegroupisonthewood."Theoriginalmeaningof"Ji"is"Ji",whichisthesameas"Ji"inclassicalbooks."ShuowenJiezi·Yibu":"Chaos,governance."Theoriginalmeaningofchaosisgovernance.Readingthesame,classicalbooksuse"chaos".Theabovethreeexamplesof"ReadingRuo"illustratethechangesofancientandmodernglyphsthroughannotationswiththesamesoundandmeaning.
Citationstyles
1.Quotingtheancient籀
Xiaozhuanwentuptopasstheancient籀,andundertheHanli,sotheXufamilyXiaozhuanisapositivebody,andGuxianisthesubjectoftheappendix.ThisisXuShu'sgeneralrule.Forexample:
Under"Brigade":𣥏,ancientculturaltravel.TheancientChinesethoughtthatLuWeizhiLu.
Under"Fang":Qi,Yanwen
Under"Garlic":Lefttextfifty-three,heavytwo.Thebigsealisfrom茻.
Under"Xing":"History"isugly.
Under"爰":Xianwenthoughtoftheword"car".
AncientChinesecharactersarethecharactersoftheSixEasternKingdomsduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriod.Thereare510charactersin"ShuowenJiezi"."AncientChinesecertain"isanotherwayofwritingancientChinese;"AncientChinesecertainislikethis"isthebasisforknowingonlyitsshape,butnotitsconfiguration;"AncientChinesethinks"meansthattheancientChineseusesthiswordastheotherword,itisthetextThephenomenonofearlyborrowing.TheinputtextisfromtheWesterndialectsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod.Thereare223charactersinthe"ShuowenJiezi".Itisalsocalled"Xiaowen",or"Dazhuan",or"History".Inthehistorychapter,XuKaisaid:"ItissaidthatthefifteenchaptersofCangjiehavebeenmade."
TherearealsostoriesaboutancientXuanfirst,accompaniedbysmallseals.Thisisavariationof"ShuowenJiezi".Itistoestablishtheneedofacertainradical.Suchasthesecond(above)partandtheLupart.
Second,quotationorvulgar
Orvulgarisverbalandvulgar.Guxie,or,andvulgararealmostallheavytexts.Theso-calledheavytextreferstothedifferentformsofaword.Ancientprose,XuanwenandXiaozhuanaredifferentformsindifferentperiods,orstyleandvulgarformandXiaozhuanaredifferentformsinthesameperiod.Thefollowingisanexampleof"Or"and"U"in"ShuowenJiezi":
Under"壻":son-in-law,壻orCongnv.
Under"褎":sleeves,vulgarclothingfollow.
Hereisanadditionalexplanation.In"ShuowenJiezi",under"er",saying"er"isapersonwithstrangecharactersinancientChinese,andunder"wu(繁)",saying"wu"isastrangecharacterno.Theso-calledoddcharactersareactuallyakindofvariantcharacters.
3.QuotingScriptures
Inthe"ShuowenJiezi",manyquotationsareused,exceptfortheConfucian"Poems","Books"and"Li"Inadditiontoworkssuchas"Yi","ChunQiu","TheAnalectsofConfucius",and"TheBookofFilialPiety",therearemorethan40kindsofpre-QinworkssuchasZhuZi,"ErYa"and"ZuoZhuan".
"ShuowenJiezi"quotesscriptures,someareusedtoexplainmeaning,someareusedtoexplainform,andsomearephonetic.Forexample:
Zhu,thepersonwhoworshipstheLordandpraisestheword.Congshow,fromthepopulation.Onesaid:CongduiProvince."Yi"said:"Duiisawitch."
Fragrant,FangYe."ChunQiuZuoZhuan"says:"Milk稷issweetandfragrant."
Theaboveexamplequotesanotherconfigurationoftheword"祝"intheBookofChanges.Thefollowingexamplequotes"ChunQiuZhuan"toprovethemeaningof"fang".Thesentence"GuaLiao菶"inthe"BookofSongs"quotedinthesectionofRuofaaboveisthetranscriptionoftheword"唪".
Four.CitingTongren
Tongrenisanexpertandscholarwhoisproficientinlearning.Therearemorethan110explanationsinthewholebookof"ShuowenJiezi",whichweretakenfrom39experts.
Five.Quotingdialectsandcommonsayings
Therearemorethan170articlesinthebook.Forexample:
Look,lookdown.SouthernChuissaidtobewatchingthesun.
