commodity economy

Develop a simple history

In the primitive society, people live in clan organization based on blood relationships, the production materials and labor products share, with the development of social productivity, to the original The remaining goods have gradually occurred in the end of the society, so there is an accidental exchange of the remaining products between the clan (or tribe).

When the division of animal husbandry and agriculture, the commodity exchange gradually expands; the division of labor and agriculture have occurred, there has been a commodity production of goods directly, and the commodity economy; The production of commodity production is often exchanged, and there is a currency.

In slavery and feudal society, the commodity economy is growing in the gap of the natural economy; in the capitalist society, the commodity economy is completely replaced with the natural economy, and has become a common economic form.

The world's existing economic book is "economic", "Economics", English word "Economy", "Economics", English word "Economy", English words From then it is here. The book uses Socrates and others to discuss how to manage slave owners' farms, which is "ancient microeconomics."

He also has "Athens's income", discusses how to increase the national income of Athens, which is called "ancient macroeconomics." In addition, Plato, the first 427-347), "Ideal States", from the perspective of social division of labor, and how to consolidate and improve the slave economic system, emphasize the basic status of agriculture, and advocate the restrictions , High-profit and private property.

Aristotel (Aristotels, "Political Theory" is mainly discussed by the rationality of slave economic system, and how to consolidate slave economic system, "ethics" analysis goods, etc. Value exchange phenomenon, think currency makes different goods equivalents.

The European feudal society began in 476 AD, and finally in 1640, the war, the disaster shortage and the plague were continuous, the economy, culture was eclipsed, and the dark "Middle Century" was "Middle Century".

Italianologist Aquika (Thomasaquienas, 1225 or 1226-1274) has "Theology", according to the rationality of the feudal serf system according to God's will, think that God has created that all things have high and low, " The next et al. "Should be" ventilated "rule. At the same time, it is proposed a fair price theory, monetary theory, business theory and interest, compromising with the development of commodity economy, has a certain historical progress. In 1492, 1991-1506) "Discovery" After the America mainland, international trade became the main economic growth point of Western Europe, which gave birth to "Mercantilism), which is the germination of modern Western economics. It is believed that only gold and silver is wealth, advocating the promotion of commercial development, carrying out international trade, and implementing trade control. The first time, affirming business and commodity economy, called "revolutionary" breakthrough.

trade difference

Early businessism advocates "currency difference", that is, only exports do not import, main representatives are "other complaints to my country's compatriots in the United Kingdom in 1581" Commentary ". The advanced businessism advocates "trade difference", that is, less imported, mainly represents people with France's Monklen, 1575-1622, and translates "Monkletian",

In 1615, "Political Economics" dedicated to the king and the Queen ", the first use of" Political Economics "in Jeanbaptistecolbert, 1619-1683) and the United Kingdom Tomasmun, 1571-1641, Also translated by Mas Man, published in 1621 "On the United Kingdom and Dong Indian Company's trade"). Blass class classical economics mainly produce and develop in the early stage of capitalist society, that is, the period of capitalist society and the complete victory. Specifically, this period is approximately during the mid-17th century.

During this period, the economy of the Western countries under the cooperation of the bourgeois revolution, and has been developed. Objective conditions of overcoming the defects of the business theory and concepts have already been met. The economic thoughts and studies represented by the bourgeois classic economics have formed a distinct contrast, and the main feature is to advocate economic liberalism.

This means that individuals can implement free operations in the case of getting rid of the residual economic system and the national intervention of the QRism; the government should carry out freedom to the economy under the premise of ensuring the basic economic system. Attitude, let the market mechanism automatically adjust the economy and configure resources.

British economists with the actual situation of the rapid development of the capitalist industry, proposing different opinions from the legalism: (1) Wealth is a material product, labor is the source of wealth; market automatic adjustment ratio Artificial adjustment is more in line with the overall interests of society, namely "PRINCIPLEOFINVISIBLEHAND, according to this, according to this," PrincipleOfinvisibleHand, according to this proposal. France's "Farming" (Physiocrats) mainly represents FrancoisquesNay, 1694-1774, published the "Economic Form", opposing Quality, and advocates free trade. However, due to the relatively larger proportion of French small agricultural economy, the industrial development is relatively backward, it is considered that only agriculture is the source of social wealth, and the currency is only a circulation means; the industry is only processed against agricultural products, and is an equivalent of agriculture; foreign trade is just an equivalent Exchange, you can't increase social wealth.

