Energy science

Science Introduction

Energy science is scientific with energy research. It mainly studies the development, production, conversion, transmission, distribution and comprehensive utilization of various energy sources, closely related to the national economy. The research of energy sciences has a huge role in promoting the harmony between human society and the peace of human society.

Three breakthroughs

(1) The invention and application of steam engines have caused the industry revolution; 

(2) inventions and applications of electric power caused the industry revolution; 

(3) The inventive invention and application mark Social production technology enters the "Atomic Era". Energy is one of the important signs of productivity development.

Development direction

21st century, energy natural science technology may be used in the following aspects.

1. Nuclear gathering

since 1938 H. A. Bert proposed nuclear fusion is the source of the huge energy of the sun, scientists have been working hard to study, hoping to achieve the goal of human use of nuclear gathering.

Nuclear gathering is a key technique for human use of nuclear gathering energy, which is a device that reacts nuclear energy by controllable nuclear energy. It is predicted that the completion of commercial nuclear gatherings is 2025 to 2050.

2. Hydrogen can

Hydrogen energy is a clean new energy and renewable energy. Hydrogen is used as a fuel for transportation, thermal energy and power production, showing high efficiency and high efficiency. If the supersonic aircraft uses hydrogen fuel than 38% higher than the use of conventional fuel efficiency, the efficiency of the hydrogen internal combustion engine is about 2.5 times the efficiency of gasoline car; the hydrogen fuel cell can reach 80% in the fixed power station application, in catalysis The thermal efficiency in the heater can be close to 100%. With the development of nitrogen technology, hydrogen will become other new energy and optimal carriers for renewal energy alternative stone fuel.

3. Fuel cell

Fuel cell is a class of chemical power supplies of fuel such as hydrogen, natural gas, gas, methanol, and hydrazine into electrical energy. Compared to fire power generation of coal, fuel, the fuel cell has no intermediate combustion link, so energy conversion efficiency can be greatly improved. If a thermoelectric joint is implemented, the total fuel is more than 80%. More attention is that when power is generated with a fuel cell, no nitrogen oxide (NO2 and sulfide (SO2, SO3), which are rarely produced. Therefore, the application of fuel cells; can greatly reduce photochemical smoke, acid rain And the greenhouse effect is harmful to the Earth's ecological environment. It is estimated that if the conventional thermal power generation is replaced by fuel cell, then the global carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by 40% -60%. This is a human contamination. Words provide an ideal source. Therefore, many countries since the 1970s, many countries have developed large-scale fuel cells as a key research project.

The structure of the fuel cell is the same as the ordinary battery There is also a cathode, an anode, separated by electrolytes, and is different, and the fuel cell is required to continuously supply the reactant during operation to maintain continuous power supply.

4. Biomass energy

The efficient and cleaning utilization of biomass energy can be the energy of biomass as carrier. Biomass refers to all organic substances that can grow in life, including animals and plants and microorganisms. All biomass has A certain amount of energy, but can be used as an energy-utilization by-product and its processing residue, energy plants, including people, animal manure and organic waste. Biomass energy is converted by solar energy, it is on earth Green plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria chemically enhanced the chemical energy of photosynthesis.

5. Dispersion energy system technology

limited to scale economy, the energy system built by human beings Such as power systems and natural gas systems are growing towards the larger direction. The scattered energy system will be more and more, it will use local renewable energy technology as much as possible, through technology integration, small family and small Groups provide energy demand. Now this technology is mainly used to provide electricity for rural and remote areas. To the middle of the next century, it may become a private use of rich people.

6. Solar power technology

Solar power technology is a technology that uses solar energy to produce electricity. According to people's awareness, there are three ways. To achieve this: One is to convert solar energy into thermal energy, use thermal power generation; the other is direct Solar energy is converted to electrical energy. It is the use of a particular semiconductor material to convert solar energy into electrical energy, and the energy conversion device is called a solar cell; there is a solar-chemical energy conversion to decompose water into hydrogen Oxygen, use hydrogen to power generation. From development, the technological progress of solar development through solar cells is faster, it also belongs to the technology of more developing prospects in the 21st century.

7. Clean coal technology

Generalized clean coal technology generally refers to a variety of advanced coal technology that can reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and dust contamination than traditional coal-fired processes. Narrow clean coal technology specializing Coal power plant cleaner, more effective advanced coal-fired technology. Clean coal technology was the earliest in 1985 by Dru Lewis and William Davis proposed, the purpose is to solve the problem of acid rain in the United States and Canada.