Emperor,DaYe.Since.Since,thebeginningalso.Thefirstemperor,thethreeemperors.SincereadingRuobi,today'scommonpeopleusethefirstsonasthenose.
Six.Don'tquote,widelyheard.
In"ShuowenJiezi","Yiyue"and"oryue"areoftenusedtoquoteanothertermbesidesthecorrectsolution.Forexample:
Faint,SunMingalso.Fromtheday,Diprovince.Die,thenext.Onesaidthevoiceofthepeople.
Shu,ShenYe.Onesaidsoothing.
Jiu,thesecondstoneistheblackjade.ReadRuofeng.Orsay:ifapersonisasentencewithaspine.
Thefirstexampleisadifferentunderstandingofconfiguration,thesecondexampleisadifferentviewofYixun,andthelastexampleisadifferentviewoffoley.
InfluenceofLaterGenerations
Theinfluenceof"ShuowenJiezi"onfuturegenerations.First,"ShuowenJiezi"distinguishesitsradicalsandradicalsfromtensofthousandsofChinesecharacters.Theclassificationissummarizedinto540categories,andtheChinesecharacterdictionarycompilationmethodinwhichChinesecharactersarearrangedbyradicalshasbeenopened.Uptonow,theChinesedictionariesanddictionariesstillusetheradicalcheckingmethodtocompile.
Secondly,"ShuWenJieZi"explainedthecontentofthe"sixbooks"forthefirsttimeintheexplanationcontent,whichrunsthroughtheprinciplesofthesixbooks.XuShendefinedthesixbooksseparatelyandcitedForexample,latergenerationswilluseXuShen'snameanddefinitioninthesixbooks.
Thirdly,"ShuowenJiezi"containsavarietyofChinesecharacterstyles.Atthattime,therewerealsodifferentstylesofwritinginChinesecharacterssuchasQiwenandancientwritingoutsidethesealbodyoftheHanDynasty.Mostofthesefontsarepictographs.ThisprovidesvaluableinformationonancientcharactersforthestudyofChinesecharacters,andalsoprovidesgreaterconvenienceforinferringtheoriginalmeaningofancientcharacters.Theoracleboneinscriptions,bronzeinscriptions,potteryinscriptions,andbambooandsilkscriptsdiscoveredinlatergenerationswereallbasedontheancientcharactersinthe"ShuowenJiezi".Therefore,"ShuowenJiezi"isatreasuretroveoflinguisticphilology,showinggreatvalueintermsofwriting,exegesis,andphonology."ShaoWen"notonlypreservesalargenumberofancientcharacters,butalsopreservesalargenumberofancientmeanings.Itisnotonlyaclassicworkonphilology,butalsoamasterpieceofexegetics.QingConfucianistsregardeditasthecriterionofwordmeaningexegesis,andbelievedthatitspositioninexegeticscouldbecomparedwith"ErYa".DuanYucaioncesaid:"ShuowenandEryaarebothoutsideandinside."Untilmoderntimes,thestudyof"Shuowen"isstillanimportantsubject,whetheritisaspecializedstudyofancientChinesewordmeaningsorThecompilationofdictionaries,ShuoWenJieZi,isaworkthatisoftenquoted.
Fourth,thebook"ShuowenJiezi"preservesalargeamountofancientphoneticmaterials,whichisofgreatvalueforthestudyofthehistoryofChinesephonetics,especiallythestudyofancientphonetics.QingConfucianismhasmadegreatachievementsinthestudyofancientphonology.Accordingtothematerialstheyarebasedon,therearemainlytwokinds:thefirstistherhymeof"TheBookofSongs"andotherpre-Qinwritings,andthesecondisthehumoroussoundof"ShuWen"..Accordingtotheactualsituationofthepre-Qinverses,theresultsobtainedaremorereliable.However,ontheonehand,theresultsobtainedinthiswayneedtobetestedbyothermaterials.Ontheotherhand,duetotheThenumberofrhymecharactersislimited.TodeterminetheancientrhymeofeachChinesecharacter,thematerialoftherhymeisstillnotenough.Thisrequirestheuseoftheharmonicsoundsystemof"Shuowen"toverifyandsupplement.Therearemorethan7,000pictophoneticcharactersin"Shuowen",fromwhichmorethan1,000homophonicradicalscanbeanalyzed.Althoughthepronunciationofthecharacterswiththesamehomophonicradicalsisverydifferentinlatergenerations,orthepronunciationhasshifted,ortherhymehaschanged,orboththepronunciationandrhymearelost;butwhenthecharactersweremadeinancienttimes,thepronunciationwasthesame.Therefore,thehomophonicsoundof"Shuowen"isthesameastherhymeofthepre-Qinrhyme,anditalsoreflectsthebasicappearanceofancientsounds.
