Dark blue

honggarae 31/01/2022 790

Basicinformation

Hardwarespecifications

DarkblueisaparallelcomputingcomputersystembasedonRS/6000SP,plus480SpeciallymanufacturedVLSIchesschip.ThechessprogramiswritteninClanguageandrunsontheAIXoperatingsystem.The1997versionofDeepBluehasacalculationspeedof200millionmovespersecond,whichistwicethatofits1996version.InJune1997,DeepBlueranked259thamongtheworld'ssupercomputers,withacomputingpowerof11.38billionfloating-pointoperationspersecond.

TheDeepBlueof1997cansearchandestimatethenext12moves,andahumanchessplayercanestimatethenext10moves.Eachincreaseinthesearchabilityofamoveisapproximatelyequaltoanincreaseintheintensityofchessbyabout80ELOpoints.

Man-machinewar

Thefirstconfrontationbetweenmanandcomputerwasin1963.ChessmasterandcoachDavidBronsteindoubtedthecreativeabilityofcomputersandagreedtousehiswisdomtocompetewithcomputers.Whenplayingchess,hehasaveryunfavorablecondition:makeamove.Butwhenthegamewashalfwaythrough,thecomputerateuphalfofBronstein'sforces.Atthistime,Bronsteinaskedforanothergame,butthistimehedidn'tgivewayanymore!

OnFebruary10,1996,SupercomputerDeepBluechallengedtheworldchesschampionKasparovforthefirsttime,butlost2-4.ThegameendedonFebruary17.Later,theresearchteamimprovedDeepBlue.

May11,1997,canbesaidtobeahistoricdayinthehistoryofthechallengebetweenhumansandcomputers.Thecomputerdefeatedtheworld'snumberonechessplayerforthefirsttimeinaregulartime-limitedgame.GaryKasparovlost2.5:3.5(1win,2lossesand3draws)totheIBMcomputerprogram"DeepBlue".Thevictoryofthemachinemarkedanewerainthehistoryofchess.

The1996game

Thefollowingisthegamerecordofthe1996match.

Thefirstgame(February10,1996)

White:darkblueandblack:KasparovResult:Whitewins

1.e4c52.c3d53.exd5afterxd54.d4horsef65.horsef3likeg46.likee2e67.h3likeh58.OOhorsec69.likee3cxd410.cxd4likeb411.a3likea512.Horsec3afterd613.Horseb5aftere714.Horsee5likexe215.Rearxe2OO16.Carac1Carac817.Elephantg5Elephantb618.Elephantxf6gxf619.Horsec4Cartfd820.Horsexb6axb621.carfd1f522.reare3rearf623.d5carxd524.carxd5exd525.b3kingh826.rearxb6carg827.rearc5d428.horsed6f429.horsexb7horsee530.Afterd5f331.g3horsed332.carc7care833.horsed6care1+34.kingh2horsexf235.horsexf7+kingg736.horseg5+kingh637.carxh7+1-0

Thesecondgame(February11,1996)

White:KasparovBlack:DarkBlueResult:Whitewins

1.Horsef3d52.d4e63.g3c54.elephantg2horsec65.OOhorsef66.c4dxc47.horsee5elephantd78.horsea3cxd49.horseaxc4elephantc510.rearb3OO11.rearxb7horsexe512.Horsexe5Carb813.Rearf3Elephantd614.Horsec6Elephantxc615.Rearxc6e516.Carb1Carb617.Reara4Rearb818.Elephantg5Elephante719.b4Elephantxb420.Elephantxf6gxf621.Reard7,rearc822.Rearxa7,carb823.Reara4,likec324.Carxb8,rearxb825.Elephante4,rearc726.Reara6,kingg727.Reard3,carb828.Elephantxh7,carb229.Elephante4carxa230.h4rearc831.rearf3cara132.carxa1likexa133.rearh5rearh834.rearg4+kingf835.rearc8+kingg736.rearg4+kingf837.liked5kinge738.Elephantc6Wangf839.Elephantd5Wange740.Afterf3likec341.Elephantc4afterc842.Afterd5aftere643.Afterb5afterd744.Afterc5+Postd645.Posta7+Postd746.Posta8Postc747.Posta3+Postd648.Posta2f549.Likexf7e450.Likeh5Postf651.Posta3+Kingd752.Posta7+Kingd853.Afterb8+Wangd754.Elephante8+Wange755.Elephantb5liked256.Afterc7+Wangf857.Elephantc4likec358.Wangg2likee159.Wangf1likec360.f4exf361.exf3liked262.f4Kinge863.Queenc8+Kinge764.Queenc5+Kingd865.Elephantd3Elephante366.Queenxf5Queenc667.Queenf8+Kingc768.Queene7+Kingc869.Elephantf5+Kingb870.Queend8+Wangb771.Afterd7+Afterxd772.Elephantxd7Wangc773.Elephantb51-0