After the 1830s, the bourgeois classic economics is divided into two, namely Marlmarx, 1818-1883), Engels (Friedrichengels, 1820-1895) as the main representative of Marxist political economics, United Kingdom. Marshall, 1842 - 1924, 1890, published "Economics Principles") as the main representative "Neo-ClassicalSchool", Marxist generally called "vulgareconomics" ).

"New Classical Economics" is the "defense" of the capitalist market economy system, and it is believed that the market is perfect and can automatically realize the best configuration of resources, the basic framework of modern microeconomics theory, including balance Price theory, consumer behavioral theory, manufacturer theory, allocation theory, etc.

After the mid-1930s, Western economics has begun to change, that is, "Keynesian revolution" occurs. Keynes's economic theory denies the main ideological tendency of new classical economics, and created a new era of economics. In this era, it has restored the economic thoughts of national intervention in history, which re-occupies the mainstream position in economic life, and there is also the original mainstream position but temporary after Cairns. Economic liberalism of economic liberality is retired. ,

Original exchange

Chinese people have already understood business. In the original era, people have jointly confronted nature, limited productivity, and failed to form a division. Continuously improved labor tools increase people's productivity, and the product has passed the original exchange. These exchanges are first incident and gradually become often deliberate. The Chinese have already learned from business, according to the "Easy", Shennong's settlement has set up the city in Japan to "pay for the goods, transactions", which can be an original market. In ancient times, the business tribe is famous for the exchange, and after Zhou Wu Wang has changed, Shang Dynasty's prolidations have legends their ancestors have driven the bull tribe between the bull tribes in order to maintain their livelihoods. It is a long day to form a fixed occupation. Zhou people called "business people", saying their profession as "business", which is hereby incorporated by reference.

During the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, the government's control of the business is broken, and there are many commodity markets and large businessmen around the world. The famous big businessman in the Spring and Autumn Period has Zheng Guo's string, Confucius disciple Zigong and Fan Wei; the famous businessman in the Warring States Period has Weibo's Bai Gui, Lu Weiwei. In the Warring States Period, the cultivation of the copper coins in various countries increased, the number of currencies was large, and there were many types, reflecting the business more developed. The development of commodity exchange promotes the prosperity of the city.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties are the prosperity of China's feudal society. Due to the development of the agricultural economy, the progress of the handicraft industry, especially the large canal of the north and south, which promoted the expansion of the commodity circulation. The Tang Dynasty also appeared in the cabinet and flying money. The storage and borrowing of the cabinet franchise is the earliest bank in China, which has a financial institution in the Mediterranean coast. Flying money is similar to the draft of the later generation. The emergence of cabinets and flying money is the result of commodity economic development, and their emergence has promoted the convenience and development of commercial business. The prosperity of Song Yuan business, business is prosperous, and the government must relax strict control over the market. The prosperity of commercial business in the two Song DEC is to establish a strictly separated system of the city, and no longer restrict the time based on commodity trading. The business prosperity in the two Song Dynasties is a full range, not only the type of goods, but also domestic trade, border trade and foreign trade are very prosperous. Commercial prosperity has an important impact.

Yuan Dynasty realized the unprecedented unity of the country, promoting the continued prosperity of the business. The two Song Dynasties are unprecedentedly prosperous, and the business environment is relatively loose. In summary: First, after the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the social economy has developed normal development, agriculture, and handicraft industry, providing a solid substance foundation for business prosperity. Second, the government gradually relax restrictions on commodity transactions. Since the late Tang Dynasty, the solid-separated system of the city is gradually broken. In the Song Dynasty, the store has been opened everywhere, and the sales time is also limited in the city, and it can operate sooner or later. Third, although the market in the Song Dynasty still uses metal currency, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Sichuan Yizhou's rich man began to issue a banknote "hand", which is the world's earliest banknotes. The release of banknotes has facilitated business activities to promote business prosperity. Fourth, the water and land transportation in the two Song Dynasties, especially the smooth flow of sea silk roads, which is conducive to the development of foreign trade.