Fifth,"ShuWenJieZi"isanencyclopediathatrecordsnature,historyandculture.Because"Shuowen"cameintobeinginanearlierera,manyoftheChinesecharactersinithavemeaningstoexpressobjectsandthings.XuShenrecordedearlypeople'sunderstandingofthelawsofnatureandsociety.XuChong,thesonofXuShen,alsostatedinthe"On
Evaluationofworks
TheNorthernQiliteraryistYanZhitui:"XuShencheckedthesixessaysandranthroughthepartssothattheycouldnotbemistaken,andmistakesweremade.Hiddenandorganized,analyzingtherootofpoverty.ZhengXuan’snotesoftenquoteitasevidence.Ifyoudon’tbelieveit,youdon’tknowwhatitmeanstodrawonepointatatime."
NorthernWeiphilologist,CalligrapherJiangShi:""ShuWenJieZi"includestheexegesisofthesixartgroups,commentingontheteachingsoftheBaifamily.GenerationscholarLiWenzhong:"Thefirstonein"Shuowen",itisnot"Shuowen"thatcannotbeexplained;theoneafter"Suowen",itisnot"Shuowen"thatcannotbeexplained."
QingDynastyLiteraryscholarYaoWentian:"TheancientsoundshavechangedfromJiangzuotoJiangzuo,andtheonewhosurvives,onlythebook"ShuowenJiezi".Itisinthetextofhumoroussound,itisdividedintofactions,andorganized."
DuanYucai,aliteraryexegesisscholarandclassicscholarintheQingDynasty:"Letallthecharactershaveapartoffivehundredandforty.Eachparthasonepoem,andtheonewiththesameheadsays,"Allthecharactersarefromacertain',sotheformisestablishedandthesoundandmeaningareeasytounderstand.Everywordmusthaveitshead,andthefivehundredandfourcrossescandominatetheworld'sancientandmoderncharacters.Thebookthathasneverexistedbefore,XuJunzhi'soriginalcreation."
QingDynastyConfucianscholarSunXingyan:"ThetextoftheFiveClassicswasdestroyedintheQinDynasty,butexistsin"Shuowen"."Shuowen"isnotwritten,anditisalmostimpossibletoknowthesixarts.Thesixartsareunworkable,andtheancienttextsofthethreedynastiesofTangyucannotbere-read,andthefiveclassicscannotbeexplained."
WangMingsheng,ahistorianandclassicsscholarintheQingDynasty:"Shuowenisthefirstbookintheworld.Ifyoureadallovertheworld,youcanneverread"Shuowen".Butyoucanpass"Shuowen"."Therestofthebookhasnotbeenread,soitcan’tbesaidtobeaConfucianist."
ZengGuofan,apoliticianandliteraryistintheQingDynasty:"XuShuluehastwohundredcharactersinit,andtheancientmirrorhassweptawaythedustforathousandyears.Sealscripthasbecomepopular.Special,thecommentaryisparticularlyrefreshing.Qianjia’soldscholarsareelegant,andthesoutheastsectionisstrict."
ModernrevolutionistandphilologistHuangKan:"XuJunspeakscharacters,andhehascredits.Theclassics,thosewhohavelevy,willlevytheclassics,thosewhohavenolevyintheclassics,themoreinterviewedpeople;thosewhohavethehearttoknowtheirintentions,andthosewhohavenolevy,willprefertocoverthefaulttoavoidinsensitivity."
ModernexegeticalscholarLuZongda:"Because"ShuoWen"occupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryofChineselinguisticsandthehistoryofworldlinguistics,tostudyitindepthistostudythehistoryoflinguistics,especiallythehistoryofHannationallinguistics.Theimportantcontentof"ShuoWenJieZi"shouldattractenoughattention."
ModernphilologistandexegesisZhouZumo:"ShuWenJieZiistheoldestandmostauthoritativedictionaryofancientcharactersinChina.,Hasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyoftheshape,soundandmeaningofancientChinesecharactersandthedevelopmentofcharactersinlatergenerations."