Thethirdgame(February13,1996)

White:darkblueandblack:Kasparovresult:draw

1.e4c52.c3d53.exd5afterxd54.d4horsef65.horsef3elephantg46.elephante2e67.OOhorsec68.Elephante3cxd49.cxd4Elephantb410.a3Elephanta511.Horsec3Reard612.Horsee5Elephantxe213.Rearxe2Elephantxc314.bxc3Horsexe515.Elephantf4Horsef3+16.Rearxf3reard517.reard3carc818.carfc1rearc419.rearxc4carxc420.carcb1b621.likeb8cara422.carb4cara523.carc4OO24.liked6cara825.carc6b526.kingf1cara427.carb1a628.kinge2h529.kingd3card830.elephante7card731.elephantxf6gxf632.carb3kingg733.kinge3e534.g3exd435.cxd4care7+36.Wangf3card737.card3caraxd438.carxd4carxd439.carxa6b41/2-1/2

Thefourthround(February199614th)

White:KasparovBlack:DarkBlueResult:Draw

1.Horsef3d52.d4c63.c4e64.Horsebd2Horsef65.e3Horsebd76.Elephantd3Elephantd67.e4dxe48.Horsexe4Horsexe49.Elephantxe4OO10.OOh611.Elephantc2e512.Care1exd413.rearxd4likec514.rearc3a515.a3horsef616.likee3likexe317.cartxe3likeg418.horsee5carte819.carta1likee620.f4rearc821.h3b522.f5likexc423.horsexc4likexc424.carxe8+horsexe825.care4horsef626.carxc4horsed527.reare5backd728.carg4f629.reard4kingh730.care4Card831.Kingh1rearc732.Rearf2rearb833.Elephanta4c534.Elephantc6c435.Carxc4Horseb436.Elephantf3Horsed337.Rearh4rearxb238.Rearg3rearxa339.Carc7rearf840.Cara7horsee541.Carxa5rearf742.Carxe5fxe543.Rearxe5care844.Rearf4rearf645.Elephanth5carf846.Elephantg6+Wangh847.Rearc7reard448.Wangh2cara849.Elephanth5rearf650.Elephantg6carg81/2-1/2

Thefifthround(February16,1996)

Dark blue

White:DarkBlueBlack:KasparovResult:Blackwins

1.e4e52.Horsef3Horsef63.Horsec3Horsec64.d4exd45.Horsexd4Elephantb46.Horsexc6bxc67.Elephantd3d58.exd5cxd59.OOOO10.Elephantg5c611.Rearf3Elephante712.Carae1Care813.Horsee2h614.Elephantf416.Rearg3likexf417.Rearxf4rearb618.c4liked719.cxd5cxd520.Carxe8+carxe821.Reard2horsee422.Elephantxe4dxe423.b3Card824.Rearc3f525.Card1likee626.reare3likef727.rearc3f428.card2rearf629.g3card530.a3kingh731.kingg2reare532.f3e333.card3e234.gxf4e1=Rear35.fxe5rearxc336.carxc3carxd437.b4likec438.kingf2g539.care3likee640.carc3likec441.care3card2+42.kinge1card343.kingf2kingg644.carxd3elephantxd345.kinge3elephantc246.kingd4kingf547.Wangd5h50-1