Laying the foundation

Yuan Dynasty realized the unprecedented national unity, laid the foundation for the further development of the economy; re-dredging the Grand Canal, the large canal after dredging is directly between Hangzhou; Opened the sea, the sea from Liujiagang, the Yangtze River, arrived in the straight (Tianjin) by Huanghai, and the Yuan government also set up in all parts of the station, across the land of the land, also rebuilding the Silk Road, these It has urged Yuan Dynasty business to continue to prosper. Most of the Yuan Dynasty is a political and cultural center, and it is also a bustling international business. From Eastern Europe, Central Asia, from the African coast, from Japan, North Korea, from all over the Nanyang, there are caravans to come to most. There are more than 30,000 people in the city, and the residents are not 100,000 households.

Ming and Qing Dynasties. The government has levied heavy commercial taxes to merchants, and implemented various suppression policies, compared to the Song Dynasty, there is obvious regression. This requires additional information and explains. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government has continuously increased commercial tax on private business, not only high tax rates, but also a wide tax. The Ming and Qing Dynasties also inherited the tradition of monopoly franchise, limiting the business scope of private business, which hinders the development of industrial and commercial business.

Ming and Qing town business still presents a prosperous scene. Cotton, tea, sugar cane, dye, etc. have a large number of enterprises into the market, reflecting the relationship between small farmers' economic and marketing, agricultural goods have been developed; urban economy is unprecedented and developed, many large cities and rural markets are very bustling. Only in this way can the regional long-distance trafficking in trafficking quickly. Secondly, as commercial prosperity, business people have a new change, and there is a regional businessman group in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is called "commercial gang", including the most people, the strongest strength is Hui Hui and Jin.

In Chinese history, the true commodity economy is produced during the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, the progress of social productivity has promoted the development of social division of labor and expansion and exchange, forming a business class specializing in commodity production and commodity exchange. They are based on their strong economic strength, based on the social historical stage. The production and operation of them constitutes an important part of the new social and economic structure, which has a profound impact on the times and later generations.

Production Conditions

The general conditions for the production of commodity economies are two: First, the social division of labor; the second is that the production materials and products belong to different substance stakeholders.

Social division of labor is the premise of the existence of commodity economies, is a general basis for all commodity production. In the end of the primitive society and the initial period of the slave society, the three social divisions have made the production have a single system, and the singleness of production has contradicts the diversity of demand. In order to solve contradictions, the interoperability is necessary. However, the social division of labor does not determine the use of each other must take the form of commodity, and it cannot determine the existence of the commodity economy. The decisive conditions of commodity economy and existence are all of the production materials and products belong to different substances. This decisive condition is in the end of the original society with the emergence of family and private system and develops with the development of society. Engaged in different property rights of different products, in order to maintain their own economic interests, there is time to interoperate, the only way to accept, is equivalent to exchange, so that the product is characterized by goods, producing commodity exchange.

The two basic conditions for the production and development of commodity economies are related to social productivity, and will eventually be attributable to their own death with the high development of productivity. Therefore, a certain level of development of social productivity is the ultimate economic reasons for the production and development of commodity economies.

Commodity economy as a natural economy, with different characteristics of natural economy:

first, commodity economy is essentially exchanged economy. Under the conditions of commodity economy, all or most of the production factors and consumption materials must be obtained through market exchange, and commodity producers are achieved with the purpose of pursuing value and achieved through market exchange.

Second, the commodity economy is an open economy. The commodity economy is based on social division of labor, emphasizes the division of labor and collaboration in the production process, between people and people, and the economic contact between commodity producers and production units has become increasingly close, the scope is also increasingly expanding with the development of the commodity economy. .

third, the commodity economy is the development