ModernhistorianandexegesisZhangShunhui:"Thereisno"ShuWenJieZi"asabasis,evenifitisrecentHealsofoundpilesoftortoiseshellsandbeastbonesandbatchesofbronzewares,allofwhichwereengravedwithwords,anditwasimpossibletoanalyzethestructureofthoseancientwords.Whatkindofworditwas,letalonefurtherdetailedresearch.So.ThisbookisstillaThisextremelyimportantbookofancientChinesecharactersisabasicreadingmaterialforstudyingancientChinesecharacters."
ModernpaleontologistandhistorianTangLan:"Untilnow,wehaveencounteredanewlydiscoveredancientscript.Thefirststepistocheck"ShuWen",whichisalmostacertainprocedure."("IntroductiontoAncientChineseCharacters")
HebeiNormalUniversityprofessorSuBaorong:"Iftherewasno"SaidWen",wewouldnotbeabletoknowthesealscriptsoftheQinandHandynasties,letaloneidentifytheShangdynastyoracleboneinscriptions,ShangandZhouinscriptionsandinscriptions.AncientproseduringtheWarringStatesperiod."("XuShenand"ShuowenJiezi"")
HuangTianshu,aprofessorattheSchoolofChineseLanguageandLiteratureofCapitalNormalUniversity:"Thebook"ShuowenJiezi"isChina’sfirstdictionary.ByanalyzingthestructureofChinesecharacters,itisunprecedentedtogroupsuchmorethan10,000Chinesecharactersunderfivehundredandfortyradicals,makingChinesecharacterssearchable.ThearrangementofradicalsmakesiteasiertorecognizeChinesecharacters,becausealmostallChinesecharactersarecomposedofthesebasiccharacter-makingcomponents.Aslongasyoumasterthebasiccharacter-makingcomponents,youwillactuallymasterthekeytomemorizingallChinesecharacters.Tothisday,ChinesecharacterretrievalstillusesthemethodcreatedbyXuShen."
XuJialu,formervicechairmanoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress:"Wehavenotstudiedtoomuchof"Shuowen",butnotenough;forthestatusof"Shuowen"inthehistoryoflexicographyAndvalue,wedonotoverestimateit,butwehavenotfullydiggedintoitsexperienceandlessons."
WangNing,acontemporarylinguist:"Somepeoplecall"ShuowenJiezi"adictionary.Infact,itsmeaningandfunctionisexactlyadictionary!ItnotonlysystematicallystorestheXiaozhuanandsomelargesealsandancienttextsthathavebeencloselyrelatedtoXiaozhuan,butalsostoresthemeaningsofancientdocumentsverifiedbythepre-Qinclassics;moreimportantly,ithasbeenpassedontothousandsofpeople.TheanalysisoftheshapesofeachChinesecharacteronebyoneconfirmsthecharacteristicsoftheearlyChinesecharacters'meaningandmeaningconfiguration,andestablishesthewordmeaninganalysismethodofusingXingSuomeaning;itsummarizesthegenerallawoftheXiaozhuanconfigurationthroughauniquestyle,anddescribestheXiaozhuanconfiguration.ThecompletesystemofChinesecharactersmakesthescatteredChinesecharactersappearinfrontofuslikeanetwork;thesmallsealstructuresystemshownbyitconformstothedevelopmenttrendofChinesecharacters,andbecauseitisinlinewiththerealityofChinesecharacters,andbecauseitisinlinewiththeoptimizationofChinesecharactersTherefore,theofficialscriptandregularscriptthathaveastronginfluenceonfuturegenerationshaveplayedanactiveroleinpromotingthehealthydevelopmentofChinesecharacters.TheyhavealwaysbeenhighlyauthoritativeinexplainingtheformandmeaningofChinesecharacters."("
Controversyoverworks
I.Controversyovertheinterpretationofglyphs