Clean coal technology has two reasons why there is more prospects in the 21st century; 1 The reserves of coal in nature are large, it is the main fossil energy of oil and natural gas resources; 2 coal It is relatively large to environmental pollution.

8. Energy softness

Since the development of human society needs more and more energy, humans always accompany more environmental impacts in the process of using energy, energy The industrial itself is an important part of the national economic development. Therefore, how to coordinate the economic-energy-environmental relationship, so that the development of society is based on natural resources, energy softness will play a huge role. .

Now, the 21st century is expected to have a large development of energy soft science mainly refer to energy-saving technology in the consumption process and decision technology that is conducive to reducing unfairness of consumption. To improve its consumption behavior, consumption behavior is beneficial to the poor.

Energy crops

For hundreds of years, coal and oil have been singing "the protagonist" in the fuel kingdom, trust, the "ancestral" of coal and oil, since the plant of ancient times So can you grow energy crops, "harvest" oil like harvesting crops? This will be a new issue in the 21st century.

The ideal biofuel crops should have efficient photosynthetic capabilities. From the perspective, mangus crops can be considered an ideal biofuel crop. "mango". It is originally produced in North China and Japan, which has many advantages:

1. Growth is rapid: it can be 3 meters long, so the local person calls it "grass".

2. Squake: This crop can grow everywhere from subtropical to temperate vast regions, which grows lush in strong sunshine and high temperature conditions, high fertilizer utilization. During the growth period, there is no fertilizer and pesticide, and the strong roots on the root stem can effectively absorb the nutrients.

3. Combustion is complete: "Mang" is more dry when harvesting, only 20% -30% water in the plant. This crop absorbs how many carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during growth, and how much carbon dioxide is released when burned. The content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Low cost: the energy generated by the mangus crops is twice as much as the biodiesel produced by rapeseed, and the cost is still not assessed by 1/3 of planting rape. < / p>

5. Yield: According to the test, this biofuel crop is as high as 44 tons per hectare. If 1 hectare average annual "harvest" 12 tons of oil is higher than other existing energy plants, and It can be harvested for many years.

Green plants will provide people with more and more chemicals and energy. Biological diesel extracted from energy crops can replace oil, reduce the over-dependence of human beings. Thus energy The development and planting of crops not only enable energy renewable and comprehensive utilization, reducing environmental pollution, but also creates an opportunity for the recovery of agricultural economy. Energy crops will become another new way for human development renewal energy.

Energy crops are regenerative energy, not exhausted. German Oldenberg University, Dr. Linqong, a study, "Energy Quaternary", pointed out that 1200 liters of raw oil and 1060 liters can be produced every 1 hectare Oxygen (40 people need for 1 year of oxygen), vegetable oil is not only available for consumption, but also become biodiesel, as long as it passes a simple chemical reaction; oxygen is beneficial to purify the air.

research The results show that biodiesel does not contain sulfides, so it does not form acid rain; in addition, it can avoid the earth's decomposition to avoid soil. The pollution of groundwater. All countries have opened new energy, expect to maintain industry development Decrease the emissions of greenhouse gases.

Promoting planting energy crops, not only the trend of international environmental protection. And it is also the requirements of agricultural economy and improve soil. Modern agriculture is highly produced, single crops grow As a result of excessive mechanization, it leads to severe soil loss, and improper cultivation, planting on the upper harmful crop, causing adverse effects on the environment. Planting energy crops, not only preventing the loss of soil, but also helping the soil to establish new Soil layer.

Scientists have discovered more than 40 "oil" plants. Experts are carrying out the choice and quality of the variety, and is ready to implement commercial production as soon as possible. Now, some countries in Europe have already Malaysia plants, Britain intends to take out 1.5 million acres of land to grow this biofuel crop. Germany has built a power plant for power generation capacity of 120,000 kilowatts. Its fuel is a mango plant, poplar, willow tree Mixtures and straw.

British scientists and engineering committees decided not long ago, it will invest 20 million pounds for development of new clean energy new technologies, including energy to the green plant to be part of this research program. Scientists It is believed that ordinary plants are now less than 4% for the utilization efficiency of the sun. By studying it to 5%, as long as the world's farmland area is 1/10, energy can be provided equivalent to all chemical fuels used in human use.

Scientist predicts, in the next 20-30 years, some farmers engaged in cultivation will turn to production of energy crops, and establish a power station using "biofuel" as fuel.