Thesixthgame(February17,1996)

White:KasparovBlack:DarkBlueResult:Whitewins

1.Horsef3d52.d4c63.c4e64.Horsebd2Horsef65.e3c56.b3Horsec67.Elephantb2cxd48.exd4Elephante79.Carc1OO10.Elephantd3Elephantd711.OOHorseh512.Care1Horsef413.Elephantb1Elephantd614.g3Horseg615.Horsee5Carc816.Horsexd7Rearxd717.Horsef3Elephantb418.Care3Carfd819.h4Horsege720.a3Elephanta521.b4Elephantc722.c5Care823.Reard3g624.Care2Horsef525.Elephantc3h526.b5Horsece727.Elephantd2Kingg728.a4Cara829.a5a630.b6likeb831.likec2horsec632.likea4carte733.likec3horsee534.dxe5rearxa435.horsed4horsexd436.rearxd4reard737.liked2care838.Elephantg5carc839.Elephantf6+Wangh740.c6bxc641.Rearc5Wangh642.Carb2Rearb743.Carb41-0

Thesituationin1997

Thefollowingisthegamerecordofthe1997match.

Firstgame(May3,1997)

White:Kasparov,Black:Darkblue.Result:Whitewins

1.Horsef3d52.g3Elephantg43.b3Horsed74.Elephantb2e65.Elephantg2Horsegf66.OOc67.d3Elephantd68.Horsebd2OO9.h3Elephanth510.e3h611.e1reara512.a3likec713.horseh4g514.horsehf3e515.e4cartfe816.horseh2rearb617.rearc1a518.carte1liked619.horsedf1dxe420.dxe4likec521.Horsee3Carad822.Horsehf1g423.hxg4Horsexg424.f3Horsexe325.Horsexe3Elephante726.Kingh1Elephantg527.Care2a428.b4f529.exf5e430.f4Elephantxe231.fxg5horsee532.g6elephantf333.elephantc3rearb534.rearf1rearxf1+35.carxf1h536.kingg1kingf837.elephanth3b538.kingf2kingg739.g4kingh640.Carg1hxg441.Elephantxg4Elephantxg442.Horsexg4+Horsexg4+43.Carxg4Card544.f6Card145.g71-0

Thesecondround(May4,1997Day)

Whiteside:darkblueandblackside:KasparovResult:Whitewins

1e4e52.Horsef3Horsec63.Elephantb5a64.Elephanta4Horsef65.OOelephante76.care1b57.elephantb3d68.c3OO9.h3h610.d4care811.horsebd2elephantf812.horsef1elephantd713.horseg3horsea514.Elephantc2c515.b3horsec616.d5horsee717.elephante3horseg618.reard2horseh719.a4horseh420.horsexh4afterxh421.reare2afterd822.b4afterc723.carec1c424.cara3carec825.carca1reard826.f4horsef627.fxe5dxe528.rearf1horsee829.rearf2horsed630.elephantb6reare831.car3a2elephante732.elephantc5likef833.horsef5likexf534.exf5f635.likexd6likexd636.axb5axb537.likee4carxa238.rearxa2Reard739.reara7carc740.rearb6carb741.cara8+kingf742.reara6rearc743.rearc6rearb6+44.kingf1carb845.cara61-0

Thethirdgame(May6,1997)