Theancienttexts,籀文,andXiaozhuanonwhich"ShuowenJiezi"isbasedareallwrittenafterthelateZhouDynasty.Atthistime,itwasmorethanathousandyearsbeforetheYinandShangOracleBoneInscriptions.Inthelong-termuseofhistory,theshapeofthecharactershascontinuedtoevolve,extendingtotheZhouandQinperiods,andsomecanbesaidtohavebeencompletelyunrecognizable.XuShenshengwasintheEasternHanDynasty,andduetothelimitationsofthetimes,itwasimpossibletoseetheundergroundoracleboneinscriptions,anditwasraretoseeit.IntheearlyZhouDynasty,thecharactersonbronzewares,therefore,theexplanationofthefontsinevitablymademistakes.Herearesomesimpleandtypicalexamplestoillustrate:"Xing","Shuowen":"HumanBuShiYe,from彳fromBo"(Volume2Ⅱ·Xingbu).Under"彳",itsaid:"Smallstep,likehumanshin,threegenera(accordingtothetermsthigh,shin,andfoot)areconnected"(Volume2Xia·彳部)."亍"nextday:"Stepsstop,CongFanyu"(VolumeIIXia·彳部).LuoZhenyu’sinterpretationof"Xing"is:"[Picture1]LiketheFourDazhi衢,Whatpeopledoisalso...From[Figure1]to[Figure2],theformhasbeenslightlylost,XuShuzuo[Figure3],theformandmeaningarecompletelyinvisible,soXuNaishiactsasaperson’strend,sayingThecharactersarefrom彳from亍,whichisverydifficulttomiss.AncientCongxing'swordsmayeithersaveitsrightfor彳,orsaveitsleftfor彳,orsaveitsleftfor彳,orsaveitsleftfor彳,orsaveitslefttowrite[Figure4].Makeithappen."
"He","Shuowen":"JiaGuYe,borninFebruary,ripeninAugust,intime,soitiscalledHe.He,thewoodalso,thekingofwoodwasborn,thekingofgolddied,fromthewoodfromtheprovince,𠂹islikeitsspike"(Vol.7ontheHepart).Theword"He"intheoracleboneinscriptionis"Picture5",andtheinscription"Picture6"intheinscriptions,LuoZhenyusaid,"Upperlikeearsandleaves,andlowerlikestemsandroots,XuJunyunisfromthewoodtotheprovince,mistakenlytakingpictogramsforunderstanding."ThesmallsealofthewordHeisnotcorrect,itisthewholepictographictext.Althoughtheoraclebonesandinscriptionsarenotseen,itiseasytorecognize,butXuShenisconcealedbythetheoryofyinandyang,andthinksHeisfromthewood.SoWangJuncriticizedhimfor"roundabout".
"Sheng","Shuowen":"Fuye,Congrujie,Jie,Xiye,MilitaryLawRicheng"(Volume5underJiebu).Theoracleboneinscriptionsontheword"Figure7","Picture8"inbronzeinscription,WangGuoweiexplained:"Thischaracterisliketheshapeofapersonridingawood."Itsoriginalmeaningis"Sheng"and"Deng".XuShen'sinterpretationof"FuYe"isitsextendedmeaning.Itissaidthatthecharactersareallwrong.
Ascanbeseenfromtheaboveexamples,therearestillquiteafewcontroversiesintheinterpretationofthecharactersin"Shuowen".Sincetheanalysisofthecharactersistotracetheinitialfriendshipofthecharacters,sayThereasonwhythestructureoftheXieziformisbasedontheancientcharacters."ShuowenJiezi·Xu"says,"AlthoughyoucanseetheYuanliuonceagain,thedetailscanbeexplainedalittlebit",and"YoucanseetheYuanliuonceagain",thisItisthemostseriouslimitationthatXuShensuffers.TheactualsituationshowsthatitisdifficulttoobtainthedetailsonlybyusingXiaozhuan.
Second,thecontroversyontheinterpretationofthewordmeaning
"ShuowenJiezi"explainsthemeaningofawordbasedonthestructureofthetextandconcealstheclassicprecepts.Duetothemisunderstandingofthestructureoftheglyph,themeaningofthewordisalsooutofregulation.Manymistakes.Thesemistakes.Somearepuremisunderstandings,andsomeuseextendedmeaningsorhypotheticalmeaningsastheoriginalmeaningofthetext..Theelephanttreehasasite,soitisenoughtostop."(VolumeTwo,Top).The"stops"inOracleandBronzeinscriptionsarelikefoot-shaped.XuShensaid:"Thereissomethinglikewood",whichisamisunderstanding.ZhuJunshengsaid:"XiaJiisthesameasDiandZhi.Thewoodisnon-form,andthereisnoonewhoisinvolvedinvegetationinthefourteentharticleofthestop.Itshouldbebasedontheoriginalmeaningofthefoot,andthepictogramisalsothree-out,andtherearemanystops..."DuanYucaialsosaid:"Stopistoe.""Poetry","LinZhiZhi","Yi""BenQiZhi","ZhuangYuQianZhi","ShiHunLi""BeiZhi",note:"Zhi,thefootisalso".Theancientproseisonlyatoe.Regardlessoftheglyphortheclassicusecase,theoriginalmeaningofZhiistoe.XuShen'suseof"XiaJi"toexplainZhi,andtheborrowingmeaningof"tostopwithfeet"iswrong.
