Embedded microprocessor

Introduction

TheembeddedmicroprocessorevolvedfromtheCPUingeneral-purposecomputers.Itscharacteristicisthatithasa32-bitormoreprocessor,withhigherperformance,andofcourseitspriceiscorrespondinglyhigher.Butunlikecomputerprocessors,inactualembeddedapplications,onlyfunctionalhardwarecloselyrelatedtoembeddedapplicationsisretained,andotherredundantfunctionalpartsareremoved,sothatembeddedapplicationscanbeimplementedwiththelowestpowerconsumptionandresources.specialrequirements.Comparedwithindustrialcontrolcomputers,embeddedmicroprocessorshavetheadvantagesofsmallsize,lightweight,lowcost,andhighreliability.

Features

Thecoreofthehardwarelayerofanembeddedsystemisanembeddedmicroprocessor.Thebiggestdifferencebetweenanembeddedmicroprocessorandageneral-purposeCPUisthatmostoftheembeddedmicroprocessorsworkforspecificusergroups.Inthespeciallydesignedsystem,itintegratesmanytaskscompletedbytheboardinthegeneral-purposeCPUinsidethechip,whichisconducivetothedesignoftheembeddedsystemtendstobeminiaturized,whilealsohavinghighefficiencyandreliability.

ThearchitectureoftheembeddedmicroprocessorcanadoptthevonNeumannsystemortheHarvardarchitecture;theinstructionsystemcanchoosethereducedinstructionsystem(ReducedInstructionSetComputer,RISC)andthecomplexinstructionsystemCISC(ComplexInstruction)SetComputer,CISC).TheRISCcomputeronlycontainsthemostusefulinstructionsinthechannel,ensuringthatthedatachannelexecuteseachinstructionquickly,therebyimprovingtheexecutionefficiencyandmakingtheCPUhardwarestructuredesignsimpler.

Embeddedmicroprocessorshaveavarietyofdifferentsystems.Eveninthesamesystem,theymayhavedifferentclockfrequenciesanddatabuswidths,orintegratedifferentperipheralsandinterfaces.Accordingtoincompletestatistics,therearemorethan1,000kindsofembeddedmicroprocessorsintheworld,andtherearemorethan30seriesofarchitectures,amongwhichthemainstreamsystemsareARM,MIPS,PowerPC,X86andSH.ButunliketheglobalPCmarket,noembeddedmicroprocessorcandominatethemarket.Intermsof32-bitproductsalone,therearemorethan100embeddedmicroprocessors.Thechoiceofembeddedmicroprocessorisdeterminedaccordingtothespecificapplication.

Example

EmbeddedDSPprocessor

TheembeddedDSPprocessor(DigitalSignalProcessor)isaprocessordedicatedtosignalprocessing.Thesystemstructureandinstructionalgorithmhavebeenspeciallydesigned,andDSPhasobtainedlarge-scaleapplicationsonvariousinstrumentssuchasdigitalfiltering,FFT,andspectrumanalysis.

ThetheoreticalalgorithmofDSPhasappearedinthe1970s,butbecausethespecializedDSPprocessorhasnotyetappeared,thistheoreticalalgorithmcanonlyberealizedbydiscretecomponentssuchasMPU.In1982,theworld'sfirstDSPchipwasborn.Ithasbeenwidelyusedinspeechsynthesisandcodecs.ThecalculationspeedofDSPhasbeenfurtherimproved,andtheapplicationfieldhasalsoexpandedfromtheabove-mentionedscopetocommunicationsandcomputers.

ThemostwidelyusedembeddedDSPprocessorisTI’sTMS320C2000/C5000series.Inaddition,Intel’sMCS-296andSiemens’TriCorealsohavetheirownapplicationranges.

TheMPUembeddedmicroprocessorevolvedfromtheCPUingeneral-purposecomputers.

Comparedwithindustrialcontrolcomputers,embeddedmicroprocessorshavetheadvantagesofsmallsize,lightweight,lowcost,andhighreliability.ThemaintypesofembeddedprocessorsareAm186/88,386EX,SC-400,PowerPC,68000,MIPS,ARM/StrongARMseries,etc.

EmbeddedSystemonChip

SoCisSystemonChip,SoCembeddedsystemmicroprocessorisakindofcircuitsystem.

Itcombinesmanyfunctionalblockstomakefunctionsonachip,suchasARMRISC,MIPSRISC,DSPorothermicroprocessorcores,pluscommunicationinterfaceunits,suchasUniversalserialport(USB),TCP/IPcommunicationunit,GPRScommunicationinterface,GSMcommunicationinterface,IEEE1394,Bluetoothmoduleinterface,etc.,theseunitsusedtobeindependentprocessingchipsaccordingtothefunctionsofeachunit.

Maintypes

ThemaintypesofembeddedprocessorsareAm186/88,386EX,SC-400,PowerPC,68000,MIPS,ARM/StrongARM,etc.