Whiteside:Kasparovblackside:darkblueresult:draw

1d3e52.Horsef3Horsec63.c4Horsef64.a3d65.Horsec3likee76.g3OO7.Elephantg2likee68.OOafterd79.Horseg5likef510.e4likeg411.f3likeh512.Horseh3Horsed413.Horsef2h614.Elephante3c515.Elephant4b616.Carb1Kingh817.Carb2a618.bxc5bxc519.Elephanth3afterc720.Elephantg4Elephantg621.f4exf422.gxf4aftera523.liked2afterxa324.cara2afterb325.f5afterxd126.likexd1likeh727.horseh3cartfb828.horsef4liked829.horsefd5horsec630.likef4Horsee531.Elephanta4Horsexd532.Horsexd5a533.Elephantb5Cara734.Kingg2g535.Elephantxe5+dxe536.f6Elephantg637.h4gxh438.Kingh3Kingg839.Kingxh4Kingh740.Kingg4Elephantc741.Horsexc7Carxc742.Carxa5Card843.Carf3Kingh844.Kingh4Kingg845.Cara3Kingh846.Cara6Kingh747.Cara3Kingh848.Chea61/2-1/2

Thefourthgame(May7,1997)

Whiteside:darkblueandblackside:KasparovResult:draw

1e4c62.d4d63.horsef3horsef64.horsec3likeg45.h3likeh56.liked3e67.reare2d58.likeg5likee79.e5Horsefd710.Elephantxe7rearxe711.g4Elephantg612.Elephantxg6hxg613.h4Horsea614.OOOOOO15.Cardg1Horsec716.Kingb1f617.exf6Rearxf618.Carg3Carde819.Care1carhf820.horsed1e521.dxe5rearf422.a3horsee623.horsec3horsedc524.b4horsed725.reard3rearf726.b5horsedc527.reare3Rearf428.bxc6bxc629.card1kingc730.kinga1rearxe331.fxe3carf732.carh3caref833.horsed4carf234.carb1carg235.horsece2carxg436.horsexe6+Horsexe637.Horsed4Horsexd438.Exd4Carxd439.Carg1Carc440.Carxg6Carxc241.Carxg7+Kingb642.Carb3+Kingc543.Carxa7Carf1+44.Carb1Carff245.Carb4Carc1+46.Carb1Carcc247.Carb4Carc1+48.Carb1Carxb1+49.Kingxb1Care250.Care7Carh251.Carh7Wangc452.Carc7c553.e6Chexh454.e7Chee455.a4Wangb356.Wangc11/2-1/2

Thefifthgame(May10,1997)

Whiteside:Kasparovblackside:darkblueresult:draw

1horsef3d52.g3bishopg43.bishopg2horsed74.h3bishopxf35.bishopxf3c66.d3e67.e4horsee58.elephantg2dxe49.elephantxe4horsef610.elephantg2elephantb4+11.horsed2h512.reare2rearc713.c3elephante714.d4horseg615.h4e516.horsef3exd417.Horsexd4OOO18.Elephantg5Horseg419.OOOCarthe820.Afterc2Kingb821.Kingb1Elephantxg522.hxg5Horse6e523.Carthe1c524.Horsef3Cartxd1+25.Cartxd1Horsec426.Reara4Cartd827.Carte1Horseb628.Rearc2Reard629.C4Rearg630.Rearxg6fxg631.b3Horsexf232.Carte6Kingc733.Cartxg6Cartd734.Horseh4horsec835.elephantd5horsed636.carte6horseb537.cxb5cartxd538.cartg6cartd739.horsef5horsee440.horsexg7cartd1+41.kingc2cartd2+42.kingc1cartxa243.Horsexh5Horsed244.Horsef4Horsexb3+45.Kingb1Card246.Care6c447.Care3Kingb648.g6Kingxb549.g7Kingb41/2-1/2

Thesixthgame(May11,1997)

Whiteside:darkblueandblackside:CasparoHusbandresult:BaiSheng

1e4c62.d4d53.Horsec3dxe44.Horsexe4Horsed75.Horseg5Horsegf66.Elephantd3e67.Horse1f3h68.Horsexe6Reare79.OOfxe610.Elephantg6+Kingd811.Elephantf4b512.a4Elephantb713.Care1Horsed514.Elephantg3Kingc815.axb5cxb516.Reard3Elephantc617.Elephantf5exf518.Carxe7likexe719.c41-0

IBMannouncedtheretirementofDeepBlueafterthegame.