"Xi","Shuowen":"Bigabdomen.Fromthebig,𦃟savethesound."(Volumetenunder·Bobu).LuoZhenyusaid:"ThecrimeistheoriginalfriendshipofXi,sothecriminalsarearrestedfromthehands."GuoMoruoandYuXingwubothsaidfromLuo.Accordingtothelegend,Xiisoftenusedastheofficialwordforcrimes.In"ZhouLi·TianGuan·XuanGuan",“ThreeHundredPeople”,Zhengnoted:"Theancientmenandwomenwereslavestothemagistrates,andtheiryoungpeopleknewthatXiwasaslave."Alsoin"ZhouLi·Qiuguan·ForbiddenViolence":"WhoeverXiligathersandentersandexitswillbeSiMuzhi,andkillthosewhoviolatetheprohibition."Zheng'sNote:"XiLi,femaleslavesandmaleslavesarealso."TwoexamplesoffontsandancientbooksFromtheaspectofmaterials,Xiisacriminalofficial,anditisindeednoteasy.XuShensaidthatthecharacterformiswrong,andtheoriginalmeaningofwhatXuShensaidisalsoincorrect.
Inadditiontotheignoranceofthestructureandhistoryofitsevolution,whichledtothemisinterpretationofthemeaningoftheword,theideologyofthefeudalscholar-bureaucratintheworldoutlookwasalsoanimportantfactoraffectingXuShen'scorrectinterpretationofthemeaningoftheword.IntheHandynasty,thestudyofprophecyandnumeracywasparticularlypopular.Asthetimesandwinds,XuShenwasalsovulgar.Thisinevitablybroughtastrongfeudalconsciousnessandidealismtotheinterpretationofthemeaningofwordsin"Shuowen",suchas"Yiyi"."Two","Three"andotherfigures.Anerahastheideologyofanera.Withthedevelopmentofproductivityandthechangeofproductionrelations,theideologybelongingtothesuperstructurewillinevitablychangeitsownformofexistencetoadapttothenewproductionrelations,fromtheancestorstotheShenChuang's"Shuowen"hasexperiencedatleasttwothousandyearsofhistory.AccordingtotheConfucianclassicsoflatergenerationsandthepopulartheoryofYinandYangatthattimetoexplaintheintentionoftheancestorstocreatecharacters,itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhatkindofmusicwillleadto..
AcademicResearch
Afterthepublicationof"ShuowenJiezi",itquicklyattractedtheattentionofscholarsatthattime,andoftencited"ShuowenJiezi"whenannotatingclassics.Suchas:ZhengXuan'scommentaryonthethreerituals,YingShaoandJinZhuo'scommentaryon"HanShu",bothofwhichquoted"ShuowenJiezi"toprovethemeaningoftheword.BythetimeoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,scholarshadarelativelycompleteandsystematicunderstandingof"ShuowenJiezi".TheTangDynastyimperialexaminationstipulatedthat"ShuWenJieZi"shouldbetested.SincetheTangDynasty,allthewordmeaningexegesisinthebookofwords,rhymesandcommentarieshavebeenbasedon"ShuowenJiezi".
EasternHanDynastytoTangDynastyisthebeginningofthestudyof"Shuowen".ItsrepresentativeisLiYangbing.唐代以前，《说文解字》只有传写本没有刊印本。李阳冰把自己收藏的和自己收集到的《说文解字》抄本加以整理和研究，刊定为30卷，修正笔法；虽然有不少主观臆说，但也时有正确的意见。
宋代到明代，是《说文》学的发展期，其代表人物是南唐人徐锴（又称小徐）和徐铉（又称大徐）。
徐锴著有《说文解字系传》，共40卷，是最早也是最完整的《说文解字》注本。它除有一般注本的共同写法外，其显著特征是特别注意从声音上考索字义，从形声字的声旁说明字义。这种因声求义的方法对清代训诂学家有很大的影响。周祖谟在《问学集·徐锴说文学》一文说：“徐锴《系传》是清代文字训诂之学的前驱。”
宋太宗雍熙初年（公元984年），徐铉与句中正、葛湍、王维恭受诏同校《说文解字》，雍熙三年（公元986年）十一月完稿，太宗命国子监雕为印版，称为大徐本。它整理审定原著，将原著的15篇各分为上下，成为30卷；依据唐代孙愐《唐韵》逐字反切注音；在许慎的说解内加上“臣铉曰”“臣铉等曰”的按语，以参校异同。
清代是《说文解字》研究的鼎盛时期。清代研究《说文解字》的学者不下200人。清代《说文解字》之学，可分为四类：其一，是校勘和考证工作，如严可均的《说文校议》、钱坫的《说文解字斠诠》等；其二，对《说文解字》进行匡正，如孔广居的《说文疑疑》、俞樾的《儿笘录》等；其三，对《说文解字》的全面研究，如段玉裁的《说文解字注》、桂馥的《说文解字义证》、朱骏声的《说文通训定声》、王筠的《说文句读》，其中第一种最为全面，这四人也并称“说文四大家”；其四，订补前人或同时代学者关于《说文解字》研究的著作，如严章福的《说文校议议》、王绍兰的《说文段注订补》等。近人丁福保持以往各家研究《说文解字》的专著和其他论及《说文解字》的著述以及甲骨文、金文的材料汇集为《说文解字诂林》，后又搜集遗逸编为《补遗》，是该书注释的总汇。
版本信息
已有的最早的《说文》版本，是唐人写本。一为《木部》残本，一为《口部》残简。前者是清同治二年莫友芝得于安徽黟县县令张仁法，后辗转归日本人内藤湖南，藏于京都府恭仁山庄，又经内藤之手转与日本武田氏家族之杏雨之屋，《木部》6叶（页）共94行，每行2篆，存188篆。后者有二，为日人平子尚氏所藏，存4字，未公诸世，一为日人某氏所藏，存6行，12篆。
南唐徐锴重订《说文》作《说文解字系传》四十卷，又据唐孙愐的《唐韵》，作《说文解字篆韵谱》五卷，用唐李舟的《切韵》次第。因为李阳冰好以私意说文字，不守许慎原说，徐锴作《祛妄篇》（《说文解字系传》里的一篇）专祛李氏之妄，驳李氏臆说五十多条。
宋太宗雍熙三年（986年），徐铉（字鼎臣）又承诏和句中正、葛湍、王惟恭等同校《说文》，详参众本，正误补阙；又因篇数过繁，分成上下共三十卷，奉敕雕版流布。因此，今本《说文》在唐、宋时经过两次窜改，已非许书原貌，南宋孝宗时，李焘有《说文解字五音韵谱》三十卷，起东终甲，而偏旁各以形相从。
二徐本是明清以来最流行的版本，因徐铉为兄，其本被后人称为“大徐本”；徐锴为弟，其本称为“小徐本。一般认为小徐本最好的本子是清道光十九年（1839年）由祁隽藻根据宋朝抄本刻写的本子，大徐本有宋椠本，据说宋椠本有大字本和小字本的分别，但传世的多是小字本，晚明时，常熟毛晋及其子褒，依据宋刻本始终亥小字本，以大字雕板印行。《说文》原本次第始为人知，后来几经删改，成为当时通行的汲古阁本。
清嘉庆十四年（公元1809年）孙星衍据宋本重刻大徐本《说文解字》，是为平津馆本。同治十二年（公元1873年）陈昌治又根据孙本加以校订，改为一篆一行本，这便是中华书局1963年所据以整理出版的底本。
作者简介
许慎（约58年—约147年），字叔重，东汉汝南召陵（今河南召陵区）人，由郡功曹举孝廉，再迁，除洨长，入为太尉南阁祭酒。尝从贾逵受古学，博通经籍，时人为之语曰“五经无双许叔重”。著《说文解字》十四卷并叙目共十五卷，为中国第一部系统的分析字形和考究字源的专著。所著除《说文解字》外，还有《五经异义》《淮南鸿烈解诂》等书，今皆散佚。清陈寿祺辑有《五经异义疏证》，辑注较备。
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